In the presented study, the cells of the glacial alga Ancylonema alaskanum collected in the Austrian Alps were analyzed. Algae were imaged both in their natural environment and in laboratory conditions using transmitted light and fluorescence microscopy. Using appropriate fluorochromes, the cell wall and cell organelles were studied. Oval nuclei located in the middle of the cell next to the chloroplasts and active mitochondria as well as lipid thylakoids of chloroplasts were imaged. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface of the algal cell wall was not significantly differentiated, and atomic force microscope imaging recorded little roughness. The SEM EDS analysis revealed that carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and magnesium were the main components of the cells. It is worth emphasizing that the analyzed living algal cells were obtained directly from the glacier surface and demonstrated normal respiratory processes i.e. undisturbed physiological functions. Additionally, the mineral material accompanying the cells in their natural environment - fragments of the rock were imaged by Differential Interference Contrast microscopy and analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The study provides new data on the morphology and physicochemical characteristics of A. alaskanum, contributing to a more comprehensive characterization of their place in this harsh ecosystem.
- MeSH
- Ice Cover * MeSH
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning MeSH
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Austria MeSH
Despite the significance of neck muscles in musculoskeletal disorders, their microscopic anatomy remains poorly characterized. This study examined the splenius capitis muscle, focusing on its fiber-type composition, fiber size, and capillary network characteristics. For comparison and validation, the vastus lateralis muscle was also analyzed. Muscle samples from 13 young male subjects (mean age ± SD: 35.7 ± 8.6 years) were collected within 24-h post-mortem during autopsy. Myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression was characterized immunohistochemically in 10 μm sections, while the capillary network architecture was assessed in 100 μm sections. Immunofluorescence staining, confocal microscopy, and 3D image analysis were employed to quantify capillary tortuosity, anisotropy, branch density (Br dens), and the length of capillaries per muscle volume (LV), per muscle fiber length (LL), per fiber surface area (LS), and per fiber volume (LVf). Compared to the vastus lateralis muscle, the splenius capitis muscle had a higher percentage of type 1 fibers (51.2% vs 39.7%), fewer type 2a fibers (16.2% vs 31.4%), and smaller fiber diameters (35.5-40.9 μm vs 47-56.1 μm). It also displayed lower Br dens (P = 0.0069), higher anisotropy (P = 0.0004), and lower LL (P < 0.0001) but higher LVf (P = 0.0486). In the splenius capitis muscle, body mass index (BMI) negatively correlated with LV (P = 0.0155), LS (P = 0.0091), LVf (P = 0.0137), and anisotropy (P = 0.0425), and positively correlated with tortuosity (P = 0.0473), indicating a reduction in the capillary network. In the vastus lateralis muscle, only LV (P = 0.0161) decreased with high BMI. This study characterized the fiber-type composition, fiber size, and 3D capillary network of the splenius capitis muscle, establishing a baseline for investigations into pathological muscle alterations.
... spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum M1- M6 -- 26 -- 27 -- 46 -- 54 -- 55 -- Mikroskopické řezy / Microscopic ...
160 stran : ilustrace ; 28 cm
Atlas, který se zaměřuje na anatomii lidského mozku, zobrazenou mikroskopicky, makroskopicky a pomocí magnetické rezonance. Určeno odborné veřejnosti.; Učebnice Řezy mozkem – nepostradatelný průvodce anatomickými detaily a diagnostickými metodami – spojuje makroskopické, mikroskopické a MRI řezy mozku do jednoho uceleného a systematického celku. Poskytuje jasné vizuální pochopení toho, jak mozek vypadá a jak jej lze interpretovat prostřednictvím moderních diagnostických metod, jejichž neustálý vývoj vyžaduje od studentů a lékařů, aby se orientovali nejen v zevní anatomii mozku, ale i v řezech. Vyšetření magnetickou rezonancí a výpočetní tomografií patří dnes mezi běžné metody a jednoznačným předpokladem k jejich interpretaci je znalost anatomie. Nejsrozumitelnější přístup k anatomii mozku – bohatá obrazová dokumentace umožňuje vidět mozek při pitvě nebo ve špičkově vybavené laboratoři. Ať už jde o frontální, transverzální nebo sagitální roviny, vše je zachyceno a doplněno přesnými schématy, která pomáhají pochopit polohu a orientaci jednotlivých řezů. Zdařilá kombinace teorie a praxe – text poskytuje vše, co je třeba pro interpretaci snímků z MRI nebo CT vyšetření, od makroskopické stavby až po mikroskopické detaily. Exkluzivní mikroskopické řezy – unikátní soubor mikroskopických řezů umožňuje porozumět hlavním strukturám, což pomáhá identifikaci jak pod mikroskopem, tak na diagnostických snímcích. Přehledná orientace díky současné anatomické nomenklatuře. Předpokladem k účelnému využití této publikace je základní znalost anatomie CNS, neboť atlas se soustředí výhradně na obrazovou dokumentaci. Kniha je určena studentům lékařství, neurologům, neuroradiologům, ale i dalším odborníkům, které fascinuje mozek a chtějí si rozšířit znalosti o jeho stavbě.
- MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
- Microscopy MeSH
- Brain anatomy & histology diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Neuroanatomy MeSH
- Publication type
- Atlas MeSH
Despite numerous case reports in the literature, high-quality postmortem images of honeybee sting are scant in postmortem literature. We report a case of a fatal anaphylactic death from honeybee stings with detailed high-quality annotated macroscopic and microscopic morphological images. A woman in her mid-60's was found dead in her garden cabin unexpectedly after mowing the lawn near her beehives in late evening hours. She passed away despite resuscitation efforts. External examination showed multiple honeybee stings on the body. A number of them had a nidus near the center in which a stinger was confirmed by subsequent histology. Postmortem examination and ancillary testing showed features of anaphylaxis.
- MeSH
- Anaphylaxis * etiology pathology MeSH
- Fatal Outcome MeSH
- Insect Bites and Stings * pathology complications MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Bees MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Case Reports MeSH
Hematurie patří k příznakům onemocnění ledvin a močových cest. Je důležité hematurii prokázat a zároveň posoudit její intenzitu a původ. Hematurii rozdělujeme podle kvantity na makroskopickou a mikroskopickou, podle původu na glomerulární (při primárních a sekundárních glomerulonefritidách) a neglomerulární (při onemocněních postihujících parenchym ledviny kromě glomerulů, postrenálních nebo extrarenálních příčinách). Mezi onemocnění způsobující hematurii patří i závažné či rychle progredující stavy, které vyžadují rychlou diagnostiku a intervenci buď cestou urologa, nebo nefrologa. Proto je správná diferenciální diagnostika hematurie zcela zásadní
Hematuria is a symptom of kidney and urinary tract disease. It is important to prove the presence of hematuria and at the same time assess its intensity and origin. Hematuria is classified by quantity into macroscopic and microscopic, and by origin into glomerular (in primary and secondary glomerulonephritis) and non-glomerular (in diseases affecting the kidney parenchyma other than glomeruli, postrenal or extrarenal causes). Diseases causing hematuria also include serious or rapidly progressing conditions that require prompt diagnosis assessment and intervention, either by a urologist or a nephrologist. Therefore, the correct differential diagnosis of hematuria is essential.
PURPOSE: This study provides an insight on the extent of muscular variability at the suprascapular notch and elaborates on its anatomical interference in suprascapular nerve arthroscopic decompression procedures. METHODS: The suprascapular notch was dissected and its muscular topography was observed in 115 cadaveric specimens. High resolution imaging of the suprascapular notch was captured by a handheld digital microscope (Q-scope). The supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles were traced as they course at the suprascapular notch vicinity. The omohyoid muscle attachment onto the suprascapular ligament was measured. A scoping review and meta-analysis were done to investigate the observed rare muscular variants. RESULTS: In 3.48%, the suprascapular notch anterior surface was fully covered by the subscapularis muscle. The omohyoid muscle inserted onto the suprascapular ligament in 31.25% and extended up to 3/4th of the suprascapular ligament length in 2.61%. Two rare variant muscles were encountered: subclavius posticus muscle and a newly reported "coracoscapularis muscle". CONCLUSIONS: Four categories of muscles with topographical relationship to the suprascapular notch and its arthroscopic feasibility have been classified: (1) constant muscles not intervening with the suprascapular notch space - supraspinatus muscle; (2) constant muscles with variable positions that can intervene with the suprascapular notch space - subscapularis muscle; (3) constant muscles with variable positions that can intervene with the surgical approach - omohyoid muscle; (4) variable muscles intervening with the suprascapular notch space and surgical approach - subclavius posticus and coracoscapularis muscles. This study elucidates the necessity to assess/secure the omohyoid muscle attachment onto the suprascapular ligament in suprascapular nerve decompression ligamentectomy. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V Basic Science Research.
- MeSH
- Anatomic Variation * MeSH
- Arthroscopy * methods MeSH
- Decompression, Surgical methods MeSH
- Muscle, Skeletal * innervation anatomy & histology MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Scapula innervation anatomy & histology MeSH
- Cadaver * MeSH
- Shoulder Joint innervation surgery anatomy & histology MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Feasibility Studies MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged, 80 and over MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
The brain's complex organization spans from molecular-level processes within neurons to large-scale networks, making it essential to understand this multiscale structure to uncover brain functions and address neurological disorders. Multiscale brain modeling has emerged as a transformative approach, integrating computational models, advanced imaging, and big data to bridge these levels of organization. This review explores the challenges and opportunities in linking microscopic phenomena to macroscopic brain functions, emphasizing the methodologies driving progress in the field. It also highlights the clinical potential of multiscale models, including their role in advancing artificial intelligence (AI) applications and improving healthcare technologies. By examining current research and proposing future directions for interdisciplinary collaboration, this work demonstrates how multiscale brain modeling can revolutionize both scientific understanding and clinical practice.
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
In cryo-electron microscopy, accurate particle localization and classification are imperative. Recent deep learning solutions, though successful, require extensive training datasets. The protracted generation time of physics-based models, often employed to produce these datasets, limits their broad applicability. We introduce FakET, a method based on neural style transfer, capable of simulating the forward operator of any cryo transmission electron microscope. It can be used to adapt a synthetic training dataset according to reference data producing high-quality simulated micrographs or tilt-series. To assess the quality of our generated data, we used it to train a state-of-the-art localization and classification architecture and compared its performance with a counterpart trained on benchmark data. Remarkably, our technique matches the performance, boosts data generation speed 750×, uses 33× less memory, and scales well to typical transmission electron microscope detector sizes. It leverages GPU acceleration and parallel processing. The source code is available at https://github.com/paloha/faket/.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Diffuse gliomas, a heterogeneous group of primary brain tumors, have traditionally been stratified by histology, but recent insights into their molecular features, especially the IDH mutation status, have fundamentally changed their classification and prognosis. Current diagnostic methods, still predominantly relying on invasive biopsy, necessitate the exploration of noninvasive imaging alternatives for glioma characterization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, we investigated the utility of the spherical mean technique (SMT) in predicting the IDH status and histologic grade of adult-type diffuse gliomas. Patients with histologically confirmed adult-type diffuse glioma underwent a multiparametric MRI examination using a 3T system, which included a multishell diffusion sequence. Advanced diffusion parameters were obtained using SMT, diffusional kurtosis imaging, and ADC modeling. The diagnostic performance of studied parameters was evaluated by plotting receiver operating characteristic curves with associated area under curve, specificity, and sensitivity values. RESULTS: A total of 80 patients with a mean age of 48 (SD, 16) years were included in the study. SMT metrics, particularly microscopic fractional anisotropy (μFA), intraneurite voxel fraction, and μFA to the third power (μFA3), demonstrated strong diagnostic performance (all AUC = 0.905, 95% CI, 0.835-0.976; P < .001) in determining IDH status and compared favorably with diffusional kurtosis imaging and ADC models. These parameters also showed a strong predictive capability for tumor grade, with intraneurite voxel fraction and μFA achieving the highest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.937, 95% CI, 0.880-0.993; P < .001). Control analyses on normal-appearing brain tissue confirmed the specificity of these metrics for tumor tissue. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the potential of SMT for noninvasive characterization of adult-type diffuse gliomas, with a potential to predict IDH status and tumor grade more accurately than traditional ADC metrics. SMT offers a promising addition to the current diagnostic toolkit, enabling more precise preoperative assessments and contributing to personalized treatment planning.
- MeSH
- Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Glioma * diagnostic imaging pathology MeSH
- Isocitrate Dehydrogenase * genetics MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods MeSH
- Mutation MeSH
- Brain Neoplasms * diagnostic imaging pathology MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
- Neoplasm Grading MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
This study aimed to compare the fascicular anatomy of upper limb nerves visualized using in situ high-resolution ultrasound (HRUS) with ex vivo imaging modalities, namely, magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), histological cross-sections (HCS), and optical projection tomography (OPT). The median, ulnar, and superficial branch of radial nerve (n = 41) were visualized in 14 cadaveric upper limbs using 22-MHz HRUS. Subsequently, the nerves were excised, imaged with different microscopic techniques, and their morphometric properties were compared. HRUS accurately differentiated 51-74% of fascicles, while MRM detected 87-92% of fascicles when compared to the referential HCS. Among the compared modalities, HRUS demonstrated the smallest fascicular ratios and fascicular cross-sectional areas, but the largest nerve cross-sectional areas. The probability of a fascicle depicted on HRUS representing a cluster of multiple fascicles on the referential HCS increased with the fascicular size, with some differences observed between the larger median and ulnar nerves and the smaller radial nerves. Accordingly, HRUS fascicle differentiation necessitates cautious interpretation, as larger fascicles are more likely to represent clusters. Although HCS is considered the reference modality, alterations in nerve cross-sectional areas or roundness during sample processing should be acknowledged.
- MeSH
- Upper Extremity * innervation diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods MeSH
- Microscopy methods MeSH
- Cadaver MeSH
- Median Nerve diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Radial Nerve * diagnostic imaging anatomy & histology MeSH
- Ulnar Nerve * diagnostic imaging anatomy & histology MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Ultrasonography * methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
