Spiking Neural Network (SNN) is a promising energy-efficient neural architecture when implemented on neuromorphic hardware. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to SNN conversion method, which is the most effective SNN training method, has successfully converted moderately deep ANNs to SNNs with satisfactory performance. However, this method requires a large number of time-steps, which hurts the energy efficiency of SNNs. How to effectively covert a very deep ANN (e.g., more than 100 layers) to an SNN with a small number of time-steps remains a difficult task. To tackle this challenge, this paper makes the first attempt to propose a novel error analysis framework that takes both the "quantization error" and the "deviation error" into account, which comes from the discretization of SNN dynamicsthe neuron's coding scheme and the inconstant input currents at intermediate layers, respectively. Particularly, our theories reveal that the "deviation error" depends on both the spike threshold and the input variance. Based on our theoretical analysis, we further propose the Threshold Tuning and Residual Block Restructuring (TTRBR) method that can convert very deep ANNs (>100 layers) to SNNs with negligible accuracy degradation while requiring only a small number of time-steps. With very deep networks, our TTRBR method achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on the CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, and ImageNet classification tasks.

• MeSH
• neuronové sítě * MeSH
• počítače * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) MeSH
• psychologické testy MeSH
• učení MeSH

Sourozenectví je jedním z nejvýznamnějších vztahů v lidském životě. Tento vztah může být velmi specifický, má-li jeden ze sourozenců vývojové postižení. Zdraví sourozenci potom, stejně jako jejich rodiče, bývají konfrontováni s řadou stresových a náročných situací, které u nich vedou ke zvýšenému výskytu psychických obtíží. Za účelem podpory a naplnění potřeb této skupiny byl vytvořen program STEPS – Skupinový terapeuticko-edukační program pro sourozence dětí s postižením. Pilotním během intenzivní alternativy tohoto programu prošlo pět sourozenců dětí s Williamsovým syndromem. Cílem článku je podat základní informace o prvním běhu programu a poskytnout tak podnět pro další rozvoj podpory rizikové a v naší zemi doposud opomíjené skupiny dětí – sourozenců dětí s postižením.

Sibship is one of the most important relationships in life. However, this relationship may be very specific if one of the siblings suffers from a developmental disorder. In such a case healthy siblings are confronted with a similar number of stressful and challenging situations as their parents. These stressors lead to an increased incidence of mental health problems in this population. In order to support and fulfil the needs of healthy siblings, STEPS program (Group Therapeutic Program for Siblings of Children with Disabilities) was developed. Five siblings of children with Williams syndrome have participated in piloting of an intensive alternative of this program. The aim of this article is to provide basic information on the pilot of this program and provide suggestions for further development of support for at-risk and in our country neglected population – siblings of children with disabilities.

• MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• postižené děti * MeSH
• skupinová psychoterapie * metody   MeSH
• sourozenci MeSH
• sourozenecké vztahy * MeSH
• vzdělávání pacientů jako téma MeSH
• Williamsův-Beurenův syndrom MeSH
• zdravotní výchova MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the relation between daily steps and aerobic steps, and anthropometric variables, using the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). METHODS: The participants in this cross-sectional study were taken the measurements of by a trained anthropologist and then instructed to wear an Omron pedometer for seven consecutive days. A series of statistical tests (Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, multiple comparisons of z' values and contingency tables) was performed in order to assess the relation between daily steps and aerobic steps, and anthropometric variables. RESULTS: A total of 507 individuals (380 females and 127 males) participated in the study. The average daily number of steps and aerobic steps was significantly lower in the individuals with risky WHR and WHtR as compared to the individuals with normal WHR (P=0.005) and WHtR (P=0.000). A comparison of age and anthropometric variables across aerobic steps activity categories was statistically significant for all the studied parameters. According to the contingency tables for normal steps, there is a 5.75x higher risk in the low-activity category of having WHtR>0.50 as compared to the high-activity category. CONCLUSIONS: Both normal and aerobic steps are significantly associated with central obesity and other body composition variables. This result is important for older people, who are more likely to perform low-intensity activities rather than moderate- or high-intensity activities. Our results also indicate that risk of having WHtR>0.50 can be reduced by almost 6x by increasing daily steps over 8985 steps per day.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

S odvoláním na práci Yanga et al. (36) se v odborném tisku objevila doporučení jak odhalit riziko náhlé srdeční příhody pomocí jednoduchého motorického testu – schopnosti provést určitý počet kliků. Uvedená studie ukázala, že vyšší počet nepřetržitě provedených kliků (40 kliků a více) je v kohortě hasičů spojen s nižším výskytem kardiovaskulárních onemocnění (KVO) ve srovnání s těmi, kteří dosáhli méně než 10 kliků. Vyšší incidence KVO u skupiny nejméně výkonných hasičů však pravděpodobně souvisela také s dalšími zdravotními problémy a naopak, vyšší silově-vytrvalostní výkonnost v prevenci KVO není tím rozhodujícím faktorem. Navržený „klikový“ test tak může sloužit jako orientační snadno proveditelný screening k odhalení ohrožených osob.

Referring to the work of Yang et al. (36) several professional sources recommended how to detect the risk of a sudden heart attack using a simple motor test – the ability to perform a certain number of push-ups. The study showed that higher baseline push-up capacity (40 push-ups and more) in the cohort of firefighters is associated with lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) compared with those completing less then 10 push-ups. However, the higher incidence of CVD events in the group of least powerful firefighters is probably also related to other health problems, and conversely, higher strength endurance performance in the prevention of CVD diseases is not the decisive factor. The proposed push-up test can thus serve as an orientation easy-to-perform screening to detect endangered persons.

• Klíčová slova
• "test 40 kliků",
• MeSH
• hasiči MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci * prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zátěžový test * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Prvním cílem při vývoji evidence-based systému pro Zulligerův tabulový test (ZTT) je vytvoření podmínek umožňujících definici psychometricky relevantních vyhodnocovacích postupů a validizaci interpretačních závěrů. Psychometricky adekvátní vyhodnocení a validní interpretace jsou významně ovlivněny počtem podaných odpovědí na podnětový materiál. Cílem aktuální studie je proto ověření možnosti standardizace celkového počtu odpovědí skrze srovnání vlivu tří instrukcí na celkový počet podaných odpovědí a vybrané skórovací proměnné. Studie byla provedena na 45 respondentech ve věku 19 až 33 let. Jednalo se o 40 žen a 5 mužů, kteří byli náhodně rozděleni do tří skupin. Každé skupině byl ZTT administrován s rozdílnou instrukcí. Zapojena byla tradiční instrukce pro ZTT (Michal, 1998), instrukce podle Komprehenzivního systému (CS) pro ZTT (Mattlar et al., 1993) a autorským kolektivem vyvinutá instrukce na principu R-optimized. Při analýze dat byla využita popisná statistika, Kendallův korelační koeficient, Brownův-Forsytheův test a Anderson–Darlingův test pro více výběrů. Výsledky odhalily, že všechny instrukce přinášejí dostatečný počet odpovědí, pouze R-optimized instrukce však standardizovaný počet. V případě tradiční instrukce pro Zulligerův test a instrukce podle CS pro ZTT byla identifikována souvislost mezi počtem odpovědí a částí sledovaných proměnných. Získané výsledky naznačují, že pro evidence-based přístup je potenciálně přínosná zejména R-optimized instrukce. Limitem studie je malý rozsah výzkumného souboru.

xWhen developing the evidence-based system for Zulliger inkblot test (ZTT), the first objective is to create conditions allowing us to define psychometrically relevant evaluation procedures and validate the conclusions of interpretation. The adequacy of psychometric evaluation and validity of interpretations are significantly influenced by the number of responses provided to the stimulant material. The aim of the present study is therefore to verify the possibility of standardization of the total number of responses by comparing the influence of three various types of instructions on the total number of provided responses and the selected scoring variable. The study was conducted on a group of 45 respondents (5 men and 40 women) aged between 19 and 33. These were randomly divided into three groups. Each group was given ZTT with different instructions: the traditional instruction for ZTT (Michal, 1998), the instruction according to Comprehensive System (CS) for ZTT (Mattlar et al., 1993), and the instruction based on the R-optimized principle developed by authors of this study. The data analysis employed description statistics, Kendall´s correlation coefficient, the Brown–Forsythe test and K-Sample Anderson-Darling Test. The results showed that all instruction types resulted in a sufficient number of responses; however, only the R-optimized instruction provided a standardized number of responses. A correlation between the number of responses and some of the observed variables was identified in the case of the traditional instruction for ZTT and the instruction according to CS for ZTT. The obtained results suggest that the R-optimized instruction is particularly beneficial for the new evidence-based approach. The limitation of the study is the small sample size.

• Klíčová slova
• Zulligerův test,
• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• osobnostní testy MeSH
• psychiatrické posuzovací škály normy   MeSH
• testy inkoustové skvrny normy   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

FGF2 is secreted from cells by an unconventional secretory pathway. This process is mediated by direct translocation across the plasma membrane. Here, we define the minimal molecular machinery required for FGF2 membrane translocation in a fully reconstituted inside-out vesicle system. FGF2 membrane translocation is thermodynamically driven by PI(4,5)P2-induced membrane insertion of FGF2 oligomers. The latter serve as dynamic translocation intermediates of FGF2 with a subunit number in the range of 8-12 FGF2 molecules. Vectorial translocation of FGF2 across the membrane is governed by sequential and mutually exclusive interactions with PI(4,5)P2 and heparan sulfates on opposing sides of the membrane. Based on atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, we propose a mechanism that drives PI(4,5)P2 dependent oligomerization of FGF2. Our combined findings establish a novel type of self-sustained protein translocation across membranes revealing the molecular basis of the unconventional secretory pathway of FGF2.

• MeSH
• fibroblastový růstový faktor 2 sekrece   MeSH
• fosfatidylinositol-4,5-difosfát metabolismus   MeSH
• heparitinsulfát metabolismus   MeSH
• membránové transportní proteiny metabolismus   MeSH
• multimerizace proteinu * MeSH
• sekreční vezikuly metabolismus   MeSH
• simulace molekulární dynamiky MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

OBJECTIVES: The number of turns at the end of a wire closure is not described or discussed in any cardiosurgical guidelines. The hands-on experience of the surgeon plays a significant role. The aim of this work was to clarify the relationship between the number of turns of the suture and the resulting strength of the sternal fixation. METHODS: The study was performed in 2 independent steps. The first step was a finite element simulation, where the stress and strain distribution of the sternal fixation was observed. The second step included the experimental set-up and the statistical evaluation of the results. RESULTS: Our study showed that the failure force rose linearly as the number of turns increased. The lowest average measured force was 370 N (3 turns); the highest was 430 N (7 turns). The failure modes were either untwisting of the wires or rupture of the closure, which is controlled by the number of turns. As the number of turns increases, superficial cracks can occur. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our results, the 5-turn option is the best solution for the closure. The failure force is still double the value reported in the literature, so there is a high safety margin for failure. The failure mode is untwisting; hence, no unexpected fracture can occur, and there is still an elastic core in the cross-section of the wire.

• MeSH
• analýza selhání vybavení MeSH
• kostní dráty * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ohebnost (fyzika) MeSH
• pevnost v tahu MeSH
• šicí techniky * MeSH
• sternum chirurgie   MeSH
• sutura MeSH
• teoretické modely MeSH
• testování materiálů MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: Cardiopulmonary fitness depends on daily energy expenditure or the amount of daily exercise. Patients with narcolepsy spent more time being sleepy or asleep than controls; thus we may speculate that they have a lower quantity and quality of physical activity. The aim of the present study was thus to test the hypothesis that exercise tolerance in narcolepsy negatively depends on sleepiness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study included 32 patients with narcolepsy with cataplexy, 10 patients with narcolepsy without cataplexy, and 36 age- and gender-matched control subjects, in whom a symptom-limited exercise stress test with expired gas analysis was performed. A linear regression analysis with multivariate models was used with stepwise variable selection. RESULTS: In narcolepsy patients, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak) was 30.1 ± 7.5 mL/kg/min, which was lower than 36.0 ± 7.8 mL/kg/min, p = 0.001, in controls and corresponded to 86.4% ± 20.0% of the population norm (VO2peak%) and to a standard deviation (VO2peakSD) of -1.08 ± 1.63 mL/kg/min of the population norm. VO2peakdepended primarily on gender (p = 0.007) and on sleepiness (p = 0.046). VO2peak% depended on sleepiness (p = 0.028) and on age (p = 0.039). VO2peakSD depended on the number of cataplexy episodes per month (p = 0.015) and on age (p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: Cardiopulmonary fitness in narcolepsy and in narcolepsy without cataplexy is inversely related to the degree of sleepiness and cataplexy episode frequency.

• MeSH
• akcelerometrie MeSH
• bdění fyziologie   MeSH
• cvičení fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kataplexie komplikace   farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lineární modely MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• multivariační analýza MeSH
• narkolepsie komplikace   farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spotřeba kyslíku * fyziologie   MeSH
• stupeň závažnosti nemoci MeSH
• věkové faktory MeSH
• zátěžový test MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The nursing home sector has seen a disproportionately high number of deaths as part of the COVID-19 pandemic. This reflects, in part, the frailty and vulnerability of older people living in care homes but has also, in part, been a consequence of the failure to include care homes in the systematic planning of a response to COVID, as well as a measure of neglect of standards and quality improvement in the sector. In response, the EUGMS published a set of medical standards of care developed in consultation with experts across its member national societies in 2015. The standards consisted of seven core principles of medical care for physicians working in nursing homes as a first step in developing a programme of clinical, academic and policy engagement in improving medical care for older people who are living and frequently also dying as residents in nursing homes. The gravity of the concerns arising for nursing home care from the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as emerging insights on care improvement in nursing homes indicate that an update of these medical standards is timely. This was performed by the writing group from the original 2015 guidelines and is intended as an interim measure pending a more formal review incorporating a systematic review of emerging literature and a Delphi process.

• MeSH
• analýza přežití MeSH
• delfská metoda MeSH
• domovy pro seniory organizace a řízení   MeSH
• geriatrické hodnocení metody   MeSH
• koronavirové infekce epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• lékaři normy   MeSH
• lékařská praxe - způsoby provádění normy   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• pandemie MeSH
• pečovatelské domovy organizace a řízení   MeSH
• poskytování zdravotní péče normy   MeSH
• příčina smrti MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• týmová péče o pacienty normy   MeSH
• virová pneumonie epidemiologie   terapie   MeSH
• zdravotnické služby - potřeby a požadavky MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Evropa MeSH