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Svalová únava je mnohostranný jev zahrnující periferní, centrální a také kognitivní faktory. V centrální úrovni dochází k rozvratu neurotransmiterové regulace, a tak proces motorického učení může výrazně prospět k opětovnému vyrovnání zatíženého systému. Díky zajištění variabilního projevu, umožňujeme motorickým vzorům se účinně přizpůsobit na specifické požadavky vnějšího a vnitřního prostředí, aniž by se změnil požadovaný cíl či záměr pohybu. Během našeho experimentu se snažíme objektivně zhodnotit vliv kognitivních funkcí na progresi či regresi svalové únavy. Z množství prototypových pohybů byla pro testování vybrána vysoce náročná pozice – statický dřep Wall Sit. Ten nás informuje o svalové zdatnosti v závislosti na čase a zároveň přináší poznatky o variabilitě zapojení svalových skupin dolních končetin během nástupu svalové únavy. Na základě tohoto dogmata vztahu mezi variabilitou a svalovou únavou potvrzujeme rozdíl na hladině statistické významnosti (p < 0,05), kdy došlo ke zlepšení výkonu z pohledu času za vlivu kognitivní zátěže. Výsledky experimentu tak potvrzují významný a zároveň pozitivní vliv externího zaměření pozornosti, kdy jsme potvrdili oddálení projevu svalové únavy.
Muscle fatigue represents wide-ranging phenomenon involving peripheral, central and also cognitive factors. At the central level, it leads to a collapse of neurotransmitter regulation and so the motor learning process can become significantly beneficial for restoration of the system under pressure. Because of ensuring variable behaviour, we enable the motor patterns to adapt effectively to specific requirements of an external and internal environment, without changing the objective or intention of the movement. In our experiment we try to evaluate objectively the impact of cognitive functions on progression and regression of muscle fatigue. To evaluate this issue adequately, a physically demanding posture – a squat Wall Sit, has been chosen from a range of prototype movements. Wall Sit provides information about muscle capability depending on time and also offers findings about variability of the engagement of lower limbs muscle group during the beginning of muscle fatigue. On the basis of the relation dogma between variability and muscle fatigue, we confirm the difference at the level of statistical significance (p < 0,05), when regarding the time during influence of cognitive load, the performance improved. The results of the experiment confirm a significant and at the same time positive impact of an external focus of attention, when we confirmed delay in the beginning of muscle fatigue.
- Klíčová slova
- centrální únava, kognitivní úkol, směřovaná pozornost, dřep Wall Sit,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- svalová únava * MeSH
- tělesná a funkční výkonnost * MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Autoimunita je proces, při kterém reagují některé složky imunitního systému se strukturami vlastního organizmu a zpravidla je tím poškozují. Systémový lupus erythematodes představuje prototyp autoimunitní orgánově nespecifické choroby. Postihuje nejčastěji mladé ženy. Jedná se o vysoce heterogenní onemocnění s různým klinickým obrazem a průběhem. Důležitou roli v diagnostice lupusu hraje správná identifikace autoimunitních klinických projevů, stanovení protilátkového profilu, aktivity choroby a stupně orgánového postižení. Terapie závažných forem SLE patří do rukou odborníka. Osu léčby představují glukokortikoidy, antimalarika, imunosupresivní a v případě antifosfolipidového syndromu také antikoagulační terapie. V posledních letech se objevují nové, potenciální léky pro léčbu závažných forem SLE.
Autoimmunity is a process, in which some parts of the immune systém recognize the own organizm and cause its damage. Systemic lupus erythematosus is a prototype of the autoimmune organ non-specific disorder. It affects predominantly young females. Lupus is highly heteregenous disease with various clinical manifestations and prognosis. The correct identification of the autoimmune clinical symptoms, testing for auto-antibodies, assessment of disease activity and organ damage play the crucial role in the SLE diagnosis. The therapy of the severe forms of SLE should be coordinated by a specialist. The axis of the SLE therapy comprises glucocorticoids, antimalarials, immunosupressive and, in the case of antiphospholipid syndrome, antikoagulant drugs. In recent year new drugs for severe or moderate lupus are emerging and tested in clinical trials.
- Klíčová slova
- systémový lupus erythematodes (SLE), diagnostika, léčba,
- MeSH
- autoimunita imunologie MeSH
- autoimunitní nemoci MeSH
- autoprotilátky diagnostické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- systémový lupus erythematodes diagnóza etiologie krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Chitosan je málo toxický, neimunogenní a biologicky odbouratelný přírodní biopolymer. Jako deacetylovaná forma chitinu je ve velké míře používán v medicíně, zemědělství a průmyslu kvůli snadné výrobě, biokompatibilitě a antimikrobiální aktivitě. Chitosan je také široce studován jako hlavní stavební složka nanomateriálů. Četné studie prokázaly, že chitosan, kromě silných antibakteriálních účinků, lze využít jako adjuvans při konstrukci nových vakcín. Neméně významné je potenciální využití chitosanu jako nosiče xenobiotik. V tomto přehledu uvádíme základní informace o chitosanových nanočásticích, jejich přípravě, purifikaci a charakterizaci, stejně tak nová data o možnosti jejich využití pro přípravu směrovaných léčiv na bázi nanotechnologií.
Chitosan is low toxic, non-immunogenic and biodegradable natural biopolymer. As the deacetylated form of chitin, it is extensively used in medicine, agriculture and industry for easy production, biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity. Chitosan is also widely studied as the main structural unit of nanomaterials. Numerous studies have shown the strong antimicrobial activity of chitosan including its efficacy as an adjuvant for construction of new vaccines. In this overview, we present the basic information on chitosan nanopar-ticles, their preparation, purification, and characterization as well as the new data on their utilization for the construction of targetted drugs based on nanotechnologies.
A device for continuous infusion of microbubbles (MBs) 'Infucon' has been designed, constructed and tested on rabbits. The device prevents MBs from flotation and accumulation in the layer directly below the surface in the syringe injection during i.v. application. Homogenous i.v. application of MBs was tested on 16 male New Zealand White rabbits (average weight about 3.5 kg). Two sorts of MBs were used - a set of commercial SonoVue diagnostic microbubbles (Bracco) and pegylated DPPC microbubbles (PegMBs), which had been prepared in our laboratory. Sulphur hexafluoride was used as a filling gas. The application of MBs by continuous infusion via Infucon prolonged the ultrasound signal period in the heart of the rabbit to 12 min in comparison to about 1 min observed in bolus application. No adverse effects were observed on the tested rabbits after the MB application via Infucon. The principle employed in the prototype device Infucon could be used for development of the device intended for clinical applications.
- MeSH
- 1,2-dipalmitoylfosfatidylcholin chemie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- fluorid sírový diagnostické užití MeSH
- fosfolipidy diagnostické užití MeSH
- intravenózní infuze MeSH
- králíci MeSH
- mikrobubliny diagnostické užití MeSH
- polyethylenglykoly chemie MeSH
- ultrasonografie metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- králíci MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
A major environmental problem associated with boron (B) mining in many parts of the world is B pollution, which can become a point source of B mine effluent pollution to aquatic habitats. In this study, a cost-effective, environment-friendly, and sustainable prototype engineered wetland was evaluated and tested to prevent B mine effluent from spilling into adjoining waterways in the largest B reserve in the world. According to the results, average B concentrations in mine effluent significantly decreased from 17.5 to 5.7 mg l(-1) after passing through the prototype with a hydraulic retention time of 14 days. The results of the present experiment, in which different doses of B had been introduced into the prototype, also demonstrated that Typha latifolia (selected as donor species in the prototype) showed a good resistance to alterations against B mine effluent loading rates. Moreover, we found that soil enzymes activities gradually decreased with increasing B dosages during the experiment. Boron mass balance model further showed that 60 % of total B was stored in the filtration media, and only 7 % of B was removed by plant uptake. Consequently, we suggested that application of the prototype in the vicinity of mining site may potentially become an innovative model and integral part of the overall landscape plan of B mine reserve areas worldwide. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
- MeSH
- bor metabolismus MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu metabolismus MeSH
- chemické znečištění vody prevence a kontrola MeSH
- hornictví MeSH
- mokřady * MeSH
- orobincovité účinky léků růst a vývoj metabolismus MeSH
- půda chemie MeSH
- regenerace a remediace životního prostředí metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Turecko MeSH
Screening for tuberculosis infections (TBI) using the tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) is crucial in controlling the global TB burden. This study evaluates the performance of a new IGRA for the detection of T-cell responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Blood samples from 34 adults with tuberculosis disease (TB) and from 30 children with TB, TBI or without TB were analyzed using the prototype Quan-T-Cell TB (EUROIMMUN). The pediatric samples were additionally measured using the established QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus assay (Qiagen). Clinical performance and inter-assay concordance were analyzed. The prototype Quan-T-Cell TB yielded positivity rates of 88.2% and 100% in adults with TB and children with TBI, respectively, at a specificity of 93.8%. Comparison between the two IGRAs showed positive, negative and overall agreement rates of 100%, 93.8% and 96.3%, respectively, with a kappa score of 0.924 indicating almost perfect agreement. Our study shows promising results of the new prototype Quan-T-Cell TB, as reflected by high concordance with the final diagnosis in adults and children and performance comparable to that of the QuantiFERON IGRA. In individual cases, the data suggest that the prototype Quan-T-Cell TB may be even more consistent with TBI-related clinical findings. Unlike the QuantiFERON assay, the Quan-T-Cell TB has a predefined borderline range, which is advantageous as it may help to differentiate non-specific variation near the cut-off, and fewer sample tubes are required per analysis. The new Quan-T-Cell TB may therefore be a good alternative to the established QuantiFERON IGRA for TBI screening. Further assay optimization is underway, including evaluation studies based on larger patient and control cohorts.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- interferon gama MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis * imunologie MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- T-lymfocyty * imunologie MeSH
- test pomocí interferonu gama * metody MeSH
- tuberkulóza * diagnóza imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kojenec MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- hodnotící studie MeSH
V našem sdělení představujeme dosavadní výsledky společného výzkumu pracovišť Krajské nemocnice Liberec, a.s., a Technické univerzity v Liberci. Cílem projektu bylo sestrojit prototyp přístroje pro dvouosé měření mechanických vlastností lidské kůže in vivo. Dvouosé zatěžování umožní vyhodnocovat specifické parametry lidské kůže, které pro její anizotropii nelze zjistit při jednoosé tahové zkoušce. Prototyp byl nazván „BiEx“ (biaxial extensometer).
In our article we would like to present the results of joint research carried out at the Regional Hospital in Liberec and the Technical University of Liberec. The aim of this research was to design a prototype for biaxial measuring of mechanical properties of the human skin in vivo. Biaxial application of the load will allow for the evaluation of specific human skin parameters which cannot be determined during a uniaxial tensile test because of the skin anisotropy. This prototype was called “BiEx” (biaxial extensometer).
- Klíčová slova
- biomechanické vlastnosti kůže, dvouosý průtahoměr,
- MeSH
- biomechanika fyziologie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fyziologie kůže MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pružnost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
BACKGROUND: The new second-generation computer system BS-II (Bio-Spine-II) based on the National Instruments' development environment has been designed and constructed for evaluating the stability of various surgical fixative methods of the cadaverous lumbar spine (L1-L5). BS-II holds the measured sample using aluminum fixtures and using four computer-controlled stepper motors; it performs a circular movement (warm up of the specimen), programmatically driven extension (back bend), right and left lateral flexion (lateral bend), left and right axial torsion (rotation), and axial compression (pressure). Four strain gauges are used to measure the stiffness of the sample. The movement of individual components (vertebrae) is contactlessly monitored by two CCD (charge couple device) cameras. The obtained data are in digital form continuously stored in the computer memory for further processing. METHODS: The functionality of the equipment was verified on the cadaverous specimen of the human spine. The stiffness of the sample was measured by strain gauges, and the results were processed using linear regression analysis. Movements of vertebrae were determined by circular discs covered with appropriate patterns. The discs have been linked with the respective vertebrae and were contactlessly monitored by two CCD (charge couple device) cameras and evaluated using digital image processing methods and 2D digital FFT (fast Fourier transformation). Direction and displacement of the individual components were determined by the band of the calculated spectrum. The new device BS-II is controlled by a modifiable computer program designed in the National Instruments' development environment which allows statistical processing of the sample, including its warming up. RESULTS: The computer system BS-II for measurement of biomechanical properties of the spine sample was designed. Functionality of the device was verified by implementation of LUMIR XLIF CAGE implant into a cadaver sample of the human spine. Comparison of the rigidity of the intact and stabilized sample is shown in the graphs of article. The achieved results contributed to certification of the implant into the surgical practice. CONCLUSION: The designed computer BS-II system is designed for biomechanical measurements of the lumbar part of the human spine, especially for verification of surgical fixation methods. The system is based on the knowledge and experience with a manually operated measuring device designed by Palacky University Olomouc. The computer programmatic control allows the user to change the conditions and parameters of the measurement procedure in a planned way, which allows the results to be processed in, among other things, a statistical way. If suitable models are used (3D printing), the BS-II system can be used to verify procedures for surgical stabilization of the spine in the training of future doctors. The obtained data of stiffness and image information are stored in digital form and can be used for next offline sophisticated study of biomechanical properties of specimens (accurate vertebral geometry, statistical processing, 3D printing, etc.). The usefulness of the BS-II system is demonstrated in the case of biomechanical analysis of the implantation of LUMIR XLIF CAGE implant to a human cadaver specimen of the spine.
- MeSH
- bederní obratle diagnostické zobrazování fyziologie chirurgie MeSH
- biomechanika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mrtvola MeSH
- počítačové zpracování obrazu * MeSH
- protézy a implantáty MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH