The assessment of ventricular systolic performance is one of the most critical roles of echocardiography, often impacting the diagnosis, management, and prognosis of patients with suspected cardiovascular disease. RECENT FINDINGS: Historically, the echocardiographic assessment of diseases affecting the right ventricle has lagged behind that of the left ventricle, despite knowledge demonstrating that diseases affecting the right heart have been shown to have the same clinical consequences as those affecting the left heart. SUMMARY: This up-to-date review of right ventricular imaging by two-dimensional and three-dimensional echocardiography will emphasize the clinical situations for which assessment of right ventricular systolic function is particularly important, and review the systematic assessment of right ventricular regional wall motion in terms of coronary anatomy. Technical and scanning tips designed to optimize the visualization of the right heart with echocardiography with case examples will be presented. Qualitative and quantitative two-dimensional methods for assessing right heart function that are both well established and evolving will be summarized and the case for considering more routine use of ultrasound contrast agents to enhance right ventricular endocardial border definition will be made. The current state of three-dimensional imaging of the right ventricle will be highlighted along with the challenges for making this powerful tool more widespread.
- MeSH
- Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional methods MeSH
- Echocardiography methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Heart Ventricles ultrasonography MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Cíl práce: Zhodnocení významu a možnosti využití 3D ultrazvukového vyšetření v diagnostice a léčbě neplodnosti. Typ studie: Souhrnný článek. Název a sídlo pracoviště: Ústav pro péči o matku a dítě, Praha. Metodika: Studium dostupné literatury. Souhrn: Stoupající frekvence výskytu ovariálních, děložních a jiných pánevních patologií mezi ženami plánujícími koncepci činí problematiku ultrazvukového vyšetření u reprodukčních poruch vysoce aktuálním tématem. Zhodnocení ovariální rezervy se stává v současnosti nepostradatelnou součástí vstupního vyšetření pacientek s dg. primární i sekundární sterility. Současný pokrok v 3D TVUS umožňuje měřením endometriálního objemu, echogenicity a endometriálního prokrvení posoudit endometriální receptivitu. Na významu nabývá při vyšetřování folikulární a ovariální vaskularity tzv. 3D power doppler angiografie, zavádějící indexy (VI, FI, VFI), a umožňuje tak kvantifikovat ovariální vaskularitu v cílovém objemu. AVC (Automatic Volume Calculation), nový softwarový program identifikující a kvantifikující hypoechogenní oblasti v 3D souboru dat umožnuje automatické zhodnocení jejich absolutní velikosti, středního průměru a objemu. Neomezený počet objemů může být takto kvantifikován a může být ideálním nástrojem pro zhodnocení ovariálního objemu a počtu antrálních folikulů (AFC) u žen podstupujících kontrolovanou ovariální stimulaci.
Objective: Clarifying the role of three-dimensional transvaginal sonography in diagnosis sterility and assisted reproduction treatment. Design: Review. Setting: Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Department of IVF, Charles University, Prague. Methods: Study of current literature. Summary: With arrised frequency of ovarian, uterus and another pelvic patologies remains the three-dimensional transvaginal sonography in diagnosis of sterility wommen very actuall in the fields of reproductive medicine. Actually the assesment of ovarian reserve belong to the essentials investigations in the diagnosis of primary and secondary sterility at this time. The advance in the three-dimensional transvaginal sonography allows to assess the endometrial volume, echogenity, endometrial vascularity and endometrial receptivity. There is a significant importace of 3D power dopler angiography by meassurment of folicular and ovarian vascularity with three indices (VI, FI, VFI) and provides the calculation of ovarian vascularity from the volume. New Sono-Automatic Volume Calculation (Sono-AVC) software that identifies and quantifies hypoechoic regions within a three-dimensional dataset and provides automatic estimation of their absolute dimensions, mean diameter and volume. An unlimited number of volumes can theoretically be quantified, which makes it an ideal tool for assessment of the ovarian volume and the antral follicle count (AFC) in women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation.
- Keywords
- uterinní endometriální kontraktilita, ultrazvuková hysterosalpingografie (UZ HSG), 3D UZ power doppler angiografie, endometriální receptivita, folikulometrie, transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS),
- MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Ovarian Reserve MeSH
- Ovary ultrasonography MeSH
- Uterus ultrasonography MeSH
- Infertility, Female etiology ultrasonography MeSH
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
Mezi hlavni přednosti konfokální mikroskopie ve srovnaní s klasickou optickou mikroskopii patři možnost zaznamenávat série digitalizovaných obrazů relativně tenkých optických řezů vedených i tlustším vzorkem. V článkuje ukázáno využití těchto sérií obrazů, jak při vizualizaci, tak i při kvantifikaci trojrozměrných objektů: Jsou popsány různé typy rekonstrukcí objektů, které lze proostřit konfokálním mikroskopem, i měření jejich geometrických charakteristik s využitím stereologických metod. Podrobněji je přiblížena stereologická metoda užívající virtuální fakirské sondy pro odhad objemu i povrchu studovaného objektu.
The possibility to record series of digitized images of relatively thin optical sections within a thick speciment is one of the main advantages ofconfocal mircoscopy if compared with the conventional optical microscopy. It is shown how such series can be exploited in visualization and quantification of three-dimensional objects: different types of reconstructions of objects that can be focussed through by a confocal microscope as well as the estimation of their geometrical characteristics by stereological methods are described. The stereological method using virtual fakir probes for volume and surface area estimation is presented in detail.
- MeSH
- Microscopy, Confocal MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Software MeSH
- Computational Biology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Dendritické trny jsou jedním z mála indikátorů mozkové konektivity, pozorovatelných ve světelném mikroskopu. Nové metodické přístupy umožnily vizualizovat hladiny vápníkových iontů, pozorovat živé dendritické trny, vytvářet jejich prostorové rekonstrukce, a dokonaleji kvalitativně i kvantitativně hodnotit změny, ke kterým v trnech dochází při různých fyziologických i patologických procesech. Toto sdělení nabízí čtenářům obohacení jejich představ o struktuře a funkci dendritických trnů a synapsí o nový, prostorový pohled.
Dendritic spines are one of few indicators of interneuronal connectivity visible by light microscopy. New methodical approaches enabled to observe living dendritic spines, to prepare their three-dimensional reconstructions, and to visualize levels of calcium ions. All these methods made it possible to reach more accurate qualitative and quantitative evaluations of changes caused on dendritic spines by various physiological and pathological processes. This article offers to add to reader´s imaginations of structure and function of dendritic spines and synapses a new, three-dimensional view.
- MeSH
- Dendrites ultrastructure MeSH
- Research Support as Topic MeSH
- Models, Neurological MeSH
- Synapses ultrastructure MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Chloroplast number per cell is a frequently examined quantitative anatomical parameter, often estimated by counting chloroplast profiles in two-dimensional (2D) sections of mesophyll cells. However, a mesophyll cell is a three-dimensional (3D) structure and this has to be taken into account when quantifying its internal structure. We compared 2D and 3D approaches to chloroplast counting from different points of view: (i) in practical measurements of mesophyll cells of Norway spruce needles, (ii) in a 3D model of a mesophyll cell with chloroplasts, and (iii) using a theoretical analysis. We applied, for the first time, the stereological method of an optical disector based on counting chloroplasts in stacks of spruce needle optical cross-sections acquired by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. This estimate was compared with counting chloroplast profiles in 2D sections from the same stacks of sections. Comparing practical measurements of mesophyll cells, calculations performed in a 3D model of a cell with chloroplasts as well as a theoretical analysis showed that the 2D approach yielded biased results, while the underestimation could be up to 10-fold. We proved that the frequently used method for counting chloroplasts in a mesophyll cell by counting their profiles in 2D sections did not give correct results. We concluded that the present disector method can be efficiently used for unbiased estimation of chloroplast number per mesophyll cell. This should be the method of choice, especially in coniferous needles and leaves with mesophyll cells with lignified cell walls where maceration methods are difficult or impossible to use.
BACKGROUND: Facial appearance transfer from donor to recipient in face transplantation is a concern. Previous studies of facial appearance transfer and facial appearance persistence (preservation of the recipient's facial likeness) in face transplants simulated using two-dimensional photographic manipulations found low facial appearance transfer (2.6 percent) and high facial appearance persistence (66 percent). Three-dimensional computer simulation of complex facial transplant patterns may improve the accuracy of facial appearance transfer and facial appearance persistence estimations. METHODS: Three-dimensional virtual models of human faces were generated from deidentified computed tomographic angiographs and used as "donors" or "recipients" for virtual face transplantation. Surgical planning software was used to perform 73 virtual face transplantations by creating specific facial defects (mandibular, midface, or large) in the recipient models and restoring them with allografts extracted from the donor models. Twenty independent reviewers evaluated the resemblance of each resulting posttransplant model to the donor (facial appearance transfer) and recipient (facial appearance persistence). The results were analyzed using tests for equal results with one-sample and pairwise Rao-Scott Pearson chi-square testing, correcting for clustering and multiple testing. RESULTS: Overall rates of facial appearance persistence and facial appearance transfer were high (69.2 percent) and low (32.4 percent), respectively. The mandibular pattern had the highest rates of facial appearance persistence and lowest rates of facial appearance transfer. Facial appearance persistence and transfer were similar across sexes. CONCLUSIONS: Facial appearance persistence is high and facial appearance transfer is low after virtual face transplantation. Appearance transfer and persistence after virtual face transplantation are more dependent on the anatomy than on the size of transplanted facial aesthetic units. This information may reassure recipients of partial face transplants and donor families.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Photography MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Face anatomy & histology surgery MeSH
- Computer Simulation * MeSH
- Predictive Value of Tests MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Facial Transplantation * MeSH
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
Cíl: Zhodnotit superioritu předoperačního trojrozměrného (3D) plánování pomocí CT nad dvojrozměrným (2D) plánováním z hlediska přesnosti umístění pedikulárních šroubů. Materiál a metody: Ve virtuálním prostředí umístili tři chirurgové osmi pacientům ve skupině 2D pedikulární šrouby do bederní páteře po konvenčním 2D plánování. Ve skupině 3D umístili pedikulární šrouby po 3D plánování na základě CT. Po virtuálních operacích byly zaznamenány úhly trajektorie, vzdálenost míst narušení pedikulární stěny a vzdálenost odchylek od místa vstupu šroubu. Výsledky: V 2D skupině pedikulární stěnu penetrovalo 69 šroubů (28,8 %) a v 3D skupině 37 šroubů (15,5 %). Porovnání těchto dvou skupin ukázalo významnou výhodu ve prospěch předoperačního 3D plánování (p = 0,003). V 2D skupině byl průměrný úhel trajektorie šroubu vypočítaný před operací 19,65 ± 6,35° a průměrný úhel vložených šroubů měřený po operaci byl 20,79 ± 5,95°. Ve skupině 3D byl průměrný úhel trajektorie šroubu vypočítaný předoperačně 20,18 ± 5,67° a průměrný úhel vloženého šroubu změřený pooperačně byl 20,07 ± 5,85°. V porovnání s předoperačním plánováním ve skupině 3D byly šrouby vloženy v podobné orientaci (p = 0,655), ale pooperačně nebylo možné ve skupině 2D podobné orientace dosáhnout u všech úrovní (p ≤ 0,001). Závěr: Předoperační 3D plánování zlepšuje přesnost tím, že pomáhá určit bod vstupu pedikulárního šroubu a jeho směr.
Aim: To evaluate the superiority of preoperative three-dimensional (3D) CT-based planning over two-dimensional (2D) planning in terms of pedicle screw placement accuracy. Materials and methods: In a virtual environment, three surgeons placed pedicle screws in the lumbar region of eight patients in the 2D group after conventional 2D planning. In the 3D group, they placed pedicle screws after 3D CT-based planning. Trajectory angles, distance of the wall breach and distance of the screw entry point deviation were recorded after virtual surgeries. Results: In the 2D group, 69 screws (28.8%) penetrated the pedicle wall and 37 screws (15.5%) penetrated the pedicle wall in the 3D group. Comparing these two groups, preoperative 3D planning showed a signifi cant advantage (P = 0.003). In the 2D group, the mean angle of the screw trajectory preoperatively calculated was 19.65 ± 6.35°, and the mean angle of the inserted screws was postoperatively measured at 20.79 ± 5.95°. In the 3D group, the mean angle of the screw trajectory calculated preoperatively was 20.18 ± 5.67°, and the mean angle of the inserted screws postoperatively was 20.07 ± 5.85°. The screws were inserted in the similar orientation comparing to preoperative planning in the 3D group (P = 0.655), but a similar orientation could not be obtained postoperatively in the 2D group (P ≤ 0.001) for all levels. Conclusion: Preoperative 3D planning improves accuracy by helping determine the pedicle screw entry point and direction.
Studies of the capillary bed characterized by its length or length density are relevant in many biomedical studies. A reliable assessment of capillary length from two-dimensional (2D), thin histological sections is a rather difficult task as it requires physical cutting of such sections in randomized directions. This is often technically demanding, inefficient, or outright impossible. However, if 3D image data of the microscopic structure under investigation are available, methods of length estimation that do not require randomized physical cutting of sections may be applied. Two different rat brain regions were optically sliced by confocal microscopy and resulting 3D images processed by three types of capillary length estimation methods: (1) stereological methods based on a computer generation of isotropic uniform random virtual test probes in 3D, either in the form of spatial grids of virtual "slicer" planes or spherical probes; (2) automatic method employing a digital version of the Crofton relations using the Euler characteristic of planar sections of the binary image; and (3) interactive "tracer" method for length measurement based on a manual delineation in 3D of the axes of capillary segments. The presented methods were compared in terms of their practical applicability, efficiency, and precision.
- MeSH
- Biometry methods MeSH
- Capillaries anatomy & histology MeSH
- Microscopy, Confocal methods MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Automation, Laboratory methods MeSH
- Brain anatomy & histology MeSH
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Three-dimensional surface technologies particularly close range photogrammetry and optical surface scanning have recently advanced into affordable, flexible and accurate techniques. Forensic postmortem investigation as performed on a daily basis, however, has not yet fully benefited from their potentials. In the present paper, we tested two approaches to 3D external body documentation - digital camera-based photogrammetry combined with commercial Agisoft PhotoScan(®) software and stereophotogrammetry-based Vectra H1(®), a portable handheld surface scanner. In order to conduct the study three human subjects were selected, a living person, a 25-year-old female, and two forensic cases admitted for postmortem examination at the Department of Forensic Medicine, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic (both 63-year-old males), one dead to traumatic, self-inflicted, injuries (suicide by hanging), the other diagnosed with the heart failure. All three cases were photographed in 360° manner with a Nikon 7000 digital camera and simultaneously documented with the handheld scanner. In addition to having recorded the pre-autopsy phase of the forensic cases, both techniques were employed in various stages of autopsy. The sets of collected digital images (approximately 100 per case) were further processed to generate point clouds and 3D meshes. Final 3D models (a pair per individual) were counted for numbers of points and polygons, then assessed visually and compared quantitatively using ICP alignment algorithm and a cloud point comparison technique based on closest point to point distances. Both techniques were proven to be easy to handle and equally laborious. While collecting the images at autopsy took around 20min, the post-processing was much more time-demanding and required up to 10h of computation time. Moreover, for the full-body scanning the post-processing of the handheld scanner required rather time-consuming manual image alignment. In all instances the applied approaches produced high-resolution photorealistic, real sized or easy to calibrate 3D surface models. Both methods equally failed when the scanned body surface was covered with body hair or reflective moist areas. Still, it can be concluded that single camera close range photogrammetry and optical surface scanning using Vectra H1 scanner represent relatively low-cost solutions which were shown to be beneficial for postmortem body documentation in forensic pathology.
- MeSH
- Algorithms MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Photogrammetry * MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Computer Simulation * MeSH
- Software MeSH
- Forensic Pathology methods MeSH
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
AIM: To utilize three-dimensional (3D) geometric morphometry for visualization of the level of facial asymmetry in patients with the oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (OAVS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three-dimensional facial scans of 25 Czech patients with OAVS were processed. The patients were divided into subgroups according to Pruzansky classification. For 13 of them, second 3D facial scans were obtained. The 3D facial scans were processed using geometric morphometry. Soft tissue facial asymmetry in the sagittal plane and its changes in two time spots were visualized using colour-coded maps with a thermometre-like scale. RESULTS: Individual facial asymmetry was visualized in all patients as well as the mean facial asymmetry for every Pruzansky subgroup. The mean colour-coded maps of type I and type IIA subgroups showed no differences in facial asymmetry, more pronounced asymmetry in the middle and the lower facial third was found between type IIA and type IIB (maximum 1.5 mm) and between type IIB and type III (maximum 2 mm). The degree of intensity facial asymmetry in affected middle and lower facial thirds did not change distinctly during the two time spots in all subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: The 3D geometric morphometry in OAVS patients could be a useful tool for objective facial asymmetry assessment in patients with OAVS. The calculated colour-coded maps are illustrative and useful for clinical evaluation.
- MeSH
- Facial Asymmetry * diagnostic imaging pathology MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Goldenhar Syndrome * diagnostic imaging pathology MeSH
- Cephalometry methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Face anatomy & histology diagnostic imaging pathology MeSH
- Imaging, Three-Dimensional * methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
