Článek v úvodu zmiňuje obecná fakta o rotavirových enteritidách a následně pojednává po-drobně o přechodné hepatopatii jako vzácné komplikaci rotavirové infekce u dvouapůlletépacientky. Zdůrazňuje význam očkování, míru proočkovanosti na rotavirové infekce v ČRa v závěru stručně rozebírá faktory, které mohou proočkovanost významně ovlivnit.

The article introduces general facts about rotavirus enteritis and subsequently discusses tran-sient hepatopathy as a rare complication of rotavirus infection in a two-and-a-half-year-oldpatient. It emphasizes the importance of vaccination, the coverage rate of vaccination for ro-tavirus infections in the Czech Republic, and at the end, it briefly analyzes the factors thatcan significantly influence the vaccination coverage rate.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Gastroenteritis complications   blood   virology   MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Vaccination Coverage organization & administration   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Rotavirus Infections * complications   MeSH
• Rotavirus Vaccines therapeutic use   MeSH
• Professional-Family Relations MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Background Childhood vaccination rates fluctuate over time and do not always meet the levels recommended by the WHO. Objective This study aims to provide an overview of measures countries have introduced to increase vaccination rates. Methods We developed a structured data collection template that was completed by country experts from Europe, Israel, the USA, and Canada. Experts were identified using the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies' HSPM (Health Systems and Policy Monitor) network. We approached experts from 32 countries and received responses from 22 countries. In the template we asked for measures introduced between 2014 and 2019. The experts were asked to indicate the type of intervention, the target population, possible positive and negative effects, and evidence on effectiveness. The information was collected between September 2019 and January 2020. Results We identified four main types of interventions: restrictive measures for the unvaccinated, financial incentives, measures supporting the logistics of vaccination, and vaccination promotion campaigns. Restrictive measures often involved expanding existing mandatory vaccination policies or limiting access to pre-school activities for unvaccinated children. Financial incentives for healthcare providers showed some positive effects. Regarding logistical support, several countries used schools as alternative vaccination sites, though this presented organisational challenges. Many countries invested in improving knowledge among both healthcare professionals and parents to encourage vaccine uptake. Conclusions Most initiatives implemented in the countries covered focussed on communication and knowledge enhancement. However, there is limited evidence on the impact of these measures on vaccination coverage.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Internationality MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Immunization Programs * MeSH
• Health Promotion * methods   MeSH
• Vaccination Coverage * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Vaccination * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Health Policy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH
• Israel MeSH
• Canada MeSH
• United States MeSH

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• MeSH
• Encephalitis, Tick-Borne prevention & control   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Pneumococcal Vaccines therapeutic use   supply & distribution   MeSH
• Vaccination Coverage * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Vaccine-Preventable Diseases MeSH
• Tetanus Toxoid therapeutic use   supply & distribution   MeSH
• Influenza Vaccines therapeutic use   supply & distribution   MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Seasonal influenza can have serious morbid consequences and can even result in death, particularly in at-risk populations, including healthcare professionals (HCPs), elderly and those living with a medical risk condition. Although in Europe recommendations exist for annual influenza vaccination in these populations in most countries, the vaccination coverage rate (VCR) is often well below the World Health Organization target of 75% coverage. In our previous survey in 2009 we showed that some elements of national vaccination policies, e.g. reminder systems, strong official recommendation, and easy access, seemed to contribute to achieving higher influenza VCRs among elderly. We repeated the survey in 2016, using the same methodology to assess changes in influenza VCRs among the elderly and in the impact of policy elements on these VCRs. In addition, we collected information about VCRs among HCPs, and those living with a medical risk condition. The median VCR in the 21 countries that had recommendations for influenza vaccination in the elderly was 35.3%, ranging from 1.1% in Estonia to 74.5% in Scotland. The average VCRs for HCPs and those living with medical risk conditions, available in 17 and 10 countries, respectively, were 28.3% (range 7% in Czech Republic to 59.1% in Portugal) and 32.2% (range from 20.0% in the Czech Republic and Hungary to 59.6% in Portugal), respectively. Fewer countries were able to provide data from HCP and those living with medical risk conditions. Since the initial survey during the 2007-2008 influenza season, VCRs have decreased in the elderly in the majority of countries, thus, achieving high VCRs in the elderly and the other target groups is still a major public health challenge in Europe. This could be addressed by the identification, assessment and sharing of best practice for influenza vaccination policies.

• MeSH
• Influenza, Human prevention & control   MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Immunization Programs organization & administration   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Vaccination Coverage statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Seasons MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Health Policy * MeSH
• Health Plan Implementation organization & administration   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Infant MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

AIM: To ensure that children are vaccinated, different national governments use diverse strategies. We compared childhood vaccination coverage rates between New York State (NYS) and New Zealand (NZ) as the vaccination strategies are different. METHODS: We used vaccination records from the NYS Immunisation Information System and the National Immunisation Register of NZ to measure (i) vaccination coverage by school entry and by age six; (ii) coverage of different socio-demographic groups; and (iii) trend in vaccination coverage between 2011 and 2015. RESULTS: We analysed the records of 583 767 NYS children and 269 800 NZ children 7 years of age. NZ children were 3.3-21.5% more likely than NYS children to receive each of the vaccines. Compared to NYS, NZ children were 39.6% more likely to be up-to-date by the start of school and 28.1% more likely to be up-to-date by age 6 years. Both NYS and NZ had statistically significant increases in the proportion of children who were up to date on each vaccine and all vaccines by the start of school and by 6 years of age (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We identified under-vaccinated groups and examined the point in the vaccine series where children were most vulnerable to being under-vaccinated. This information is useful in targeting future investigations and interventions aimed at mitigating disparities in vaccine coverage. This comparison of regions with different vaccination programmes and policies is important when considering whether the particular vaccination coverage strategies of one region could be adapted and applied for the benefit of another.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Incidence MeSH
• Communicable Disease Control methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Urban Population MeSH
• Immunization Schedule MeSH
• Vaccination Coverage statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Poliovirus Vaccines administration & dosage   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine administration & dosage   MeSH
• Hepatitis B Vaccines administration & dosage   MeSH
• Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine administration & dosage   MeSH
• Rural Population MeSH
• Viral Vaccines MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Comparative Study MeSH
• Geographicals
• New York MeSH
• New Zealand MeSH

V České republice je každoročně prováděna administrativní kontrola proočkovanosti u dětí podle stanovených jednotných kritérií. V roce 2019 byla kontrolována proočkovanost proti 9 vybraným infekčním onemocněním, která jsou podle platné legislativy zahrnuta do rámce povinného očkování. V souladu s celostátně platnou metodikou hlavní hygieničky ČR tvořily cílovou skupinou kontroly děti s příjmením začínajícím písmenem „M“, u kterých byla kontrolována proočkovanost se stavem k 31. prosinci 2019. Výsledky analýzy administrativní kontroly proočkovanosti jsou do určité míry stále ještě limitovány změnami v povinném očkování dětí danými novelou vyhlášky č. 537/2006 Sb. o očkování proti infekčním nemocem platnou od 1. ledna 2018.

Annual administrative estimates of vaccination coverage in children have been performed in the Czech Republic according to the uniform criteria. In 2019, the vaccine coverage rates for nine selected infectious diseases included in the mandatory childhood immunization schedule under the legislation in force were estimated. In accordance with the nationally applied methodology of the Chief Public Health Officer of the Czech Republic, the target group were children whose surname started with the letter M, and the estimate was based on administrative data reported by 31 December 2019. The results of the analysis are limited due to changes in the mandatory childhood immunization schedule laid down in the amendment to Regulation No. 537/2006 on vaccination against infectious diseases in force as of 1 January 2018.

• Keywords
• proočkovanost, kontrola proočkovanosti,
• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Vaccines, Combined classification   MeSH
• Communicable Disease Control * methods   organization & administration   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Vaccination Refusal statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine MeSH
• Vaccination * statistics & numerical data   legislation & jurisprudence   MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• News MeSH

• MeSH
• Data Analysis MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Communicable Disease Control * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mandatory Vaccination statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Vaccine-Preventable Diseases MeSH
• Vaccination * statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

V souladu s cíly programu Světové zdravotnické organizace „Zdraví pro všechny ve 21. století“ je v České republice každoročně prováděna administrativní kontrola proočkovanosti u dětí podle jednotných kritérií stanovených hlavním hygienikem ČR. V roce 2010 byla kontrolována proočkovanost proti 9 vybraným infekčním onemocněním, která jsou z pohledu platné legislativy začleněna do povinného očkování, a to u dětí s příjmení začínajícím písmenem „L“, se stavem k 31. prosinci 2010. Výsledky kontroly ukázaly, že u kontrolovaných kohort dětí dosahuje proočkovanost v celostátním měřítku adekvátní úrovně k navození kolektivní imunity proti vybraným infekčním onemocněním.

In line with the objectives of the World Health Organization global strategy „Health for all in the 21st century“, annual administrative estimates of vaccination coverage in children have been performed in the Czech Republic according to the uniform criteria set by the Chief Public Health Officer. In 2010, the vaccine coverage rates for nine selected infectious diseases included in the compulsory childhood immunization schedule in accordance with the Czech regulations were estimated in children whose surname started with the letter L, based on administrative data reported by December 31, 2010. The results confirmed that the national vaccine coverage rates in the cohorts of children analyzed were as high as needed to induce herd immunity against the selected infectious diseases.

• Keywords
• infekční onemocnění, děti, kontrola,
• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Haemophilus influenzae type b pathogenicity   MeSH
• Hepatitis B prevention & control   transmission   MeSH
• Communicable Diseases etiology   transmission   MeSH
• Community Medicine methods   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Communicable Disease Control methods   statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Poliomyelitis prevention & control   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine therapeutic use   MeSH
• Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine therapeutic use   MeSH
• Vaccination statistics & numerical data   trends   utilization   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Individuals with HIV infection are at an increased risk for a number of infectious diseases, some of which are preventable by vaccination. Unfortunately, little is known about the attitudes of this population group to vaccination, therefore, we decided to find out vaccination coverage against 5 infections among newly diagnosed HIV-infected patients in the Czech Republic. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on newly diagnosed patients who started their follow-up care at the HIV Clinic of Na Bulovce Hospital during the two following years. Vaccination history data and results of serological tests were collected from all participants. RESULTS: Enrolled were 269 HIV-positive subjects (94.1% males) with a mean age of 34.4 years, 64 subjects (23.8%) had tertiary education, 229 (85.1%) were men having sex with men, 32 (11.9%) were heterosexual, and 8 (3.0%) were injection drug users. The mean CD4+ T-lymphocyte count was 556.2/µL, with 149 persons (55.4%) who had a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count > 500/µL, and 68 (25.3%) individuals were late presenters with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count < 350/µL. A vaccination against tetanus was reported by 262 subjects (97.4%), against influenza by 18 subjects (6.7%), against tick-borne encephalitis by 18 subjects (6.7%), against viral hepatitis A by 78 persons (29.0%), and against hepatitis B by 104 subjects (38.7%). For influenza, tick-borne encephalitis and hepatitis A, a significant positive impact of tertiary education was found (p-values < 0.001-0.044). Vaccination coverage against both types of hepatitis was significantly lower in late presenters (p = 0.044 and p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Vaccination rates found in our cohort were except tetanus and hepatitis B in young people low, especially for influenza and tick-borne encephalitis. Higher level of education and less advanced HIV infection were associated with higher vaccination rates. To improve this unsatisfactory situation, more attention should be paid to vaccination.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• HIV Infections * diagnosis   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• CD4 Lymphocyte Count methods   MeSH
• Vaccination Coverage * MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

Onemocnění pertusí je známo již ze středověku a před érou očkování patřilo k nejčastějším příčinám úmrtí v dětském věku. V 50. letech zahájené očkování celobuněčnou pertusovou vakcínou vedlo k rychlému poklesu počtu onemocnění nejen v České republice, ale i v ostatních zemích. K úplnému vymizení choroby však nedošlo, neboť ani očkovací látka, ani vlastní onemocnění nezanechává trvalou imunitu. Osmdesátá léta přinesla opětovný nárůst počtu případů především v USA a západoevropských zemích jako důsledek poklesu proočkovanosti dětské populace. Hlavní příčinou poklesu byla četnost nežádoucích reakcí po celobuněčné vakcíně (wP), proto se další vývoj vakcíny zaměřil na výrobu méně reaktogenní acelulární vakcíny (aP). Zlepšením vlastností očkovací látky byla vytvořena vakcína, kterou lze očkovat za určitých okolností i děti, které byly do té doby považovány za kontraindikované. V ČR jsou v pravidelném očkování aktuálně 2 očkovací schémata s celulární (TETRAct-HIB) a acelulární (Infanrix Hexa) vakcínou. Pokles imunity proti pertusi je u obou vakcín srovnatelný a adolescenti a dospělí jsou znovu vnímaví vůči infekci. Proto se také objevily vakcíny s redukovaným množstvím antigenů určených k booster dávkám u adolescentů a dospělých osob – Adacel a Boostrix, které by se v budoucnu podle současných poznatků mohly stát součástí očkovacích doporučení pro státy s cílem zvýšit imunitu ve skupině dospívajících a dospělých.

Pertussis has been well-known disease since the middle ages and it was rated among the most frequent causes of deaths in pre-vaccination period. Introduction of vaccination in 50th was connected with the rapid decline of cases in the Czech Republic either as in other countries. Despite of vaccination coverage the illness had not been eradicated because of absence of long-lasting immunity both after vaccination and nature infection. The increasing number of cases in U. S. and Western European countries had been recorded in early 80th as a result of decreasing vaccination level in children. The main reason – high frequency of adverse effects associated with whole-cell pertussis vaccine (wP) promoted the development of less reactogenic acellular pertussis vaccine (aP). The aP vaccine has an improved safety profiles in children and allowed to vaccinate some of children untill then contraindicated. Nowadays two parallel vaccination schedules with whole-cell (TETRAct-HIB) and acellular (Infanrix Hexa) vaccines have been routinely used in the Czech Republic. The wane of immunity is comparable in wP and aP vaccines and adolescents and adults become susceptible for pertussis. To this very day, vaccines with reduced amount of pertussis antigens were introduced (Adacel, Boostrix). They are expected to be incorporated in national vaccination programmes in order to improve the immunity against pertussis in adolescents and adults.

• MeSH
• Vaccines, Acellular biosynthesis   adverse effects   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Whooping Cough diagnosis   MeSH
• Pertussis Vaccine pharmacology   adverse effects   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Review Literature as Topic MeSH
• Vaccination contraindications   adverse effects   trends   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH