Reliable theoretical models of the chemical kinetics of the ionosphere of Saturn's moon, Titan, is highly dependent on the precision of the rates of the reactions of ambient ions with hydrocarbon molecules at relevant temperatures. A Variable Temperature Selected Ions Flow Tube technique, which has been developed primarily to study these reactions at temperatures within the range of 200-330 K, is briefly described. The flow tube temperature regulation system and the thermalisation of ions are also discussed. Preliminary studies of two reactions have been carried out to check the reliability and efficacy of kinetics measurements: (i) Rate constants of the reaction of CH3(+) ions with molecular oxygen were measured at different temperatures, which indicate values in agreement with previous ion cyclotron resonance measurements ostensibly made at 300 K. (ii) Formation of CH3(+) ions in the reaction of N2(+) ions with CH4 molecules were studied at temperatures within the range 240-310 K which showed a small but statistically significant decrease of the ratio of product CH3(+) ions to reactant N2(+) ions with reaction temperature.
Methane conversion and in particular the formation of the C-O bond is one of fundamental entries to organic chemistry and it appears to be essential for understanding parts of atmospheric chemistry of Titan, but, in broader terms it might be also relevant for Earth-like exoplanets. Theoretical study of the reactions of methane with atomic oxygen ion in its excited electronic states requires treating simultaneously at least 19 electronic states. Development of a computational strategy that would allow chemically reasonable and computationally feasible treatment of the CH4 (X)/O(+) ((2)D, (2)P) system is by far not trivial and it requires careful examination of all the complex features of the corresponding 19 potential energy surfaces. Before entering the discussion of the rich (photo) chemistry, inspection of the long range behavior of the system with focus on electric dipole transition moments is required. Our calculations show nonzero probability for the reactants to decay before entering the multiple avoided crossings region of the [CH4 + O → products](+) reaction. For the CH4/O(+) ((2)P) system non-zero transition moment probabilities occur over the entire range of considered C-O distances (up to 15 Å), while for the CH4/O(+) ((2)D) system these probabilities are lower by one order of magnitude and were found only at C-O distances smaller than 6 Å.
Karcinom plic patří mezi nejčastější zhoubné nádory v Evropě i ve světě. Incidence činí v evropských zemích 30,2/100 000 obyvatel, přičemž ČR zaujímá deváté místo; mortalita v Evropě dosáhla hodnoty 25,2/100 000 obyvatel a ČR v evropském srovnání obsazuje desáté místo. Podle dat z Národního onkologického registru byl v letech 2004–2008 nemalobuněčný karcinom plic zastoupen 65,9 % u mužů a 62,1 % u žen. Vzhledem ke své biologické povaze bylo onemocnění považováno až do roku 1980 za léčitelné pouze v těch případech, kdy byla možná operace. V posledních letech zaznamenala léčba nemalobuněčného karcinomu plic prudký rozvoj především díky rozpoznání prediktivních faktorů. Na jejich základě je indikována cytostatická léčba pemetrexedem v kombinaci s cisplatinou a dále je stanovena úhrada nebo se její stanovení předpokládá u řady biologických léků (afatinib, bevacizumab, crizotinib, erlotinib, gefitinib a jiné). Dalším pokrokem jsou důkazy o významu pokračovací léčby nemalobuněčného karcinomu plic.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in Europe and in the world. Incidence in European countries is 30.2/100 000 of the population, While the Czech Republic occupies 9th place; mortality in Europe reached 25.2/100 000 of the population and the Czech Republic occupies 10th place within Europe. According to data from the National Cancer Registry in 2004-2008 non-small cell lung cancer was represented in 65.9% of the men and 62.1% of the women. Due to the biological nature of the disease, until 1980 it was only considered to be curable in those cases where operations were possible. In recent years the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer has advanced considerably, mainly due to the rapid development of predictive factors of recognition, based on which combinations of cytostatic therapy with pemetrexed and cisplaXin has been indicated and reimbursement has been set or is to be determined for a number of biological drugs (afatinib, bevacizumab, crizotinib, eriotinib, gefitinib, and others). Further progress is shown by the importance of the continuation of treatment of non-small cell lung carcinoma.
- Keywords
- LUX-Lung 3, EURTAC, OPTIMAL, SQUIRE, JMEN, crizotinib, ramucirumab,
- MeSH
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant MeSH
- Afatinib MeSH
- Survival Analysis MeSH
- Bevacizumab MeSH
- Biological Therapy * methods trends MeSH
- Quinazolines economics pharmacology adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Cisplatin therapeutic use MeSH
- Double-Blind Method MeSH
- ErbB Receptors administration & dosage genetics adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Erlotinib Hydrochloride MeSH
- Drug Therapy trends MeSH
- Gefitinib MeSH
- Glutamates therapeutic use MeSH
- Guanine analogs & derivatives therapeutic use MeSH
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized therapeutic use MeSH
- Angiogenesis Inhibitors therapeutic use MeSH
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Clinical Trials as Topic MeSH
- Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Antibodies, Monoclonal pharmacology therapeutic use MeSH
- Lung Neoplasms classification MeSH
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung * drug therapy classification therapy MeSH
- Pemetrexed MeSH
- Placebos therapeutic use MeSH
- Disease-Free Survival MeSH
- Disease Progression MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Antineoplastic Agents therapeutic use MeSH
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols MeSH
- Pyrazoles administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Pyridines administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic MeSH
- Saturn MeSH
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell drug therapy MeSH
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
