The mechanism of rotator cuff injury remains to be elucidated. And COX-2 plays a dual role in skeletal muscle injury and regeneration, would be associated with the development of rotator cuff injury. Therefore, we chose human skeletal muscle cells (HSKMC) as an in vitro muscle tissue model and transfected lentivirus with overexpressed COX-2 to simulate the in vitro environment of rotator cuff injury. To investigate the specific molecular biological mechanism of COX-2, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to analyze the differentially expressed mRNAs in HSKMC overexpressing COX-2. Enrichment analysis was performed to analyze these differentially expressed genes and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to examine the mRNA levels of genes induced by overexpression. Subsequently, the role of COX-2 in cell proliferation was confirmed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation induced by COX-2 was utilized by western blotting (WB). The results showed that total of 30,759 differentially expressed genes were obtained, and the expression of CYP4F3 and GPR87 was significantly increased. COX-2 could bind CYP4F3 and GPR87 and co-localize with them in the cytoplasm. Finally, COX-2 promoted the proliferation of human skeletal muscle cells by activating the FAK and STAT3 pathways.
- MeSH
- Cyclooxygenase 2 * metabolism genetics MeSH
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal metabolism enzymology pathology MeSH
- Muscle, Skeletal metabolism pathology MeSH
- Cells, Cultured MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Rotator Cuff Injuries * metabolism pathology enzymology genetics MeSH
- Cell Proliferation MeSH
- STAT3 Transcription Factor metabolism MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- MeSH
- Ambulatory Surgical Procedures methods MeSH
- Arthroscopy * methods MeSH
- Transplantation, Autologous methods MeSH
- Cartilage, Articular surgery injuries MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nanomedicine methods MeSH
- Knee Injuries surgery MeSH
- Rotator Cuff Injuries surgery MeSH
- Regeneration MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Newspaper Article MeSH
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: This study investigated the relationship between the position of the tip of the coracoid process (CP) relative to the glenoid with subscapularis (Ssc) tears. We hypothesized that the coracoid tip is more inferior, lateral and posterior in patients with Ssc tear. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This research enrolled 34 isolated Ssc tears and 44 controls. We introduced the axial central glenoid-coracoid angle (acGCA) and sagittal central glenoid-coracoid angle (scGCA) to evaluate the position of the tip of the CP relative to the glenoid center on MRI images. In both groups, acGCA, scGCA on MRI and critical shoulder angle (CSA), glenoid inclination (GI) on true anterior-posterior shoulder radiography were evaluated. RESULTS: When both groups were compared in terms of acGCA, the acGCA values of the Ssc tear group were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.001). The best cut-off value of acGCA for Ssc tears was 28.3°. acGCA values higher than 28.3° showed 93.3% sensitivity and 93.1% specificity for Ssc tears (likelihood ratio:13.53, AUC: 0.979, 95% CI of AUC: 0.950- 0.999). In terms of acGCA, the power analysis between Ssc tears group and control group was 99.9% between Ssc tears and the control group (effect size d=2.63). When both groups were compared in terms of scGCA, the scGCA values of the Ssc tear group were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.001). The best cut-off value of scGCA for Ssc tears was 41.4°. Scores of scGCA greater than 41.8° showed 80% sensitivity and 89.7% specificity for Ssc tears (likelihood ratio: 7.73, AUC: 0.899 95% CI of AUC: 0.837-0.958). In terms of scGCA, the power analysis between Ssc tear and control group was 99.8% (effect size d=1.23). When both groups were compared in terms of CSA and GI; CSA and GI values in the Ssc tear group were significantly higher (p<0.001 and p<0.012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: AcGCA values higher than 28.3° indicate that the coracoid tip is located more laterally and posteriorly; scGCA values higher than 41.8° indicate that the coracoid tip is located more inferiorly and these two new indexes are showing that more laterally, posteriorly and inferiorly coracoid tip is related to subscapularis tears. KEY WORDS: coracoid process, subscapularis tear, coracoid morphology, scapula morphology.
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging * methods MeSH
- Rotator Cuff Injuries * diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Coracoid Process * injuries diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Shoulder Joint diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Sensitivity and Specificity MeSH
- Case-Control Studies MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: In this study, we aimed to evaluate acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and supraspinatus tendon (ST) thickness measurements and their relationship with pain and function in ST pathologies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 111 patients and 25 healthy controls (HC). Patients were divided into 3 groups according to their diagnosis: non-tear tendinopathy (NTT), partial thickness tear (PTT), and full thickness tear (FTT). The AHD and ST thickness of the participants were measured with ultrasound. The pain and functional status of the patients were evaluated with the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), The QuickDASH shortened version of the DASH Outcome Measure - Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (QDASH), and Simple Shoulder Test (SST). RESULTS: The AHD value was significantly higher in the NTT group (p=0.000). The AHD value was significantly lower in the FTT group (p=0.000). ST thickness value was significantly lower in the PTT group compared to the NTT group (p=0.000). There was a positive correlation between ST thickness and BMI (r=0.553,p<0.01). There was a negative correlation between ST thickness and SST and a positive correlation between ST thickness (r=-0.223,p<0.05) and QDASH (r=0.276,p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We found that AHD and SST thicknesses significantly differed in the NTT, PTT, FTT, and HC groups. This difference may be important for diagnosis. In addition, the effect of obesity on ST thickness and the relationship between ST thickness and functional scores may be considered. Weight control may be effective at this point. KEY WORDS: acromiohumeral distance, supraspinatus tendon thickness, ultrasound.
- MeSH
- Acromion diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Shoulder Pain etiology diagnostic imaging physiopathology MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Pain Measurement methods MeSH
- Rotator Cuff Injuries * diagnostic imaging physiopathology MeSH
- Rotator Cuff * diagnostic imaging physiopathology MeSH
- Case-Control Studies MeSH
- Tendinopathy diagnostic imaging physiopathology MeSH
- Ultrasonography * methods MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Zlomeniny proximálního humeru představují v ortopedické praxi jedinečnou výzvu vzhledem ke složité anatomii a biomechanické komplexnosti této oblasti. Spektrum poranění, která se zde vyskytují, je od nedislokovaných stabilních zlomenin až po komplexní dislokované zlomeniny nebo zlomeniny luxační. Z historického hlediska byla léčba těchto zlomenin předmětem mnohých diskuzí a léčebné postupy zahrnovaly zejména konzervativní přístup, chirurgické řešení bylo poměrně vzácné. V posledních desetiletích došlo ke změně paradigmatu v léčbě zlomenin proximálního humeru nejenom díky pokroku v chirurgických technikách, ale zejména vývojem nových typů úhlově stabilních implantátů a moderních totálních endoprotéz. Rozvoj a dostupnost kvalitních zobrazovacích technik umožnily lepší pochopení charakteru zlomenin a precizní plánování operačních zákroků. Mezi hlavní cíle léčby patří obnovení funkce, úleva od bolesti a prevence komplikací, jako jsou prodloužené hojení nebo nezhojení a avaskulární nekróza. Jako zásadní se při volbě léčby jeví individuální přístup ke každému jednotlivému pacientovi s přihlédnutím ke všem faktorům, které ovlivňují konečný výsledek. Cílem tohoto přehledového článku je poskytnout aktuální přehled současného konceptu léčby zlomenin proximálního humeru. Jsou zde shrnuty trendy v neoperačních i operačních strategiích léčby, indikace k jednotlivým druhům léčby, operační techniky, výsledky a komplikace spojené s jednotlivými přístupy.
Fractures of the proximal humerus present a unique challenge in orthopedic practice due to the complex anatomy and biomechanical complexity of this region. The spectrum of injuries occurring here ranges from nondisplaced stable fractures to complex displaced fractures or fracture-dislocations. Historically, the treatment of these fractures has been the subject of much debate and treatment modalities have mainly involved a conservative approach, with surgical management being relatively rare. In recent decades, there has been a paradigm shift in the treatment of proximal humerus fractures not only due to advances in surgical techniques, but especially with the development of new types of angular-stable implants and modern total arthroplasties. The development and availability of high-quality imaging techniques have enabled better understanding of the nature of fractures and precise planning of surgical interventions. The main goals of treatment include restoration of function, pain relief and prevention of complications such as prolonged healing or non-healing and avascular necrosis. An individualized approach to each individual patient, considering all factors that affect the final outcome, appears to be essential in the choice of treatment. The aim of this review article is to provide an up-to-date overview of the current concept of treatment of proximal humerus fractures. Trends in nonoperative and operative treatment strategies, indications for each type of treatment, operative techniques, outcomes, and complications associated with each approach are summarized.
Úvod: Luxace akromioklavikulárního (AC) skloubení typu Rockwood III (RIII) představuje kontroverzní téma s širokou škálou terapeutických přístupů. Operační terapie nabízí desítky stabilizačních metod, což jen potvrzuje absenci „zlatého standardu“. Aktuálně dostupná literatura spíše upřednostňuje konzervativní terapii. Její podstatou je po zklidnění bolestí několik fází na sebe navazující fyzioterapeutické péče. Ta cílí na postupné zlepšování mobility ramene a následné posílení a stabilizaci celého ramenního pletence. Metody: V období 01/2014–12/2017 byla provedena studie u pacientů s poraněním AC kloubu typu Rockwood III. Každý pacient byl detailně poučen o možnostech operační a konzervativní terapie a předpokládaných výsledcích. Pacienti, kteří se rozhodli pro konzervativní terapii, byli s odstupem minimálně jednoho roku od poranění pozváni k vyhodnocení výsledků terapie. Každý pacient byl klinicky vyšetřen. Na kontrolních srovnávacích snímcích obou ramen byly změřeny korakoklavikulární (CC) vzdálenosti, posouzena přítomnost artrózy a kalcifikátů. Pacienti podstoupili dotazníkové šetření – Constant score (CS) a American shoulder and elbow surgeon score (ASES). Výsledky byly statisticky zhodnoceny a porovnány vůči sobě, event. vůči zdravému rameni. Výsledky: Celkem bylo zhodnoceno 37 pacientů s průměrným CS 96,1 a průměrným ASES 92,02. U 64 % pacientů (n=24) byla zjištěna nestabilita laterálního klíčku. Rozdíl CC intervalu proti zdravé straně byl průměrně 8,6 mm. Nebyl nalezen statisticky významný rozdíl mezi CS poraněného a zdravého ramene. Nebyla nalezena statisticky významná souvislost mezi CS a prominencí laterální části klíční kosti, stabilitou AC skloubení a pracovní zátěží; ani mezi návratem do práce a pracovní zátěží. Závěr: Konzervativní terapie poranění AC skloubení typu RIII nabízí dobré funkční výsledky.
Introduction: Acromioclavicular joint dislocation (AC) – Rockwood III (RIII) is a controversial topic with a wide range of therapeutic approaches. Operative therapy offers dozens of stabilization methods, which only confirms the absence of a “gold standard”. The currently available literature tends to favor conservative therapy, involving several consecutive phases of physiotherapeutic care after the pain has subsided. The aim is to gradually improve the mobility of the shoulder and subsequently strengthen and stabilize the entire shoulder girdle. Methods: A study was conducted between 01/2014 and 12/2017 in patients with Rockwood III type AC joint injury. Each patient was educated in detail about the surgical and conservative treatment options and expected outcomes. Patients who opted for conservative therapy were invited to evaluate the results of the therapy at a minimum of one year after the injury. Each patient was clinically examined. Coracoclavicular (CC) distances were measured, and the presence of arthrosis and calcifications was assessed on follow-up comparison scans of both shoulders. The Constant Score (CS) and the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score were evaluated in the patients. The results were statistically processed and compared to each other and/or to the healthy shoulder. Results: A total of 37 patients were evaluated with a mean CS of 96.1 and a mean ASES score of 92.02. Lateral clavicle instability was found in 64% of the patients (n=24). The mean difference of the CC interval versus the healthy side was 8.6 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between the CS of the injured and healthy shoulder. No statistically significant association was found between CS and lateral clavicle prominence, AC joint stability, and workload, or between return to work and workload. Conclusion: Conservative therapy of AC joint dislocation – type RIII provides good functional outcomes.
- MeSH
- Acromioclavicular Joint * diagnostic imaging injuries MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Conservative Treatment MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Shoulder Dislocation * diagnostic imaging physiopathology rehabilitation MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Observational Study MeSH
Fractures of the proximal humerus constitute approximately 5% of all fractures. Shoulder joint injuries without any external mechanical impact during seizures with the occurrence of spasms occur only sporadically. The occurrence rate is reported in approximately 0.4% of patients. Very rarely they occur in the form of epileptic seizure-induced dorsal fracturedislocation impacting both sides. The case report describes a case of a 48-year-old woman with no treatment for epileptic seizures in her medical history. During the first seizure she sustained a bilateral dorsal fracture-dislocation caused by a muscle spasm, without any other mechanical impact. The fractures were classified as a 3-fragment fracture on the right side and a 4-fragment fracture on the left side. After the patient's admission to the inpatient emergency department, reduction under anaesthesia was attempted. Subsequently, after preparation, open reduction and osteosynthesis using an angularly stable plate were performed as a two-stage surgery. No complications were observed postoperatively Currently, at 3 years after surgeries, the female patient has full mobility of her shoulder joints with no subjective difficulties. Key words: epilepsy, seizure, dorsal fracture-dislocation of the proximal humerus.
- MeSH
- Fracture Dislocation surgery MeSH
- Epilepsy etiology MeSH
- Shoulder Fractures * surgery complications MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Shoulder Dislocation surgery etiology MeSH
- Fracture Fixation, Internal methods MeSH
- Seizures etiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Case Reports MeSH
- MeSH
- Back Pain diagnosis etiology therapy MeSH
- Exercise adverse effects MeSH
- Craniocerebral Trauma diagnosis etiology therapy MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Leg Injuries diagnosis etiology therapy MeSH
- Knee Injuries diagnosis therapy MeSH
- Hip Injuries MeSH
- Spinal Injuries diagnosis etiology therapy MeSH
- Arm Injuries diagnosis etiology therapy MeSH
- Shoulder Injuries MeSH
- Wounds and Injuries * diagnosis etiology therapy MeSH
- Sports MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The current study aimed to investigate the intra- and inter-observer reliability of the Ellman classification system in partialthickness rotator cuff tears through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans instead of arthroscopic views. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pre-operative MRI scans of 45 patients, with confirmed partial-thickness rotator cuff rupture in previous arthroscopic surgeries (performed by the senior author), were obtained from Picture Archiving and Communication Systems records. The observers (n=8) were asked to categorize MRI scans according to Ellman's classification of location and grade. There were four orthopedic surgeons less experienced in rotator cuff operations in the first group and four more experienced orthopedic surgeons in the second group. They were asked to re-evaluate the MRI scans six weeks later, without access to their previous answers. Reliability evaluation was performed within and among the groups. It was also evaluated if the surgeon's experience increased the reliability of the classification. Fleiss kappa coefficient was used for the inter-observer reliability and Cohen kappa coefficient for the intra-observer reliability, and post hoc analysis was performed. RESULTS When all observers were examined in the inter-observer evaluation, it was seen that there was moderate agreement in the first location evaluation (κ=0.414); however, there was fair agreement in all other evaluations in both groups (κ=0.339- 0.383-0.337, respectively). When all observers were examined in the mean intra-observer evaluation, it was seen that there was substantial agreement in both evaluations (κ=0.795-0.721, respectively). DISCUSSION A classification system must be valid, reliable, and reproducible. It should establish a standard terminology for both surgeons and researchers. The correct identification of the tear configuration is crucial for selecting the correct repair technique. In our study, in which we evaluated the Ellman classification, which is frequently used in arthroscopic diagnosis, we investigated its intra-observer and inter-observer reliability on MRI scans. Although the mean intra-observer evaluation results were substantial agreement (κ=0.795-0.721, respectively), inter-observer evaluation results were fair agreement (κ=0.339- 0.383-0.337, respectively) except for the first location evaluation (κ=0.414). CONCLUSIONS Although intra-observer reliability was satisfactory, the Ellman system used in the classification of partial-thickness rotator cuff tears was not found to be useful by using only MRI views because of fair inter-observer reliability except for the first location evaluation, which was moderate agreement. Key words: partial, rotator cuff, tear, Ellman classification, reliability, validity.
