There is increasing pressure on meat producers worldwide due to the need for higher yields and improved meat quality. This is why anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) have been widely used in most countries, due to their ability to accelerate animal muscle growth. However, out of concern for their side effects, EU states have banned their use and implemented control mechanisms. But they are reaching their limits, and therefore, it is necessary to look for new ways and investigate the mechanism of action of AAS on muscle tissue. This study replicated the administration of banned AAS (testosterone, nandrolone and their combination) and observed their effect on pig muscle. The pig model was purposely chosen for the study, as no such research has been carried out on this species. At the same time, pork is one of the most consumed meats in Europe. It focused on histological changes in muscle structure, specifically the size of muscle fibres and the number of satellite cells per muscle fibre. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes in muscle fibres, the diameter of myofibrils, the number of myofibrils per area, the distance between myofibrils and the size of sarcomeres were examined. The results using the techniques of histology, fluorescent labelling and transmission electron microscopy showed that, after the application of AAS, there is an increase in the diameter of muscle fibres, an increase in the diameter of myofibrils, a decrease in the number of myofibrils per surface area and, in the case of testosterone, an increase in the distance between myofibrils and an increase in the length of sarcomeres. There was also a significant increase in the number of satellite cells per muscle fibre. The detected statistically significant differences between control and experimental groups provide evidence that selected histological parameters could be additional mechanisms for detecting the presence of AAS in pork meat in the future.
- MeSH
- Anabolic Agents * pharmacology MeSH
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal * drug effects ultrastructure MeSH
- Muscle, Skeletal drug effects anatomy & histology ultrastructure MeSH
- Myofibrils * drug effects ultrastructure MeSH
- Nandrolone * pharmacology MeSH
- Swine anatomy & histology MeSH
- Sarcomeres drug effects ultrastructure MeSH
- Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle drug effects ultrastructure MeSH
- Testosterone * pharmacology MeSH
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission veterinary MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- MeSH
- Amino Acids therapeutic use MeSH
- Anabolic Agents therapeutic use MeSH
- Enteral Nutrition * methods instrumentation MeSH
- Gastrointestinal Tract physiology metabolism MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nutritional Support * methods MeSH
- Critical Care methods MeSH
- Muscles enzymology physiology MeSH
- Education MeSH
- Inflammation diet therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Newspaper Article MeSH
Dopingem obecně rozumíme použití zakázaných látek sportovcem za účelem zvýšení sportovního výkonu. Podle oficiální definice jde o porušení antidopingových pravidel uvedených ve Světovém antidopingovém kodexu. Článek přináší stručný přehled v ČR registrovaných a obchodovaných humánních léčiv, která obsahují substance ze Seznamu zakázaných látek a metod Světové antidopingové agentury (WADA), doplněný o příklady dopingu z vrcholového sportu.
By doping, we usually mean the use of prohibited substances by an athlete for performance enhancement. Officially, it is a violation of the anti-doping rules specified in the World Anti-Doping Code. The article presents a brief overview of human medicines available in the Czech Republic that contain substances from the List of Prohibited Substances and Methods of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). Examples of doping affairs of professional athletes are presented.
- MeSH
- Anabolic Agents MeSH
- Doping in Sports * MeSH
- Pharmaceutical Preparations MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Wakefulness-Promoting Agents therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Vedle známého medicínského využití steroidních anabolik je poměrně rozšířeno zneužití anabolik ke zvýšení svalové hmoty a vytrvalosti a k povzbuzení chování směřujícího ke zlepšení postavení ve společenské skupině. Nejčastěji se abúzus vyskytuje v mladší části populace ve věkovém rozmezí 20–40 let. Nežádoucí účinky užívání steroidních anabolik vedou u žen k hyperandrogenemii s důsledky vnější androgenizace. U mužů se rozvíjí hypogonadismus vyvolaný inhibicí hypofyzární sekrece gonadotropinů s příznaky, jako je atrofie varlat, porucha spermatogeneze a fertility a dysfunkce v sexuálním životě. Jde tedy o hypogonadotropní hypogonadismus. Tento anabolickými steroidy indukovaný hypogonadismus (ASIH) je provázen často i změnami nálady a chování a je těžko odlišitelný od organického hypogonadotropního hypogonadismu, nepřizná-li se pacient k dopingu. Je-li správně rozpoznán, je prvním předpokladem nápravy ukončení podávání steroidního anabolika. Při léčení déle trvajícího dopingu je třeba počítat s komplikacemi vzniklými odnětím návykové látky. Rekonvalescence trvá zpravidla několik měsíců až rok, nejdříve lze pozorovat zlepšení atrofizace varlat, později i úpravu spermatogeneze.
n addition to the well-known medical uses of anabolic steroids, the abuse of anabolics to increase muscle mass and endurance as well as to encourage behavior aimed at improving social group status is quite widespread. Such abuse occurs most frequently in younger population groups from 20–40 years old. In women, undesirable side-effects of using anabolic steroids include hyperandrogenemia resulting in external androgenization. In men, anabolic steroids induce hypogonadism through the inhibition of pituitary gonadotropin secretion, in fact a form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, with symptoms such as testicular atrophy, spermatogenic and fertility disturbances, and sexual dysfunction. Such anabolic steroid induced hypogonadism (ASIH) is often accompanied by changes in mood and behavior, and is difficult to differentiate from organic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism unless the abuse is reported by the patient. If correctly recognized, the first prerequisite for treatment is the cessation of steroid anabolic use. When treating long-lasting doping, complications arising from withdrawal of the addictive substance must be taken into account. Convalescence can last several months to even a year, with reductions of testicular atrophy occurring first, followed later by the repair of spermatogenesis.
- MeSH
- Anabolic Agents * adverse effects MeSH
- Doping in Sports MeSH
- Fertility drug effects MeSH
- Hypogonadism etiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Testosterone adverse effects MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Persistent catabolism is one of the main causes of delayed healing in polytrauma patients. The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of early administration of an anabolic steroid in combination with vitamin D on the process of bone healing in polytrauma patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this prospective study, the patients with a serious trauma were divided into two groups (a control group and a treatment group), with the treatment group being treated with nandrolone decanoate, an anabolic steroid in combination with vitamin D. In all the patients, bone metabolism markers and sex hormone levels (men only) were monitored through lab testing for the period of 70 days and the results of both the groups were subsequently compared. RESULTS The study included a total of 64 patients, 32 in the control group and 32 in the treatment group. The differences between the groups in gender (p = 0.387) as well as in the age of patients (p = 0.436) were statistically non-significant. There was a significant difference in the Injury Severity Score (48 in the treatment group as against 41 in the control group, p = 0.022). Even though this difference was statistically significant, it cannot be considered clinically significant since all the patients met the major trauma criteria. No positive effect of this treatment on bone metabolism parameters was established; on the very contrary, the only statistically significant changes were observed in the control group. To be specific, in levels of one of the bone formation markers, bone alkaline phosphatase on Day 7 after the injury (an increased level in the control group; p = 0.002) and in one of the bone resorption markers (bone acid phosphatase) on Day 70 after the injury (an increased level in the treatment group; p = 0.042). In the treatment group, 70 days after the injury a higher 25(OH)vitamin D level (p < 0.001) was reported and starting from Day 7 in men in the treatment group a significantly lower testosterone level and free testosterone level were observed. The level of androgenic hormones dramatically dropped in both the groups during the first days after the trauma, the dynamics of its normalization was faster in patients in the control group than in the treatment group. DISCUSSION The administration of nandrolone decanoate, an anabolic steroid, in combination with vitamin D did not produce the expected effect, i.e. an improvement in bone healing markers in polytrauma patients. One would expect that in polytrauma patients with a bone fracture or fractures during bone healing higher levels of all the markers of bone resorption as well as bone formation will persist. Similar increases in bone metabolism levels, however, were observed also in patients with injuries in other somatic regions. This indicates the importance of bone tissue involvement in the overall response of the organism to polytrauma. A faster normalization of the levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and free testosterone in the control group compared to the treatment group corresponds with the supplemental effect of anabolic steroids and reduced production of these hormones as a feedback to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. CONCLUSIONS In the follow-up period, the positive effect of anabolic steroid and vitamin D administration on bone metabolism in polytrauma patients was not confirmed. Key words: polytrauma, anabolic steroids, vitamin D, bone metabolism.
- MeSH
- Anabolic Agents * adverse effects MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nandrolone Decanoate MeSH
- Multiple Trauma * drug therapy MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Pituitary-Adrenal System MeSH
- Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System MeSH
- Vitamin D MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Controlled Clinical Trial MeSH
Úvod: Užívanie anabolík je v profesionálnom športe zakázané, ale pre ich ľahkú dostupnosť je u amatérskych športovcov rozšírené. Našim cieľom bolo zmapovať prípady poškodenia pečene po užívaní anabolík. Pacienti a metódy: Zaradili sme všetkých hospitalizovaných pacientov za 4 roky s diagnózou akútneho poškodenia pečene a predchádzajúcim užívaním anabolík. Sledovali sme anamnestické a demografické dáta, laboratórne a zobrazovacie vyšetrenia, histologický nález, HVPG (tlak v zaklinení v. portae) a priebeh. Výsledky: Súbor tvorilo 15 mužov vo veku priemerne 33,1 rokov. Najčastejšími príznakmi boli dyspepsia (47 %), ikterus (100 %) a tmavý moč (26,7 %). Medián dĺžky užívania anabolika bol 66,5 (25.–75. percentil, 18,3–113,5) dňa, medián hodnoty bilirubínu pri prijatí bol 19,4-násobok hornej hranice normy (13,9–27,1), syntetickú poruchu (INR > 1,7) mal 1 pacient (6,7 %). Charakter poškodenia bol u 3 pacientov cytolytický (20 %), a u 6 cholestatický a zmiešaný (40 %). Dvaja pacienti udávali konzumáciu alkoholu a 4 (26,7 %) mali USG znaky steatózy pečene. Pacienti konzumujúci alkohol mali vyššiu vstupnú aj maximálnu hodnotu bilirubínu (367 vs. 731, resp. 454 vs. 801 μmol/ l, p< 0,05). Biopsiu pečene sme vykonali u 10 pacientov, všetci mali znaky cholestázy, 5 (50 %) interface hepatitídu, 1 fibrózu F1, medián HVPG bol 5 mmHg (4–6). Všetci pacienti boli liečení sylimarínom, ACC (N-acetylcysteín) a UDCA (kyselina ursodeoxycholová), 2 (13,3 %) steroidmi a 3 (20 %) mali MARS. Bilirubín sa znormalizoval do 99 dní (64,3–113,5), úmrtie sme nepozorovali. Záver: Skúsenosti s poškodením pečene po užívaní anabolík ukazujú, že anaboliká môžu viesť ku jej poškodeniu s histologickými znakmi cholestázy, ktoré vyžaduje hospitalizáciu, pomalú rekonvalescenciu a významné liečebné náklady. Konzumácia alkoholu a steatóza môžu mať na poškodenie kumulatívny účinok.
Introduction: Anabolic agents are prohibited in professional sports, but their availability makes its use widespread among amateur athletes. Our goal was to report all cases of anabolic-induced liver injury. Patients and methods: We included all inpatients with acute liver injury and previous anabolic use over the last 4 years. We recorded history, demographics, laboratory data and imaging, histology, HPVG (hepatic venous pressure gradient) and the outcome. Results: Fifteen men with a median age of 33.1 years were identified. Common symptoms were dyspepsia (47%), jaundice (100%) and dark urine (26.7%); anabolics were used for a median of 66.5 days (25th–75th percentile, 18.3–113.5), baseline bilirubin level was 19.4-times higher than the upper limit of the normal (13.9–27.1), 1 patient (6.7%) had INR > 1.7. The character of the injury was cytolytic in 3 patients (20%), and cholestatic and mixed in 6 patients (40%). Significant alcohol consumption was reported in 2 cases and 4 (26.7%) patients had hepatic steatosis. Patients consuming alcohol had higher baseline and maximum bilirubin level (367 vs. 731 and 454 vs. 801 μmol/ L, P < 0.05). All 10 patients with liver biopsy demonstrated cholestasis, the interface hepatitis in 5 patients (50%), one had F1 fibrosis. The median HVPG was 5 mmHg (4–6). All patients were treated with sylimarin, ACC and UDCA, two (13.3%) with steroids, three (20%) required MARS. The median time to normalize bilirubin was 99 days (64.3–113.5), no death was observed. Conclusion: Experience with anabolic-induced liver injury shows that they lead to cholestatic injury requiring hospitalization and slow recovery with significant costs. Alcohol consumption and steatosis might have a cumulative effect. Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that the article/ manuscript complies with ethical standards, patient anonymity has been respected, and they state that they have no fi nancial, advisory or other commercial interests in relation to the subject matter. Publication Ethics: This article/ manuscript has not been published or is currently being submitted for another review. The authors agree to publish their name and e-mail in the published article/ manuscript. Dedication: The article/ manuscript is not supported by a grant nor has it been created with the support of any company. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers.
Výživové doplňky a nejrůznější podpůrné přípravky jsou dnes široce používány ve vrcholovém i výkonnostním sportu. Jejich užívání však může být spojeno se značnými zdravotními riziky, včetně poškození kardiovaskulárního aparátu. Může se jednat o přímé poškození cév a myokardu látkami zakázanými právě pro jejich zdraví ohrožující účinky, ale také poškození způsobené kontaminací běžných produktů těmito látkami, potenciací účinků současně užívaných látek nebo biologicky aktivními látkami přítomnými v přírodních produktech. Spektrum škodlivých kardiovaskulárních účinků těchto látek je široké, od relativně málo závažných až po fatální konsekvence. Z těchto všech důvodů je nutno nazírat na kardiovaskulární problémy sportovců s velkou obezřetností a brát na zřetel i potenciální kardiotoxické účinky přípravků užívaných sportovci.
Dietary supplements and various other supporting preparations are widely used in elite as well as hobby sport. However, their use might be associated with serious health risks involving cardiovascular impairment. These include direct damage of vessels and myocardium by substances prohibited because of their health impairing effects, but also by these substances contaminating allowed sports supplements, by mutual amplification of bioactive effects of multiple substances used often by athletes, or by biologically active, potentially cardiotoxic substances present in natural products. The spectrum of harmful cardiovascular effects is wide, from relatively less serious to fatal consequences. Because of these reasons, it is important to analyse cardiovascular problems of athletes cautiously, and take seriously into account potentially cardiotoxic effects of sports supplements used by athletes.
- MeSH
- Amphetamines pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Anabolic Agents pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Anti-Asthmatic Agents pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Doping in Sports * MeSH
- Ephedrine pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Erythropoietin pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Cardiovascular System drug effects MeSH
- Performance-Enhancing Substances pharmacology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Human Growth Hormone pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Plant Extracts pharmacology adverse effects MeSH
- Athletes MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Bodybuilding suplementy sú označované ako anabolicko androgénne steroidy (AAS) a tiež doplnky stravy s ich prímesou. Bez medicínskej indikácie sú ilegálne, zato ľahko dostupné a zdraviu škodlivé, schopné spôsobiť rozličné formy pečeňového poškodenia od prechodného zvýšenia sérových enzýmov cez akútny cholestatický syndróm až po rozvoj hepatálnych tumorov pri dlhodobom užívaní. Najsilnejšie hepatotoxické účinky sú spájané s alkylovanými formami, hoci tumory boli tiež asociované s nemodifikovaným alebo esterifikovaným testosterónom. Od 80. rokov 20. storočia sú rozšírené nielen v špičkovom športe, ale aj v bežnej populácii. Užívajú sa s cieľom zlepšenia športovej výkonnosti a formovania postavy. Podľa epidemiologických štúdií dochádza v posledných rokoch k nárastu ich užívania.
Bodybuilding supplements are known as anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), as well as dietary supplements with their addition. Without medical indications, they are illegal but easily accessible and harmful, capable of causing various forms of liver damage from the transient increase in serum enzymes through acute cholestatic syndrome to the development of hepatic tumours in long-term use. The strongest hepatotoxic effects are associated with alkylated forms, although tumours have also been associated with unmodified or esterified testosterone. Since the 1980s, they have been widespread not only in top-level sport but also in the general population to improve athletic performance and body shaping. According to epidemiological studies, there has been an increase in their use in recent years. The paper provides an overview of the most common clinical forms of hepatotoxicity resulting from using AAS.
- MeSH
- Anabolic Agents adverse effects MeSH
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular diagnosis etiology MeSH
- Testosterone Congeners * adverse effects MeSH
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury * epidemiology etiology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Dietary Supplements adverse effects MeSH
- Testosterone adverse effects MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- MeSH
- Anabolic Agents therapeutic use MeSH
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal therapeutic use MeSH
- Ghrelin therapeutic use MeSH
- Cachexia * drug therapy MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Neoplasms * drug therapy MeSH
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3 therapeutic use MeSH
- Progesterone therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- MeSH
- Anabolic Agents * adverse effects MeSH
- Androgens adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Adolescent Behavior MeSH
- Doping in Sports * MeSH
- Testosterone Congeners MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Behavior, Addictive MeSH
- Dietary Supplements MeSH
- Steroids adverse effects MeSH
- Testosterone adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
