- Keywords
- reaktor LVR-15,
- MeSH
- Nuclear Reactors * classification instrumentation MeSH
- Holmium pharmacology MeSH
- Lutetium pharmacology MeSH
- Nuclear Pharmacy methods instrumentation MeSH
- Radiopharmaceuticals * pharmacology classification MeSH
- Iodine Radioisotopes pharmacology classification MeSH
- Radioisotopes pharmacology MeSH
- Terbium pharmacology MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
It has been 36 years since the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant catastrophe, but the consumption of wild mushrooms in Ukrainian Polissya is still dangerous since its territory is heavily contaminated by radionuclides. The aim of this study was to estimate 137Cs and 90Sr uptake in wild mushrooms from locations with contrast radioactive loads (Zhytomyr Polissya, Ukraine). In mushroom samples collected from Drevlyanskyi Nature Reserve since 2013 (average levels of soil surface contamination with 137Cs are 555-1480 kBq m-2), the highest levels of 137Cs were observed in symbiotroph species - Imleria badia (≤ 2680 kBq kg-1 dry mass [dm]), Tricholoma equestre (≤ 1420 kBq kg-1 dm), Lactarius rufus (≤ 602 kBq kg-1 dm), Sarcodon imbricatus (≤ 464 kBq kg-1 dm), Leccinum scabrum (≤ 117 kBq kg-1 dm), Suillus bovinus (≤ 118 kBq kg-1 dm), and Boletus edulis (≤ 96 kBq kg-1 dm). 90Sr activity was significantly lower, with the highest levels detected in Russula emetica (193 Bq kg-1 dm), Daedaleopsis confragosa (145 Bq kg-1 dm), and Hypholoma fasciculare (141 Bq kg-1 dm). The 137Cs/90Sr ratio in fruiting bodies in samples ranged from 6.1 (Bovistella utriformis) to 28,979 (T. equestre). Activity concentrations in mushrooms from locations with relatively low contamination with 137Cs (18.5-27.75 kBq m-2) also reached the highest values in symbiotroph species I. badia (7698 Bq kg-1 dm), Lactarius vellereus (6072 Bq kg-1 dm), and S. luteus (1448 Bq kg-1 dm). Potential calculated annual effective doses due to mushroom consumption by adults, considering only the effect of 137Cs, reached 0.311 and 8.71 mSv in B. edulis and I. badia from highly contaminated locations, respectively, and 0.0014 and 0.009 mSv in these species from low contaminated ones.
- MeSH
- Agaricales * MeSH
- Chernobyl Nuclear Accident * MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Nuclear Power Plants MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Soil Pollutants, Radioactive * analysis MeSH
- Cesium Radioisotopes MeSH
- Strontium Radioisotopes MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Ukraine MeSH
At the time when the importance of the interdisciplinary research increases, the nuclear analytical techniques supported by the small research reactors represent a useful tool for investigation of human society, culture, history etc. The historical, archaeological, and palaeontological samples and objects of cultural heritage can be easily studied using the radioanalytical methods such as the neutron activation analysis. This paper deals with the detailed investigation of fragments of mammoth remains from the Mid-Upper Palaeolithic site Pavlov VI by means of the instrumental neutron activation analysis at the Training Reactor VR-1 of the Czech Technical University in Prague. Six mammoth hard tissue samples (fragments of bones, tusk, and molar) from the Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences were irradiated in the dry vertical irradiation channel with thermal neutron field (φ=2×109cm-2s-1) at maximum reactor power (80 W). The activated mammoth samples were analysed employing the nuclear γ-spectrometry and semiconductor HPGe detector, and the composition of the remains was determined (qualitative and quantitative analysis). The presence of Na, Cl, K, As, Fe, Sr, Mn, Br, I, Ba, and U was revealed in studied mammoth samples. Based on obtained production rates, the concentrations of Fe, Sr, Na, K, As, and U were determined. The results presented in this paper show clearly that the low-power Training Reactor VR-1 is excellent tool for the neutron activation analysis experiments within the interdisciplinary research and can provide experimental data important for archaeologists and palaeontologists.
- MeSH
- Nuclear Reactors MeSH
- Metals analysis MeSH
- Mammoths anatomy & histology metabolism MeSH
- Neutron Activation Analysis methods MeSH
- Paleontology methods MeSH
- Elements MeSH
- Radioisotopes analysis MeSH
- Spectrometry, Gamma MeSH
- Fossils MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
The aim of this paper is to investigate the possibility of using detectors based on LaBr3(Ce) scintillation crystal as part of gamma spectrometry systems for field use and possibly as part of a monitoring network around nuclear power plants, i.e. whether LaBr3(Ce) detectors can follow the classical scintillation detectors based on NaI (Tl). For this purpose, the Monte Carlo simulation of the IPROL-1 probe response was performed in the simplified geometry of the radionuclides-contaminated atmosphere. A study shows that a LaBr3(Ce)-based probe is usable for this purpose and results are at least comparable to those with a conventional NaI (Tl)-based probe.
- MeSH
- Radiation Dosage MeSH
- Fukushima Nuclear Accident MeSH
- Nuclear Power Plants * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Monte Carlo Method MeSH
- Radiation Monitoring instrumentation methods MeSH
- Computer Simulation * MeSH
- Radiation Exposure analysis MeSH
- Air Pollutants, Radioactive analysis MeSH
- Gamma Rays MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Method of Monte Carlo simulation of gamma radiation fields in the vicinity of the cloud of air contaminated by the radionuclides from emergency leakage from nuclear power plant was designed and tested. Air kerma rates distributions as well as gamma field spectral distributions were calculated for the Gaussian cloud model, different atmospherical conditions and emergency scenarios source terms. Based on this model, the radiation doses in the aerial vehicle (helicopter) and its shielding properties in the radiation fields in cloud vicinity were evaluated with an aim to prepare a method providing data for planning adequate radiation protection of the personnel during airborne monitoring/interventions.
- MeSH
- Radiation Dosage MeSH
- Fukushima Nuclear Accident MeSH
- Nuclear Power Plants * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Monte Carlo Method MeSH
- Radiation Monitoring methods MeSH
- Computer Simulation * MeSH
- Air Pollutants, Radioactive analysis MeSH
- Environmental Exposure analysis MeSH
- Gamma Rays MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- MeSH
- Cysts diagnostic imaging epidemiology pathology MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Fukushima Nuclear Accident * MeSH
- Nuclear Power Plants MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Thyroid Neoplasms * diagnostic imaging epidemiology pathology MeSH
- Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced * diagnostic imaging epidemiology pathology MeSH
- Thyroid Diseases diagnostic imaging pathology MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Sex Distribution MeSH
- Thyroid Gland * diagnostic imaging MeSH
- Ultrasonography MeSH
- Thyroid Nodule diagnostic imaging epidemiology pathology MeSH
- Age Distribution MeSH
- Health Surveys MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Adolescent MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Infant, Newborn MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Overall MeSH
- Geographicals
- Japan MeSH
Cíl: Představení a shrnutí nejdůležitějších poznatků spojených s produkcí generátorových radionuklidů, s principy funkce a konstrukce radionuklidových generátorů s jejich využíváním v nukleární medicíně a s kontrolou kvality. Úvod: Radionuklidové generátory jsou již několik desítek let nedílnou součástí celého procesu na pracovištích nukleární medicíny. Díky nim je možné velice jednoduše získávat krátkodobé radionuklidy potřebné především pro diagnostické účely. Popis problematiky: Generátorový systém je založen na vztahu mezi mateřským a dceřiným radionuklidem. Díky jejich specifickým chemickým vlastnostem lze jednoduchou cestou získávat beznosičový preparát dceřiného radionuklidu pro další okamžité použití. Získaný radionuklid je používán buď přímo k aplikaci pacientovi, nebo je s jeho pomocí připraveno radiofarmakum, které je následně aplikováno. Abychom mohli pravidelně získávat dceřiný radionuklid, je nejprve nutné připravit radionuklid mateřský, čehož lze docílit buď v jaderném reaktoru anebo pomocí urychlovače částic. Obecný koncept radionuklidových generátorů je do jisté míry podobný, avšak jednotlivá technická provedení se výrazně odlišují. Mateřský radionuklid je zakotven v jisté chemické formě uvnitř systému, který je stíněn, a dceřiný radionuklid je následně získáván v potřebné chemické formě. Z důvodu bezpečnosti pacientů je nutné dodržovat určitá pravidla používání a kontrolovat kvalitu eluátu, aby nedocházelo k nadbytečné radiační zátěži či znehodnocení vyšetření. Závěr: Všechny výše jmenované aspekty jsou podrobněji probrány a shrnuty v rámci tohoto pojednání. Potřeba radionuklidových generátorů v nukleární medicíně je zjevná a je třeba jim věnovat pozornost. Výzkum a vývoj nových typů generátorů založených i na nových radionuklidech je velmi důležitý. S jejich pomocí budou další nové radionuklidy dostupnější a budeme opět o krok blíže personalizované medicíně.
Aim: Presentation and summarisation of the most important findings related to the production of generator radionuclides, the principles of function and construction of radionuclide generators and their use in nuclear medicine and to the quality assurance. Introduction: Radionuclide generators have been an integral part of the entire processes in nuclear medicine departments for decades. They allow to obtain short-lived radionuclides necessary for diagnostic purposes very easily. Description of issues: The generator system is based on the relationship between parent and daughter radionuclide. Due to their specific chemical properties, a carrier-free preparation of daughter radionuclide can be obtained in a simple way for immediate use. The obtained radionuclide is either used directly for administration to the patient, or a radiopharmaceutical is prepared and subsequently applied. For the obtaining of daughter radionuclide regularly, it is necessary to prepare the parent radionuclide at first, which can be achieved either in a nuclear reactor or a cyclotron. The general concept of radionuclide generators is to some extent similar, but the technical designs differ significantly. The parent radionuclide is immobilised in a certain chemical form within the system, which is shielded, and the daughter radionuclide is subsequently recovered in the certain chemical form. For patient’s safety, it is necessary to follow quality assurance rules of use and the quality control of the eluate in order to avoid unnecessary radiation exposure or the deterioration of examination. Conclusions: All of the above-mentioned aspects are discussed in more detail and summarized in this paper. The need for radionuclide generators in nuclear medicine is evident and requires attention. Research and development of new types of generators based also on new radionuclides is very important. With their help, other new radionuclides will be more accessible and we will be one step closer to the personalized medicine.
- Keywords
- radionuklidový generátor,
- MeSH
- Nuclear Reactors MeSH
- Cyclotrons MeSH
- Drug Compounding MeSH
- Radiopharmaceuticals * MeSH
- Radioisotopes * MeSH
- Quality Control MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
The paper presents results and interpretation of long-term monitoring of occurrence and behaviour of radioisotopes 3H, 90Sr, and 137Cs in the vicinity of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant. 3H, 90Sr, and 137Cs originate predominantly from residual contamination due to atmospheric nuclear weapons tests and the Chernobyl disaster in the last century. Monitoring of radionuclides comprised surface waters, river sediments, aquatic plants, and fish. This enables an up-to-date appraisal of the Temelín Nuclear Power Plant impact on the hydrosphere in all indicators at standard power plant operation, as well as at critical situations. The time and spatial variability of these radionuclide concentrations were monitored in the hydrosphere at in- and out-flow of the Orlík Water Reservoir. The basic evaluated radioecological characteristics can be used in assessing the long-term kinetics of decline and behaviour of radionuclides and their potential release into the environment. A very slow decline in 3H concentration at unaffected sites was observed. At sites downstream from the power plant the 3H concentrations were significantly higher, an evident impact of the power plant operation. A decline in 90Sr and 137Cs concentrations was observed in all the monitored indicators. Also, the characteristic effective and ecological half-lives were evaluated.
- MeSH
- Nuclear Power Plants MeSH
- Radiation Monitoring * MeSH
- Half-Life MeSH
- Water Pollutants, Radioactive analysis MeSH
- Cesium Radioisotopes analysis MeSH
- Strontium Radioisotopes analysis MeSH
- Rivers chemistry MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Despite the size and thanks to the rich brown coal reserves, the Czech Republic is one of the leading energy producers in Europe, and the 7th biggest exporter of electricity in the world. However, following the climate change mitigation, the novel energy policy that enhances the reduction of coal mining is about to be implemented. A preliminary material flow analysis of the Czech energy sector was carried out. The data obtained confirmed that this government act would result in a dramatic reduction of revenues from electricity sales. Conversely, increased costs would be necessary in order to modernize nuclear power plants and promote the production of renewable energy. In addition, the economic analysis revealed that the act might be prejudicial to economic relations in Central and Western-European countries as some of them are significantly dependent on the electricity imported from the Czech Republic. Disputes between engineers and politicians were highlighted. The aforementioned interrelations were subsequently analyzed and a conclusion was made stating that global interests should have the highest moral priority.
- MeSH
- Power Plants * economics ethics MeSH
- Electricity * MeSH
- Engineering * economics ethics MeSH
- Nuclear Power Plants economics ethics MeSH
- Climate Change MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Morals MeSH
- Costs and Cost Analysis MeSH
- Politics MeSH
- Income MeSH
- Coal * MeSH
- Public Policy * economics MeSH
- Government MeSH
- Conservation of Energy Resources * economics MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
- Europe MeSH
Developments of radioanalytical methods for determination of radiocarbon in wastewaters from nuclear power plants (NPP) with pressurized light water reactors, which would distinguish between the dissolved organic and inorganic forms have been carried out. After preliminary tests, the method was used to process pilot samples from wastewater outlets from the Temelín and Dukovany NPPs (Czech Republic). The results of analysis of pilot water samples collected in 2015 indicate that the instantaneous (14)C releases into the water streams would be about 7.10(-5) (Temelín) and 4.10(-6) (Dukovany) of the total quantity of the (14)C liberated into the environment.
