An HPLC method suitable for rapid monitoring of lactulose production by isomerization from lactose was developed. The separation of lactose and lactulose under hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) mode was achieved with resolution 1.5 within 5 min. Since isocratic elution was used, there is no extra time necessary for the column equilibration. Application of the method was illustrated on monitoring lactulose isomerization with catalysis of sodium hydroxide in the presence of sodium tetraborate at 70 °C (pH = 11). The conversion yield obtained for lactulose was 86%, and corresponding purity 76%. For the first time, a polyhydroxy stationary phase for separation of lactose and lactulose is reported.
- MeSH
- boritany chemie MeSH
- chemická frakcionace metody MeSH
- hydrofobní a hydrofilní interakce MeSH
- hydroxid sodný chemie MeSH
- isomerie MeSH
- katalýza MeSH
- laktosa analýza chemie MeSH
- laktulosa analýza chemie MeSH
- vysoká teplota MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Pyrogallol is a polyphenol that generates the superoxide anion. In this study, we investigated the influence of pyrogallol on human platelets. Our data showed that exposure of platelets to pyrogallol induced numerous manifestations of apoptosis including depolarization of mitochondrial inner membrane and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Pyrogallol also induced downstream extra-mitochondrial apoptotic responses, including activation of caspase-3 and phosphatidylserine exposure on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Addition of glutathione significantly rescued cells from pyrogallol- induced apoptosis, as evidenced by a decrease of all markers of apoptosis. Thus, pyrogallol appears to produce depletion of intracellular glutathione content in platelets, the main non-protein antioxidant in the cells. Furthermore, inhibition of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, an enzyme that plays the main role in the cellular supply of glutathione, reverted the glutathione (GSH) protection over platelet apoptosis. Our results indicate that pyrogallol induces apoptosis by suppressing the natural anti-oxidation in human platelets.
- MeSH
- apoptóza účinky léků MeSH
- biologické markery metabolismus MeSH
- boritany farmakologie MeSH
- cytochromy c metabolismus MeSH
- glutathion farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- membránový potenciál mitochondrií účinky léků MeSH
- pyrogalol farmakologie MeSH
- serin farmakologie MeSH
- trombocyty cytologie účinky léků metabolismus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
A capillary electrophoresis method for the simultaneous determination of the enantiomeric purity and of impurities of the chiral drug ambrisentan has been developed following the Quality by Design principles. The selected separation system consisted of a micellar pseudostationary phase made by sodium dodecyl sulphate with the addition of γ-cyclodextrin. The effects of critical process parameters (capillary length, temperature, voltage, borate concentration, pH, sodium dodecyl sulphate concentration, γ-cyclodextrin concentration) on enantioresolution of ambrisentan and analysis time were extensively investigated by multivariate strategies involving a screening phase and Response Surface Methodology. The Design Space was defined with a desired probability level π≥90%, and the working conditions, with the limits of the Design Space, corresponded to the following: capillary length, 64.5cm; temperature, 22°C; voltage, 30kV (26-30kV); background electrolyte, 100mM borate buffer pH 9.20 (8.80-9.60), 100mM sodium dodecyl sulphate, 50mM (43-50mM) γ-cyclodextrin. A Plackett-Burman design was applied for robustness testing, and a method control strategy was established. The method was fully validated according to the International Conference on Harmonisation guidelines and was applied to ambrisentan coated tablets.
- MeSH
- boritany chemie MeSH
- chromatografie micelární elektrokinetická kapilární * metody MeSH
- cyklodextriny MeSH
- dodecylsíran sodný MeSH
- fenylpropionáty analýza chemie MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- kontaminace léku MeSH
- pufry MeSH
- pyridaziny analýza chemie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- řízení kvality MeSH
- stereoizomerie MeSH
- tablety analýza MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Přehledový článek o problematice vaginální kandidózy (VK) u žen. Problémy s výtokem způsobené kvasinkovým zánětem pochvy u žen patří k nejčastějším důvodům návštěvy gynekologické ambulance. VK se projevuje typickými klinickými příznaky (svědění genitálu, tvarohovitý či vodnatý výtok, lokální zarudnutí, otok a ragády). Některé faktory významně zvyšují riziko kandidózy, např. stres, únava, těhotenství, cukrovka, obezita, antibiotická a kortikosteroidní léčba, ale někdy také užívání hormonální kontracepce. Onemocnění VK bývá často rekurentní. Autor uvádí popis onemocnění, rizikové faktory, příznaky a přehled současných terapeutických možností a také volně prodejné lokální antimykotické přípravky. Kromě zásad intimní hygieny jsou v článku uvedeny také některé prostředky vhodné jako prevence vaginální kandidózy.
Review article on the issue of vaginal candidiasis (VC) in women. Problems with discharge caused by yeast vaginitis in women are the most common reasons for visits to gynecological clinic. VC is manifested typical clinical symptoms (genital itching, runny or curdy, local redness, swelling and rhagades). Some factors significantly increase the risk of candidiasis, such as stress, fatigue, pregnancy, diabetes, obesity, antibiotic and corticosteroid treatment, but sometimes also use hormonal contraception. VC disease is often recurrent. The author gives a description of disease, risk factors, symptoms, and an overview of current treatment options and OTC topical antifungal preparations. The principles of intimate hygiene are very important for prevention of vaginal candidiasis.
- Klíčová slova
- kvasinkový výtok,
- MeSH
- antifungální látky aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- aplikace intravaginální MeSH
- autovakcíny MeSH
- boritany terapeutické užití MeSH
- Candida patogenita MeSH
- glycerol terapeutické užití MeSH
- hygiena MeSH
- imidazoly terapeutické užití MeSH
- kandidóza vulvovaginální * diagnóza etiologie farmakoterapie komplikace prevence a kontrola MeSH
- klotrimazol terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- natamycin terapeutické užití MeSH
- nystatin terapeutické užití MeSH
- probiotika terapeutické užití MeSH
- recidiva prevence a kontrola MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- vagina mikrobiologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The first application of boromycin as a chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis is described. Given boromycin's insolubility in water, a non-aqueous background electrolyte based on methanol was used for enantiomeric discrimination of selected chiral primary amines (α-methylbenzylamine, R,S-tryptophanol, R,S-norepinephrine, R,S-octopamine, R,S-p-hydroxynorephedrine and R,S-2-amino-1-phenylethanol). A basic study of experimental conditions including the influence of boromycin concentration, the composition and concentration of background electrolyte and also the influence of different organic solvents was performed. The best separation condition was 75 mM Tris/50mM boric acid in methanol, pHws 9.0, with a positive separation voltage. The enantiomeric separation of the primary amines was achieved within 14 min with resolution values greater than 1.5 for the majority of the studied analytes.
- MeSH
- boritany chemie MeSH
- elektroforéza kapilární metody MeSH
- stereoizomerie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- MeSH
- bakteriální infekce farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- benzydamin terapeutické užití MeSH
- boritany terapeutické užití MeSH
- ekonazol terapeutické užití MeSH
- klotrimazol terapeutické užití MeSH
- kyselina askorbová terapeutické užití MeSH
- kyselina hyaluronová terapeutické užití MeSH
- kyselina mléčná terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- probiotika terapeutické užití MeSH
- rostlinné extrakty terapeutické užití MeSH
- tea tree oil terapeutické užití MeSH
- vagina mikrobiologie účinky léků MeSH
- vaginální onemocnění mikrobiologie MeSH
- vaginitida farmakoterapie mikrobiologie terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Two novel methods for determination of binding constants in the systems with borate and cyclodextrin complexation were developed. The methods enable to determine all binding parameters in these systems and even the binding constants of interaction of a neutral analyte with a neutral cyclodextrin. The first method is based on nonlinear fitting of experimental data and further evaluation of fitting parameters. The second method requires a multiple regression. The methods provide identical results with low experimental error. Only one set of measurements is required for both methods. Thus the binding parameters can be mutually compared. The binding parameters for neutral analytes ((R,R)-(+)-hydrobenzoin and (S,S)-(-)-hydrobenzoin) and neutral cyclodextrin (heptakis(2,6-di-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin) were evaluated and the effect of individual types of interaction was revealed. The interaction of the analytes with cyclodextrin governs the chiral recognition, while the complexation of analyte with borate is responsible for electromigration. Very low values of the binding constants of mixed analyte-cyclodextrin-borate complexes indicate that this type of complexation has negligible effect on enantioseparation.
- MeSH
- bor terapeutické užití MeSH
- boritany aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kožní nemoci farmakoterapie MeSH
- kyseliny borité aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- masti aplikace a dávkování terapeutické užití MeSH
- nežádoucí účinky léčiv MeSH
- příprava léků metody MeSH
- soli terapeutické užití MeSH
- těhotenství účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství účinky léků MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
A novel electrophoretic BGE containing tungstate as complex-forming reagent is suitable for the separation of polyphenols. Similar to molybdate-containing BGE reported earlier (cf. M. Polasek, et al.., Talanta 2006, 69, 192) addition of tungstate to BGE affects significantly migration of compounds/ligands with vicinal -OH groups due to the formation of negatively charged complexes involving W(VI) as central ion. Baseline separation of mixtures of flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, hyperoside, quercetin, and rutin) and phenolic acids (chlorogenic and p-coumaric acid) was achieved within 15 min with optimized BGE of pH 7.4 containing 50 mM N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-2'-(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (HEPES), 2.2 mM tungstate, and 25% v/v of methanol. The separation was performed in a 75 cm (effective length 42 cm)x 75 microm id uncoated fused-silica capillary at 30 kV with spectrophotometric detection at 275 nm. The calibration curves were rectilinear for 25-175 microg/mL of all analytes (cinnamic acid as the internal standard). The LODs ranged from 1.8 to 6 microg/mL for all analytes except for chlorogenic acid. Intraday precision (n = 6) of migration times (RSD < or = 1.2%) and peak areas (RSD < or = 5.6%) was evaluated. The tungstate-based BGEs can be alternatively utilized for the analysis of polyphenols at considerably lower pH than with conventional alkaline borate-based BGEs.
