Experiments simulating radioactive dirty bomb explosions in an urban area were performed at the National Institute of NBC Protection (SUJCHBO v.v.i.), Czech Republic. A solution containing 99mTc radionuclide was dispersed by an explosion on an open-air model of a square covered with filters. Subsequently, spectra of gamma rays originating in contaminated filters were measured by a hand-held NaI(Tl) spectrometer and laboratory HPGe spectrometers. The ambient dose equivalent rate at measuring vessels was set as well. Self-made standards had been prepared by dripping a defined amount of 99mTc solution uniformly on the filters to set the 99mTc surface contamination of measured samples. The urban area model's radioactive contamination map was set using previously determined filters' locations. The defined amount of 99mTc solution was dripped non-homogenously on some filters to estimate the impact of non-homogenous filters' coverage by radioactive aerosol' particles.
- MeSH
- Academies and Institutes MeSH
- Explosions MeSH
- Nuclear Weapons * MeSH
- Radiation Monitoring * MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Frekvence výbuchů je ve velkých městských aglomeracích i v mírových dobách vysoká a neustále stoupá. Při blast syndromu vznikají komplexní traumata, kdy přítomná rázová vlna působí velmi závažná poranění zpravidla více orgánových systémů. Při hromadném výskytu poraněných umožní triáž včasnou diagnostiku a léčbu největšímu počtu poraněných. Léčba blast syndromu je náročná a dílčí terapeutické cíle se mohou dynamicky měnit. V tomto sdělení uvádíme přehled patofyziologických mechanismů účinků blast syndromu, současné diagnostické algoritmy a aktuální terapeutické postupy.
The incidence of explosions in large agglomerations is high even during peacetime and continues rising. Blast syndrome injuries are complex, with shock wave causing severe injuries of multiple organ systems. In situations with large numbers of injured persons, effective triage allows an early diagnosis and treatment of the highest number of victims. Treatment is challenging, and potentially conflicting therapeutic goals may alternate. This review provides an overview of the pathophysiology of blast injuries, current diagnostic algorithms and therapeutic procedures.
- MeSH
- Explosions MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Multiple Trauma etiology classification therapy MeSH
- Blast Injuries * diagnosis physiopathology therapy MeSH
- Triage MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Autoerotic deaths refer to fatalities occurring during individual, solitary sexual activity, in which some device, situation, or act is used to gain or boost the sexual arousal of the subject. Anorectal autoeroticism is an autoerotic paraphilic activity that pertains to the self-insertion of various objects into the anal canal and rectal cavity to gain or heighten the subject's sexual drive. Although most foreign bodies inserted into the rectum do not cause significant injury, the introduction of some objects into the rectum might have unpredictable and even fatal effects. In this paper, we describe an intriguing autoerotic case of a 35-year-old male who sustained an explosive rectal trauma as a result of the unanticipated bursting of an expandable rubber pipe stopper that he inserted into his rectum and hyperinflated via an air blow gun connected through a pressure pipe to a centralized air-distribution system. The man sustained a circular abruption of the rectum with partial avulsion of the abdominal wall, associated with bleeding into the abdominal cavity and chest wall, and died before admission to the hospital. A police investigation revealed that the victim was a regular contributor to several web forums dedicated to unusual sexual activities. This case raises awareness of the broadening spectrum of methods and experiments associated with autoerotic behavior. We also reviewed the literature pertaining to this topic and outlined some of the characteristics of atypical autoerotic deaths. Although certain autoerotic methods are relatively common, other unusual autoerotic techniques may present novel challenges within the medicolegal field.
- MeSH
- Foreign Bodies complications MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Explosions * MeSH
- Fatal Outcome MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Masturbation * MeSH
- Pneumothorax pathology MeSH
- Blast Injuries pathology MeSH
- Rectum injuries pathology MeSH
- Accidents MeSH
- Embolism, Air pathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Case Reports MeSH
- MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Explosions MeSH
- Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated adverse effects MeSH
- Firefighters MeSH
- Laboratory Chemicals * adverse effects MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Wounds, Penetrating * etiology therapy MeSH
- Accidents MeSH
- Emergency Medical Services MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
Úvod: Celosvětově je zábavní pyrotechnika používána především během oslav a svátků. S nárůstem jejího užívání dochází i ke vzrůstající četnosti úrazů. Petardy způsobují poranění oka trojím mechanismem: popálením, otřesením a výbuchem a průnikem cizích tělísek do oka. Incidence v různých státech se liší. Kazuistika: 49letému pacientovi při silvestrovské oslavě vystřelila petarda přímo do oka. Na Oční klinice FNHK byla provedena revize s nálezem dilacerace skléry a rohovky, ztráty uveální tkáně a čočky, hemorhagické ablace choroidey. Pooperačně byla podávána celková i lokální protizánětlivá terapie. Diskuze: Nejčastěji jsou postiženi mladí muži, kteří s petardami před úrazem přímo manipulují. Alkohol bývá prokázán v menšině případů. Většina poranění je mírných, asi jedna pětina úrazů je těžkých s následkem výrazného snížení zrakové ostrosti. Závěr: Oční úrazy petardou jsou vzácné, ale mohou způsobit velmi vážná poranění, které jsme popsali i v naší kazuistice. U našeho pacienta došlo k těžkému snížení zrakové ostrosti a omezení v osobním i pracovním životě.
Introduction: In different places across the world, bangers and explosives are used during celebrations and holidays. With increasing usage of fireworks increases also frequency of injuries. Explosives may cause three types of ocular injury: burns, blast or concussion effects and injuries related to foreign bodies penetrating into the eye. Incidence varies in different countries. Case: A 49-year-old man got injured during New Year’s Eve celebrations. A banger exploded directly into his left eye. At the Ophthalmology Clinic of University Hospital Hradec Králové a revision was conducted with finding of dilaceration of sclera and cornea, loss of uveal tissue and lens, haemorrhagic ablation of choroidea. Postoperatively systematic and local anti-inflammatory therapy was used. Discussion: Usually these injuries are most common at young men, who are actively working with explosives before getting hurt. Alcohol is proven in minority of cases. Most of the injuries are mild, about one fifth of injuries are severe with significant loss of vision. Conclusion: Ocular injuries from fireworks are rare but can result in a very serious condition, like we described in our case-report. Our patient’s injury resulted in severe loss of vision and problems not only in personal but also in professional life.
- Keywords
- zábavní pyrotechnika,
- MeSH
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Explosions * MeSH
- Incidence MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Eye Burns etiology therapy MeSH
- Eye Injuries * etiology surgery therapy MeSH
- Accidents, Home MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Explosions * MeSH
- Play and Playthings injuries MeSH
- Thoracic Surgical Procedures methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Thoracic Injuries * surgery diagnosis pathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
- MeSH
- Surgical Procedures, Operative methods MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Explosions MeSH
- Thoracic Surgical Procedures methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Thoracic Injuries * surgery diagnosis pathology MeSH
- Wounds and Injuries surgery diagnosis pathology MeSH
- Accidents MeSH
- Explosive Agents * adverse effects MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
- Keywords
- blast syndrom,
- MeSH
- Explosions MeSH
- Thoracic Surgical Procedures methods MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed MeSH
- Multiple Trauma * surgery diagnostic imaging pathology MeSH
- Thoracic Injuries surgery diagnostic imaging pathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
- MeSH
- Explosions MeSH
- Thoracic Surgical Procedures methods MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Multiple Trauma surgery pathology MeSH
- Postoperative Care MeSH
- Thoracotomy * MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Young Adult MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
