The purpose of this systematic review is twofold: 1) to identify, evaluate, and synthesize the heretofore disparate scientific literatures regarding the effects of direct exposure to microgravity on the musculoskeletal system, taking into account for the first time both bone and muscle systems of both humans and animals; and 2) to investigate the efficacy and limitations of exercise countermeasures on the musculoskeletal system under microgravity in humans.The Framework for Scoping Studies (Arksey and O'Malley 2005) and the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins JPT 2011) were used to guide this review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist was utilized in obtaining the combined results (Moher, Liberati et al. 2009). Data sources, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for published articles through October 2019 using the Mesh terms of microgravity, musculoskeletal system, and exercise countermeasures. A total of 84 references were selected, including 40 animal studies and 44 studies with human participants. The heterogeneity in the study designs, methodologies, and outcomes deemed this review unsuitable for a meta-analysis. Thus, we present a narrative synthesis of the results for the key domains under five categories: 1) Skeletal muscle responses to microgravity in humans 2) Skeletal muscle responses to microgravity in animals 3) Adaptation of the skeletal system to microgravity in humans 4) Adaptation of the skeletal system to microgravity in animals 5) Effectiveness of exercise countermeasures on the human musculoskeletal system in microgravity. Existing studies have produced only limited data on the combined effects on bone and muscle of human spaceflight, despite the likelihood that the effects on these two systems are complicated due to the components of the musculoskeletal system being anatomically and functionally interconnected. Bone is directly affected by muscle atrophy as well as by changes in muscle strength, notably at muscle attachments. Given this interplay, the most effective exercise countermeasure is likely to be robust, individualized, resistive exercise, primarily targeting muscle mass and strength.
- MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Risk Assessment MeSH
- Space Flight * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Musculoskeletal Diseases diagnosis etiology physiopathology prevention & control MeSH
- Musculoskeletal System pathology physiopathology MeSH
- Protective Factors MeSH
- Weightlessness Countermeasures * MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Weightlessness adverse effects MeSH
- Exercise Therapy * MeSH
- Treatment Outcome MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Systematic Review MeSH
The aim and novelty of this paper are found in assessing the influence of inhibitors and antibiotics on intact cell MALDI-TOF mass spectra of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. UPOC S4 and to check the impact on reliability of identification. Defining the limits of this method is important for its use in biology and applied science. The compounds included inhibitors of respiration, glycolysis, citrate cycle, and proteosynthesis. They were used at 1-10 μM concentrations and different periods of up to 3 weeks. Cells were also grown without inhibitors in a microgravity because of expected strong effects. Mass spectra were evaluated using controls and interpreted in terms of differential peaks and their assignment to protein sequences by mass. Antibiotics, azide, and bromopyruvate had the greatest impact. The spectral patterns were markedly altered after a prolonged incubation at higher concentrations, which precluded identification in the database of reference spectra. The incubation in microgravity showed a similar effect. These differences were evident in dendrograms constructed from the spectral data. Enzyme inhibitors affected the spectra to a smaller extent. This study shows that only a long-term presence of antibiotics and strong metabolic inhibitors in the medium at 10-5 M concentrations hinders the correct identification of cyanobacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF).
- MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents toxicity MeSH
- Antimycin A analogs & derivatives toxicity MeSH
- Azides toxicity MeSH
- Cell Respiration drug effects MeSH
- Chloramphenicol toxicity MeSH
- Citric Acid Cycle drug effects MeSH
- Deoxyglucose toxicity MeSH
- Fluoroacetates toxicity MeSH
- Glycolysis drug effects MeSH
- Malonates toxicity MeSH
- Protein Biosynthesis drug effects MeSH
- Pyruvates toxicity MeSH
- Reproducibility of Results MeSH
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization methods MeSH
- Weightlessness MeSH
- Streptomycin toxicity MeSH
- Synechococcus chemistry drug effects isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Humans' core body temperature (CBT) is strictly controlled within a narrow range. Various studies dealt with the impact of physical activity, clothing, and environmental factors on CBT regulation under terrestrial conditions. However, the effects of weightlessness on human thermoregulation are not well understood. Specifically, studies, investigating the effects of long-duration spaceflight on CBT at rest and during exercise are clearly lacking. We here show that during exercise CBT rises higher and faster in space than on Earth. Moreover, we observed for the first time a sustained increased astronauts' CBT also under resting conditions. This increase of about 1 °C developed gradually over 2.5 months and was associated with augmented concentrations of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, a key anti-inflammatory protein. Since even minor increases in CBT can impair physical and cognitive performance, both findings have a considerable impact on astronauts' health and well-being during future long-term spaceflights. Moreover, our findings also pinpoint crucial physiological challenges for spacefaring civilizations, and raise questions about the assumption of a thermoregulatory set point in humans, and our evolutionary ability to adapt to climate changes on Earth.
- MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Space Flight MeSH
- Astronauts * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Weightlessness MeSH
- Body Temperature physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- MeSH
- Time Factors MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Bed Rest adverse effects MeSH
- Space Flight MeSH
- Bone and Bones physiology metabolism MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones analysis blood metabolism urine MeSH
- Weightlessness MeSH
- Testosterone analysis blood metabolism urine MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Publication type
- Overall MeSH
Článek se zabývá hlavními fyzikálními a fyziologickými determinantami výkonnosti člověka v kosmu a zároveň poukazuje na doposud méně reflektované psychické souvislosti pobytu jedince v tomto extrémním prostředí. Největší pozornost věnuje problematice mikrogravitace, radiace a cirkadiánních rytmů s důrazem na adaptační změny nejen ve fyziologických a psychofyziologických, ale především v psychických procesech. Zaobírá se otázkou pozměněné kvality zpracovávaných informací v prostředí mikrogravitace, a izolace od běžných podnětů a ukazatelů a navozuje otázku dostupnosti a adekvátnosti signálů nejenom pro kognitivní, ale i afektivní a konativní procesy. Autorka soudí, že vedle fyziologické a psychofyziologické adaptace na kosmické prostředí nutně dochází i k adaptaci psychické, respektive k adaptaci psychických procesů. Stať dospívá k závěru, že k plnějšímu pochopení adaptace kognitivních, afektivních a konativních procesů je potřeba především hloubkových kvalitativních šetření průběhu psychické adaptace jedinců pobývajících v kosmu.
- Keywords
- psychická adaptace, cirkadiánní rytmy, radiace, mikrogravitace,
- MeSH
- Adaptation, Psychological MeSH
- Affect MeSH
- Circadian Rhythm physiology MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Stress, Physiological MeSH
- Hypogravity adverse effects MeSH
- Spacecraft MeSH
- Cosmic Radiation adverse effects MeSH
- Space Flight MeSH
- Astronauts psychology MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Sleep Wake Disorders etiology psychology MeSH
- Resilience, Psychological MeSH
- Sleep Deprivation complications psychology MeSH
- Weightlessness adverse effects MeSH
- Fatigue diagnosis psychology MeSH
- Efficiency MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Aktivní působení Ústavu leteckého zdravotnictví ve Skupině pro kosmickou biologii a medicínu programu Interkosmos a v organizačních složkách České lékařské společnosti J. E. Purkyně v minulosti významně přispělo k posílení pozice leteckého lékařství mezi ostatními lékařskými obory.
Active engagement of the Institute of Aviation Medicine in the Intercosmos' Group for cosmic biology and medicine as well as in the organisational sections of the Czech Medical Association in the past contributed significantly to the reinforcement of the position of aviation medicine among other medical specializations.
- MeSH
- Space Flight methods organization & administration education MeSH
- Astronauts organization & administration education MeSH
- Aerospace Medicine organization & administration manpower trends MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- International Cooperation MeSH
- Extraterrestrial Environment MeSH
- Occupational Medicine organization & administration education legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Societies, Medical organization & administration trends utilization MeSH
- Weightlessness adverse effects MeSH
- Education methods organization & administration trends MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
- MeSH
- Endocrine System metabolism MeSH
- Research Support as Topic MeSH
- Stress, Physiological blood metabolism MeSH
- Space Flight MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Weightlessness MeSH
- Physical Exertion physiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Comparative Study MeSH
- MeSH
- Incubators MeSH
- Space Flight MeSH
- Weightlessness MeSH
- Life Support Systems MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
