Fonologické poruchy tvoria vysoké percentuálne zastúpenie v narušení foneticko-fonologickej roviny. Vyskytujú sa často v obraze ŠNVR, vývinovej dysfázie. Sú prediktorom vývinových porúch učenia. Včasný skríning fonologických porúch na základe zrozumiteľnosti reči, identifikácia fyziologických, vývinovo mladších a patologických fonologických procesov umožňuje stanovenie diagnózy a voľbu primeranej terapie.

Phonological disorders have a high percentage of Speech Sound Disorders. They often occur with DLD, developmental dysphasia. They are a predictor of learning disabilities. Early screening of phonological disorders based on speech intelligibility, identification of physiological, developmentally younger, and pathological phonological processes allows diagnosis and use of appropriate therapy.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Language Tests MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Speech Production Measurement methods   MeSH
• Mass Screening methods   MeSH
• Articulation Disorders diagnosis   classification   therapy   MeSH
• Speech Disorders diagnosis   complications   MeSH
• Speech Sound Disorder * diagnosis   classification   therapy   MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Speech Intelligibility MeSH
• Verbal Learning physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH
• Geographicals
• Slovakia MeSH

Hodnotenie komunikácie rizikových detí v ranom veku, rovnako ako aj detí s vývinovou jazykovou poruchou v mladšom predškolskom veku, môže prebiehať viacerými metódami. V štúdii predstavíme jednu z nich, konkrétne sociolingvistický prístup reprezentovaný modelom Margaret Laheyovej. Nízkoštruktúrovaný model je vhodný na opis silných a slabých stránok dieťaťa v ranom veku, a to aj v prípade, že ešte dieťa nie je verbálne. Model je časovo náročnejší, ale za to veľmi presný a relatívne komplexný. K jeho veľkým výhodám patrí najmä logické formulovanie cieľov terapie v zóne najbližšieho vývinu konkrétneho dieťaťa, ktoré priamo vyplývajú z úrovne hodnotenia jazykovej kompetencie dieťaťa. Model M. Laheyovej aj preto dnes patrí k moderným a používaným prístupom v logopedickej diagnostike vo viacerých krajinách sveta.

The assessment of early childhood children at risk or children with developmental language disorder in young pre-school age may be carried out in several ways. In the study, we will introduce one of them, namely the sociolinguistic approach represented by the model of Margaret Lahey. The low-structured model is suitable for describing the strengths and weaknesses of the child at an early age, even if the child is still not verbal. The model is time consuming, but very precise and realistically complex. His great advantages include, in particular, the logical formulation of therapy objectives of language competence in the proximity child's development zone. That is why the model of M. Laheyova is one of the modern and used approaches in speech-language assessment in several countries of the world.

• Keywords
• metoda Laheyové,
• MeSH
• Language Tests * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nonverbal Communication MeSH
• Semantics MeSH
• Verbal Learning physiology   MeSH
• Language Development MeSH
• Language Development Disorders * diagnosis   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Direct electrical stimulation of the human brain can elicit sensory and motor perceptions as well as recall of memories. Stimulating higher order association areas of the lateral temporal cortex in particular was reported to activate visual and auditory memory representations of past experiences (Penfield and Perot, 1963). We hypothesized that this effect could be used to modulate memory processing. Recent attempts at memory enhancement in the human brain have been focused on the hippocampus and other mesial temporal lobe structures, with a few reports of memory improvement in small studies of individual brain regions. Here, we investigated the effect of stimulation in four brain regions known to support declarative memory: hippocampus, parahippocampal neocortex, prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex. Intracranial electrode recordings with stimulation were used to assess verbal memory performance in a group of 22 patients (nine males). We show enhanced performance with electrical stimulation in the lateral temporal cortex (paired t-test, P = 0.0067), but not in the other brain regions tested. This selective enhancement was observed both on the group level, and for two of the four individual subjects stimulated in the temporal cortex. This study shows that electrical stimulation in specific brain areas can enhance verbal memory performance in humans.awx373media15704855796001.

• MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Epilepsy complications   MeSH
• Deep Brain Stimulation methods   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Brain Mapping MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Memory Disorders etiology   therapy   MeSH
• Temporal Lobe physiology   MeSH
• Verbal Learning physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Video-Audio Media MeSH
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

The present study describes a novel Forced-Choice Response (FCR) index for detecting poor effort on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). This retrospective study analyzes the performance of 4 groups on the new index: clinically referred patients with suspected dementia, forensic patients identified as not exhibiting adequate effort on other measures of response bias, students who simulated poor effort, and a large normative sample collected in the Gulf State of Oman. Using sensitivity and specificity analyses, the study shows that much like the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition FCR index, the RAVLT FCR index misses a proportion of individuals with inadequate effort (low sensitivity), but those who fail this measure are highly likely to be exhibiting poor effort (high specificity). The limitations and benefits of utilizing the RAVLT FCR index in clinical practice are discussed.

• MeSH
• Acoustic Stimulation MeSH
• Dementia complications   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Learning Disabilities diagnosis   etiology   MeSH
• Psychiatric Status Rating Scales MeSH
• Reference Values MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Recognition, Psychology physiology   MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Forensic Psychiatry MeSH
• Verbal Learning physiology   MeSH
• Choice Behavior physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Cognitive deficits in older adults attributable to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology are featured early on by hippocampal impairment. Among tests used to evaluate memory, verbal memory tests with controlled encoding and cued recall are believed to be specific for hippocampal impairment. The objective of this study was to assess the relation between left and right hippocampal volumes and several frequently used memory tests. METHODS: Fifty six nondemented older adults (30 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment and 26 cognitively healthy older adults) underwent neuropsychological testing including: (1) The Enhanced Cued Recall test (ECR), a memory test with controlled encoding and recall; (2) the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), a verbal memory test without controlled encoding and with delayed recall; and (3) The Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure test (ROCF), a visuospatial memory test-recall condition. 1.5T brain MRI scans were used to measure estimated total intracranial volume (eTIV) along with hippocampal right and left volumes, which were measured with quantitative volumetry using FreeSurfer package (version 4.4.0). Spearman partial correlation controlled for age was used to correct for non-normal score distribution and effect of age. RESULTS: We found moderate correlations of hippocampal volumes with AVLT 1-5 scores, AVLT delayed recall, ECR free and total recall, and ROCF reproduction. Total recall in ECR using cued recall was not superior to any of the free recall tests. No correlation in any memory test was achieved with eTIV. CONCLUSION: Verbal memory tests, either with controlled encoding and cued delayed recall (ECR), or without it (AVLT), as well as nonverbal memory test with delayed recall (ROCF), equally reflect hippocampal atrophy in nondemented older adults.

• MeSH
• Atrophy pathology   MeSH
• Hippocampus pathology   MeSH
• Cognition Disorders complications   pathology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted MeSH
• Memory Disorders etiology   MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Aging pathology   MeSH
• Verbal Learning physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Multilingualism * MeSH
• Verbal Behavior physiology   classification   MeSH
• Verbal Learning * physiology   classification   MeSH
• Child Rearing * psychology   MeSH
• Child Development MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Case Reports MeSH

Cíl. Získat normativní výsledky s použitím modifikované aktivační úlohy verbální pracovní paměti u skupiny zdravých osob. Metoda. U 20 zdravých pravorukých dobrovolníků (10 mužů a 10 žen) jsme pomocí 1,5 T přístroje MR provedli funkční vyšetření verbální pracovní paměti rozpoznávací úlohou (Item Recognition Task). Úloha byla uspořádána v blokovém schématu. K individuální a skupinové statistické analýze jsme využili program FEAT z programové knihovny FSL. Výsledky. Použitá úloha aktivovala převážně frontální laloky a oblast bazálních ganglií s levostrannou dominancí, dále řečové oblasti temporálních laloků a hippokampy Méně výrazné byly aktivace v parietálních lalocích. Výrazně byl aktivován mozeček. Závěr. Získali jsme normativní data k dalšímu využití pro vyšetřování pacientů, jejichž pracovní paměť je nebo by mohla být narušena.

Aim. To perform functional MRI in a group of healthy volunteers using working memory task to obtain the physiological activation pattern. Method. We performed functional MRI in 20 healthy right-handed volunteers (10 men and 10 women) to assess their verbal working memory with Item Recognition Task using 1.5T scanner. The task used block design. Single-subject and group fMRI analyses were performed using the FEAT software from FSL library. Results. The task activated mainly frontal lobes and regions of basal ganglia with left-sided dominance. Speech-related areas of temporal lobes and hippocampi were also recruited. Activations in the parietal lobes were less pronounced. Cerebellum was strongly activated. Conclusion. We obtained normative data for subsequent examination of patient with working memory impairment.

• Keywords
• fMRI,
• MeSH
• Human Experimentation MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Cerebellar Cortex physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging methods   instrumentation   utilization   MeSH
• Brain Mapping methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Memory physiology   classification   MeSH
• Recognition, Psychology physiology   classification   MeSH
• Software MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Students MeSH
• Verbal Learning physiology   classification   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH

Práce porovnává trénink paměti, reprezentovaný studií ACTIVE (Willis et al, 2006), s tréninkem plasticity, představovaným studií vlPACT (Smith et al., 2009). Výsledky studií tréninku plasticity nenaznačují, že by efekt byl výrazněji vyšší než u tréninku paměti. I prostřední efekt tréninku paměti i plasticity lze označit jako klinicky významný, obě intervence (trénink paměťových strategií i trénink zlepšení procesů spojených se sluchem) mohou vést k podobným výsledkům.

The objective of this study is to compare memory training represented by the study ACTIVE (Willis et al., 2006) with plasticity training represented by the study IMPACT (Smith et al., 2009). The results of the plasticity training study do not indicate the training effect to be significantly higher than that of the memory training. Immediate effect of both memory and plasticity training can be marked as clinically significant; both interventions (memory strategies training and processes involved in audition improvement training) can lead to similar results.

• Keywords
• studie IMPACT, studie ACTIVE, efektivita,
• MeSH
• Activities of Daily Living classification   psychology   MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy methods   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neuronal Plasticity physiology   MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests statistics & numerical data   MeSH
• Memory Disorders rehabilitation   MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic utilization   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Verbal Learning physiology   classification   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Although neuropsychological deficits have been reported in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) during an acute episode, relatively little is known about the persistence of these deficits in remission. This study investigated the performance of attention, executive function and verbal memory during remission from unipolar depressive episodes. We tested the hypothesis that outpatients do not differ in cognitive variables from controls. We did this using a well-defined outpatient sample, consisting of medicated and unmedicated patients, with a history of MDD. Ninety-seven subjects with MDD in remission ranging from young to old were compared with 97 healthy control subjects. Both samples were balanced for age, gender, and education levels. The Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) and the Trail Making Test (TMT) were used. Patients with remitted MDD, in comparison with controls, were impaired on tasks of attention, executive function and verbal memory. The individual level of depressive symptoms was not related to the cognitive performance. Small- to medium-sized significant correlations exist between cognitive test variables (as represented by Trail Making B and AVLT delayed recall) and level of depressive symptomatology (as measured by MADRS or BDI-II) in the total sample, indicating that higher levels of depressive symptomatology are associated with lower cognitive function. These findings suggest deficits in attention and delayed verbal recall can serve as an indicator for MDD in outpatients.

• MeSH
• Depressive Disorder complications   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Cognition Disorders etiology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Statistics, Nonparametric MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Memory physiology   MeSH
• Attention physiology   MeSH
• Psychiatric Status Rating Scales MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Case-Control Studies MeSH
• Verbal Learning physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Studie zkoumá kognitivní výkon ve verbální paměti během remise unipolámí depresivní poruchy. Testovali jsme hypotézu, že ambulantní medikovaní i nemedikovaní pacienti žijící ve svém běžném prostředí se nebudou lišit od kontrol v Paměťovém testu učení. K 97 pacientům jsme přiřadili 97 kontrol podle vzdělání, věku a pohlaví a porovnávali je v Paměťovém testu učení. Pacienti měli horší výkony ve srovnání s kontrolami. 1 po korekci pro subjektivní míru deprese měřenou BDI zůstal deficit v oddáleném vybavení signifikantní. Výsledky naznačují, že deficit ve verbálni paměti by mohl být považován u unipolární depresivní poruchy v remisi za "trait marker".

The present study investigates performance of verbal memory during remission from unipolar depressive episodes. We tested a hy- pothesis that outpatients do not differ in cognitive variables from matched controls, in a well defined outpatient sample, cons isting of medicated and unmedicated patients, with a history of MDD, living in their natural environments. Ninety-seven fully remitted pa tients with MDD were compared to 97 healthy control subjects matched for education, age and gender on Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT). Patients with remitted MDD comparing to controls were impaired on verbal memory tasks. After correction for subjective level of depression, deficits in the delayed verbal recall (AVLT) remained significant. These findings suggest deficits in delayed ve rbal recall can serve as a trait marker for MDD out of hospitalization in unipolar depression.

• MeSH
• Depressive Disorder, Major complications   psychology   MeSH
• Research Support as Topic MeSH
• Financing, Organized MeSH
• Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
• Cognition Disorders diagnosis   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Evidence-Based Medicine trends   MeSH
• Disease Progression MeSH
• Remission, Spontaneous MeSH
• Verbal Learning physiology   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH