The objectives of the study were to estimate the current exposure to cadmium (Cd) in Europe, potential differences between the countries and geographic regions, determinants of exposure and to derive European exposure levels. The basis for this work was provided by the European Human Biomonitoring Initiative (HBM4EU) which established a framework for alignment of national or regional HBM studies. For the purpose of Cd exposure assessment, studies from 9 European countries (Iceland, Denmark, Poland, Czech Republic, Croatia, Portugal, Germany, France, Luxembourg) were included and urine of 20-39 years old adults sampled in the years 2014-2021 (n = 2510). The measurements in urine were quality assured by the HBM4EU quality assurance/quality control scheme, study participants' questionnaire data were post-harmonized. Spatially resolved external data, namely Cd concentrations in soil, agricultural areas, phosphate fertilizer application, traffic density and point source Cd release were collected for the respective statistical territorial unit (NUTS). There were no distinct geographic patterns observed in Cd levels in urine, although the data revealed some differences between the specific study sites. The levels of exposure were otherwise similar between two time periods within the last decade (DEMOCOPHES - 2011-2012 vs. HBM4EU Aligned Studies, 2014-2020). The age-dependent alert values for Cd in urine were exceeded by 16% of the study participants. Exceedances in the different studies and locations ranged from 1.4% up to 42%. The studies with largest extent of exceedance were from France and Poland. Association analysis with individual food consumption data available from participants' questionnaires showed an important contribution of vegetarian diet to the overall exposure, with 35% higher levels in vegetarians as opposed to non-vegetarians. For comparison, increase in Cd levels due to smoking was 25%. Using NUTS2-level external data, positive associations between HBM data and percentage of cropland and consumption of Cd-containing mineral phosphate fertilizer were revealed, which indicates a significant contribution of mineral phosphate fertilizers to human Cd exposure through diet. In addition to diet, traffic and point source release were identified as significant sources of exposure in the study population. The findings of the study support the recommendation by EFSA to reduce Cd exposure as also the estimated mean dietary exposure of adults in the EU is close or slightly exceeding the tolerable weekly intake. It also indicates that regulations are not protecting the population sufficiently.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fosfáty analýza MeSH
- kadmium * moč MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- monitorování životního prostředí * metody MeSH
- průmyslová hnojiva analýza MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
A miniaturized extraction/preconcentration method based on an aqueous biphasic system (μ-ABS) was developed with reagents commonly used as food additives: cholinium chloride (ChCl) as main extraction phase, K2HPO4 as salting-out agent, and water as the main component (being the sample for analyses). With the aim of obtaining high enrichment factors, miniaturization, and adequate analytical performance, a point in the biphasic region with the lowest amount of ChCl was selected, corresponding to 1.55% (w/w) of ChCl, 59.5% (w/w) of K2HPO4, and 38.95% (w/w) of water. The green μ-ABS (attending to its main elements and performance mode) was used in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) for the determination of 9 personal care products in wastewater samples. The μ-ABS-HPLC-DAD method showed high enrichment factors (up to 100), and quantitative extraction efficiencies for those compounds containing OH groups in their structure, which can undergo hydrogen bonding with ChCl. Thus, limits of quantification down to 0.8 µg·L-1 and extraction efficiencies between 66.4 and 108% (concentration levels of 1.3 and 13 µg·L-1) were reached for the group of parabens and the UV-filter benzophenone-3. The method is characterized by the use of non-harmful reagents and the absence of organic solvents in the entire sample preparation procedure, while being simple, low-cost, easily compatible with HPLC, and highly efficient.
- MeSH
- chemické látky znečišťující vodu analýza MeSH
- chloridy analýza MeSH
- fosfáty analýza MeSH
- kosmetické přípravky analýza MeSH
- miniaturizace * MeSH
- odpadní voda chemie MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- rozpouštědla chemie MeSH
- voda analýza MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie metody MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Bicarbonate and phosphate constitute major salivary buffering components, and their importance consists in the neutralization of acidic gastric contents during reflux episodes. In this work, capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector was applied for the analysis of bicarbonate, phosphate, and another inorganic (chloride, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate, thiocyanate) and organic anions (acetate, butyrate) to evaluate their levels in saliva. The background electrolytes of different composition and pH between 6.02-9.41 were assessed for the bicarbonate and phosphate determination by comparison of the real analyses of a model solution with the simulation by PeakMaster software. The optimized background electrolyte was composed of 10 mM 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid, 20 mM arginine, and 30 µM cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, pH 8.95. Using this BGE, the anion levels were compared in saliva from 20 patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and saliva from 12 healthy subjects. Bicarbonate levels were significantly elevated in saliva from GERD patients suggesting the possible applicability of bicarbonate as a biomarker in non-invasive diagnostics of GERD by CE-C4 D.
The archaeological site of Udhruh in Jordan revealed a skeleton of about 22-month-old that is dated to the Late Islamic period (1174–1516 AD), with multiple pathological lesions: vertebrae lytic lesions caused by tuberculosis (TB), marked periostitis at both diaphyseal ends of long bones as well as the costal ends of the ribs. The objective of the study is to confirm the diagnosis of these pathological conditions, especially TB because the bioarchaeological lexicon has not included a single case of TB during the Islamic period in that region. The methods of the study include anthroposcopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Although the lesions were similar to those of malaria, the FTIR analysis excludes the possibility of malaria as hemozoin spectra were absent, while anthroposcopy suggests tuberculosis. These lesions as being mild suggest that the individual died at an early stage of the disease. Further excavations at the site may reveal other cases and speak about the regional epidemiology of this disease in antiquity.
- Klíčová slova
- krystalinita, antroposkopie,
- MeSH
- dějiny středověku * MeSH
- fosfáty analýza MeSH
- kostra patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- spektrální analýza metody MeSH
- tuberkulóza * diagnóza patologie MeSH
- uhličitany analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dějiny středověku * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- historické články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Jordánsko MeSH
A new, rapid, sensitive, robust, and reliable method has been developed for the qualitative analysis of phosphoserine, phosphoethanolamine, phosphoglycerol, and phosphate using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and two-step trimethylsilylation. The method employs hexamethyldisilazane for silylation of the phosphate and hydroxyl groups in the first phase and bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide for silylation of the less-reactive amino groups in the second phase. This order is of key importance for the method because of the different reactivities of the two reagents and the mechanism of derivatization of the active groups of the analytes. Trimethylsilylated derivatives of the analytes were identified on the basis of their retention times and mass spectra. The probable structures of the major fragments were identified in the spectra of the trimethylsilylated derivatives and characteristic m/z fragments were selected for each analyte. Fragments with m/z 73 and 299 occurred in the spectra of all the analytes. The characteristic retention data were employed to calculate the retention indices of the individual silylated phosphorylated substances in the hydrocarbon range C12-C19 for the DB-5ms column. The method was employed to measure the polar fraction of the hydrolysate of the cytoplasmic membrane of Bacillus subtilis. The detection limits vary between 5 μg/mL (trimethylsilylated phosphate) and 72 μg/mL (trimethylsilylated phosphoethanolamine).
A new, fast, selective, and reliable capillary electrophoresis method has been developed for analysis of selected phosphoesters (phosphoserine, phosphoethanolamine, phosphoglycerol) and phosphate. The method is based on separation of specific phosphate containing headgroups (phosphoesters) which are cleaved from the glycerol skeleton of a phospholipid by a regioselective enzyme (phospholipase C). Analysis of intact phospholipids with the same polar headgroup but different fatty acids shows that fatty acid composition has a high impact on separation of phospholipids, so analysis of separated polar headgroups, which avoids this influence, represents a much more suitable approach for phospholipid class research. Optimization of method parameters results in running buffers of relatively narrow pH interval (pH about 10) where all phosphoesters are separated. Further method validation has shown that direct UV detection has a sufficient detection limit for all analytes to perform suitable analyses of cell membrane lipids. The optimized method was tested on the lysate of cell membrane of Bacillus subtilis, where all analytes were determined.
Distarch phosphates of different degree of substitution were analysed by 31P NMR. A major part of P was inorganic. When analysing reaction products of wheat starch in laboratory, cyclic monophosphate as a reaction intermediate was found. The chosen procedure made it possible to reach the DS 0.002
- MeSH
- amylopektin * chemie MeSH
- chemické techniky analytické metody využití MeSH
- fosfáty analýza MeSH
- fyziologie výživy MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční spektroskopie * metody MeSH
- potravinářská technologie MeSH
- povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
- škrob * analýza MeSH
- trávení MeSH
- vztahy mezi strukturou a aktivitou MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The role of metals in urinary stone formation has already been studied in several publications. Moreover, urinary calculi can also be used for assessing exposure of humans to minor and trace elements in addition to other biological matrices, for example, blood, urine, or hair. However, using urinary calculi for biomonitoring of trace elements is limited by the association of elements with certain types of minerals. In this work, 614 samples of urinary calculi were subjected to mineralogical and elemental analysis. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and thermo-oxidation cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry were used for the determination of major, minor, and trace elements. Infrared spectroscopy was used for mineralogical analysis, and additionally, it was also employed in the calculation of mineralogical composition, based on quantification of major elements and stoichiometry. Results demonstrate the applicability of such an approach in investigating associations of minor and trace elements with mineralogical constituents of stones, especially in low concentrations, where traditional methods of mineralogical analysis are not capable of quantifying mineral content reliably. The main result of this study is the confirmation of association of several elements with struvite (K, Rb) and with calcium phosphate minerals, here calculated as hydroxylapatite (Na, Zn, Sr, Ba, Pb). Phosphates were proved as the most important metal-bearing minerals in urinary calculi. Moreover, a significantly different content was also observed for Fe, Zr, Mo, Cu, Cd, Se, Sn, and Hg in investigated groups of minerals. Examination of such associations is essential, and critical analysis of mineral constituents should precede any comparison of element content among various groups of samples.
- MeSH
- fosfáty analýza MeSH
- hmotnostní spektrometrie MeSH
- kyselina močová analýza MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- minerály analýza MeSH
- močové kameny chemie MeSH
- oxaláty analýza MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- spektrofotometrie atomová MeSH
- stopové prvky analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- Mimpara,
- MeSH
- chronické selhání ledvin farmakoterapie komplikace terapie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fixní kombinace léků MeSH
- fosfáty analýza krev metabolismus MeSH
- kalcitriol analýza diagnostické užití metabolismus MeSH
- kardiovaskulární nemoci prevence a kontrola MeSH
- komorbidita MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- minerálová a kostní nemoc při chronickém onemocnění ledvin farmakoterapie komplikace terapie MeSH
- naftaleny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- parathormon genetika metabolismus sekrece MeSH
- poruchy metabolismu fosforu diagnóza farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- poruchy metabolismu vápníku diagnóza farmakoterapie terapie MeSH
- receptory kalcitriolu metabolismus terapeutické užití MeSH
- sekundární hyperparatyreóza etiologie metabolismus prevence a kontrola MeSH
- vápník analýza diagnostické užití krev MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
In this study, micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method was developed for the determination of clotrimazole (CLO), methylparaben (MP) and propylparaben (PP) in a pharmaceutical preparation. Separation was carried out in a fused silica capillary (60 cm x 75 microm i.d.) at 25 kV with UV detection at 212 nm. Optimized background electrolyte (BGE) was 15 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.2) containing 30 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant. Rectilinear calibration ranges were 50-500 mg l(-1) for CLO, 10-100 mg l(-1) for MP and 2.5-25 mg l(-1) for PP. The total analysis time was < 12 min.
- MeSH
- antiinfekční látky lokální analýza chemie MeSH
- časové faktory MeSH
- chemické modely MeSH
- chemické techniky analytické metody MeSH
- chromatografie micelární elektrokinetická kapilární metody MeSH
- dodecylsíran sodný chemie MeSH
- elektrolyty MeSH
- farmaceutická chemie metody MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- fosfáty analýza MeSH
- kalibrace MeSH
- klotrimazol analýza chemie MeSH
- koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
- konzervační prostředky farmaceutické analýza MeSH
- parabeny analýza chemie MeSH
- povrchově aktivní látky analýza MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- senzitivita a specificita MeSH
- teplota MeSH
- vysokoúčinná kapalinová chromatografie MeSH
