The formation of memories is a complex, multi-scale phenomenon, especially when it involves integration of information from various brain systems. We have investigated the differences between a novel and consolidated association of spatial cues and amphetamine administration, using an in situ hybridisation method to track the short-term dynamics during the recall testing. We have found that remote recall group involves smaller, but more consolidated groups of neurons, which is consistent with their specialisation. By employing machine learning analysis, we have shown this pattern is especially pronounced in the VTA; furthermore, we also uncovered significant activity patterns in retrosplenial and prefrontal cortices, as well as in the DG and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. The behavioural propensity towards the associated localisation appears to be driven by the nucleus accumbens, however, further modulated by a trio of the amygdala, VTA and hippocampus, as the trained association is confronted with test experience. Moreover, chemogenetic analysis revealed central amygdala as critical for linking appetitive emotional states with spatial contexts. These results show that memory mechanisms must be modelled considering individual differences in motivation, as well as covering dynamics of the process.
- MeSH
- amfetamin farmakologie MeSH
- amygdala fyziologie MeSH
- hipokampus * fyziologie MeSH
- konsolidace paměti * fyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mozek fyziologie MeSH
- neurony fyziologie metabolismus MeSH
- nucleus accumbens * fyziologie MeSH
- odměna * MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- podněty MeSH
- prefrontální mozková kůra fyziologie MeSH
- rozpomínání * fyziologie MeSH
- strojové učení MeSH
- tegmentum mesencephali - area ventralis * fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Artists and laypeople differ in their ability to create drawings. Previous research has shown that artists have improved memory performance during drawing; however, it is unclear whether they have better visual memory after the drawing is finished. In this paper, we focused on the question of differences in visual memory between art students and the general population in two studies. In Study 1, both groups studied a set of images and later drew them in a surprise visual recall test. In Study 2, the drawings from Study 1 were evaluated by a different set of raters based on their drawing quality and similarity to the original image to link drawing evaluations with memory performance for both groups. We found that both groups showed comparable visual recognition memory performance; however, the artist group showed increased recall memory performance. Moreover, they produced drawings that were both better quality and more similar to the original image. Individually, participants whose drawings were rated as better showed higher recognition accuracy. Results from Study 2 also have practical implications for the usage of drawing as a tool for measuring free recall - the majority of the drawings were recognizable, and raters showed a high level of consistency during their evaluation of the drawings. Taken together, we found that artists have better visual recall memory than laypeople.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- rozpomínání * fyziologie MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) * fyziologie MeSH
- rozpoznávání obrazu * fyziologie MeSH
- studenti * MeSH
- umění * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Řeč, pohyb, správný ontogenetický vývoj jedince, kognice, emoce, schopnost učit se, paměť – a s výčtem bychom mohly pokračovat. To vše je přímo závislé na rovnováze, za kterou stojí rytmus realizovaný v optimálním tempu s dostatečnou intenzitou a v pravidelně se opakujících, časově dobře volených intervalech. Často si, vlivem zautomatizovaných činností, neuvědomujeme, s jakou pravidelností, plánováním a organizovaností vykonáváme základní motorické vzorce, které se intuitivně a naprosto přirozeně učíme prostřednictvím dostatečně intenzivních intervalových rytmických aktivit. A právě terapie v logopedické praxi vedená intenzivně a intervalově napomáhá u dětí a žáků příznivě ovlivňovat prognózu jejich řečového vývoje, bez ohledu na to, zda využíváme direktivní, nebo nedirektivní přístup. To je mimo jiné potvrzeno také v závěru uvedeným stručným kazuistickým příkladem klientky se závažnou myofunkční poruchou.
Speech, movement, proper ontogenetic development of the individual, cognition, emotions, ability to learn, memory and the list could go on. All of these are directly dependent on balance, which is based on the rhythm realised at an optimal pace with sufficient intensity and in regularly recurring intervals of well-chosen timing. Often, due to automated activities, we are not aware of the regularity, planning and organisation with which we perform the basic motor patterns that we intuitively and quite naturally learn through sufficiently intense interval rhythmic activities. And it is precisely the therapy in Speech Therapy practice conducted intensively and at intervals, that helps to positively influence the prognosis of children and pupils in their speech development, regardless of whether we use a directive or non-directive approach. This is confirmed, among other things, by the brief case example of a client with a severe myofunctional disorder, presented in the end of the paper.
We tested links between social status and emotion recognition accuracy (ERA) with participants from a diverse array of cultures and a new model and method of ERA, the Assessment of Contextualized Emotion (ACE), which incorporates social context and is linked to different types of social interaction across cultures. Participants from the Czech Republic (Study 1) and from 12 cultural groups in Europe, North America, and Asia (Study 2) completed a short version of the ACE, a self-construal scale, and the MacArthur Subjective Social Status (SSS) scale. In both studies, higher SSS was associated with more accuracy. In Study 2, this relationship was mediated by higher independent self-construal and moderated by countries' long-term orientation and relational mobility. The findings suggest that the positive association between higher social class and emotion recognition accuracy is due to the use of agentic modes of socio-cognitive reasoning by higher status individuals. This raises new questions regarding the socio-cultural ecologies that afford this relationship.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- emoce * fyziologie MeSH
- kultura * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- rozpoznávání (psychologie) * MeSH
- společenská třída * MeSH
- srovnání kultur MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Asie MeSH
- Česká republika MeSH
- Evropa MeSH
- Severní Amerika MeSH
Cílem studie bylo zjistit, zda je střídavý nácvik v prostředí běžné školy realizovatelný a zda u našeho výzkumného souboru, tvořeného školní třídou, povede ke vyšší míře retence dovedností ve srovnání s blokovým nácvikem. Studie vycházela z dosavadních výzkumů zaměřených na vliv kontextuální in- terference, avšak nově na tuto problematiku nahlížela z didaktického hlediska v kontextu standardního prostředí české školy. Výzkumného šetření se zúčastnilo 38 žáků šesté třídy základní školy. V rámci hodin tělesné výchovy byla zkoumána efektivita blokového a střídavého nácviku při osvojování tří specifických pohybových dovedností. Vybrané dovednosti byly pro účastníky nové, atraktivní a odpo- vídaly jejich úrovni obtížnosti. Nácvik probíhal ve dvou skupinách (dívky a chlapci) za rovnocenných podmínek, přičemž jedna dovednost byla nacvičována blokově a zbývající dvě střídavě. Každé doved- nosti bylo věnováno celkem 30 minut nácviku rozdělených do tří týdnů. Výsledky učení byly hodnoceny bezprostředně po skončení nácviku a následně po čtyřtýdenní pauze pomocí retenčního testu. Srovnání blokového a střídavého režimu nácviku pomocí Mann-Whitneyho U testu ukázalo, že střídavý nácvik byl u našeho souboru efektivnější metodou učení. Z řízených rozhovorů a pozorování vyplynulo, že střídavý nácvik kladl vyšší nároky na organizaci výuky, motivaci žáků a didaktické kompetence učitele. Celkově lze konstatovat, že střídavý nácvik je v podmínkách školní tělesné výchovy realizovatelný a z hlediska retence dovedností může být efektivnější než tradiční blokový přístup.
The aim of the study was to determine whether variable practice is feasible in a mainstream school setting and whether our research population, consisting of a school classroom, would lead to a higher rate of skill retention compared to block practice. The study was based on previous research focusing on the influence of contextual interference, but it took a new didactical perspective on this issue in the context of a standard Czech school environment. Thirty-eight sixth grade elementary school pupils participated in the research investigation. The effectiveness of block and variable drills in the acquisition of three specific movement skills was investigated in physical education classes. The selected skills were new and attractive to the participants and matched their level of difficulty. Training was conducted in two groups (girls and boys) under equivalent conditions, with one skill practiced in block and the remaining two skills practiced variably. Each skill received a total of 30 minutes of practice divided into three weeks. Learning outcomes were assessed immediately after the end of practice and then after a four-week break using a retention test. Comparison of block and variable practice mode using Mann-Whitney U test showed that variable practice was the more effective learning method for our sample. The guided interviews and observations showed that the variable training placed higher demands on the organisation of teaching, the motivation of the pupils and the didactic competence of the teacher. Overall, it can be concluded that variable practice is feasible in school physical education conditions and may be more effective than the traditional block approach in terms of skill retention.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické dovednosti * MeSH
- pohybová aktivita fyziologie MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- retence (psychologie) MeSH
- tělesná výchova * metody MeSH
- učení MeSH
- vyučovací postupy metody výchova MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinická studie MeSH
Mitochondria are central to cellular energy metabolism, contributing to synaptic transmission and plasticity. The mitochondrial membranes present the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (mito-CB1R), which has been functionally linked to neuronal energy supply and cognitive processing. Prenatal exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (pTHC) has been associated with cognitive impairments associated with molecular cellular and functional abnormalities in several brain regions, including the hippocampus. This study aims at assessing whether, besides the memory impairment, pTHC exposure may result in mitochondrial molecular and functional alterations in the hippocampus of the offspring. Moreover, the assessment of CB1R expression is also carried out as a proxy of CB1 signalling in pTHC-exposed offspring. THC (2 mg/Kg), or vehicle, was administered to the dams from gestational day (GD) 5 to GD20, and the offspring were tested for declarative memory using the Novel Object Recognition test in the L-maze. We also assessed: mitochondrial respiration by high-resolution respirometry; mitochondrial respiratory complex-I subunit NDUFS1 protein levels, and mito-CB1R expression by ELISA. Our results revealed: significant memory impairment in pTHC-exposed offspring; attenuated mitochondrial respiration in the hippocampus alongside a marked reduction in complex-I-subunit NDUFS1; a significant increase in mito-CB1R expression. This is the first evidence of pTHC exposure-induced impairment in memory processing in the offspring that suggests a functional link between an attenuation in mitochondrial bioenergetics and abnormal CB1R signalling in the hippocampus.
- MeSH
- bludiště - učení účinky léků MeSH
- buněčné dýchání účinky léků MeSH
- hipokampus * metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mitochondrie * metabolismus účinky léků MeSH
- paměť účinky léků MeSH
- poruchy paměti * metabolismus chemicky indukované MeSH
- potkani Wistar MeSH
- receptor kanabinoidní CB1 * metabolismus MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- tetrahydrokanabinol * toxicita MeSH
- zpožděný efekt prenatální expozice * metabolismus chemicky indukované MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Even though cognitive testing in animals is widespread, many issues remain open - for example the influence of behavioural parameters on cognitive performance, stability of cognitive performance upon repeated testing, or comparability of cognitive variables across different tasks (i.e. cross-contextual consistency). In this study we tested thirty six male Long Evans laboratory rats and assessed their cognitive performance in two standard tasks of spatial navigation - Active allothetic place avoidance and Morris water maze test. Using multivariate analyses, we detected different aspects of cognition within these complex tasks (the ability to learn fast, cognitive flexibility, general ability to solve a task successfully). We found that consistency of cognitive performance in these two tasks (estimates of cognitive repeatability) differed substantially, reflecting differences in the experimental procedures. Moreover, we inspected cognitive performance of the animals in more detail by creating a correlation matrix of factors derived from these procedures. Nevertheless, we found no correlation and therefore no indication of a general cognitive ability in spatial navigation using these two tasks. In addition, we found no link between personality and cognition when correlating cognitive performance of the animals with parameters from personality tests, which were derived from a previous study conducted on the same animals. These findings highlight a task-dependent nature of cognitive performance in these two tasks of spatial navigation and suggest that general cognitive ability in spatial navigation may not be reliably inferred from these two tasks, while also indicating no evident link between cognition and personality in this context.
- MeSH
- bludiště - učení fyziologie MeSH
- chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- kognice * fyziologie MeSH
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- osobnost fyziologie MeSH
- potkani Long-Evans MeSH
- prostorová navigace * fyziologie MeSH
- učení vyhýbat se fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- krysa rodu rattus MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a key non-motor complication during the disease course. OBJECTIVES: A review of detailed cognitive instruments to detect mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) or dementia (PDD) is needed to establish optimal tests that facilitate diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature review of tests that assess memory, language including premorbid intelligence, and visuospatial domains (for tests of attention and executive functions see accompanying review) to determine suitability to assess cognition in PD. Based on in-depth scrutiny of psychometric and other relevant clinimetric properties, tests were rated as "recommended," "recommended with caveats," "suggested," or "listed" by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (IPMDS) panel of experts according to the IPMDS Clinical Outcome Assessment Scientific Evaluation Committee guidelines. RESULTS: We included 39 tests encompassing 48 outcome measures. Seven tests (different versions or subtests of the test counted once) were recommended, including four for memory, one for visuospatial domains, one for language (including three measures), and one for estimated premorbid intelligence. Furthermore, 10 tests (12 measures) were "recommended with caveats," 11 were "suggested," and 11 (15 measures) were "listed." CONCLUSIONS: Recommended neuropsychological tests in memory, visuospatial functions, and language are proposed to guide the assessment of cognitive impairment and its progression in PD-MCI and PDD, and for use in clinical trials to stratify participants or as outcome measures. Novel measures being developed will need extensive validation research to be "recommended." © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Publikace se zaměřuje na paměť, vzpomínky, zapomínání a mozek. Určeno široké veřejnosti.; Paměť je víc než jen dokonalý záznam minulosti. Lze ho úspěšně cvičit, abychom si zapamatovali to, co je pro život skutečně důležité. Neurovědec a psycholog boří zažité mýty o vzpomínkách, zapomínání i efektivním učení.
- MeSH
- mozek MeSH
- paměť MeSH
- učení MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- Publikační typ
- monografie MeSH
- populární práce MeSH
- Konspekt
- Psychologie
- NLK Obory
- psychologie, klinická psychologie
Space and time are fundamental attributes of the external world. Deciphering the brain mechanisms involved in processing the surrounding environment is one of the main challenges in neuroscience. This is particularly defiant when situations change rapidly over time because of the intertwining of spatial and temporal information. However, understanding the cognitive processes that allow coping with dynamic environments is critical, as the nervous system evolved in them due to the pressure for survival. Recent experiments have revealed a new cognitive mechanism called time compaction. According to it, a dynamic situation is represented internally by a static map of the future interactions between the perceived elements (including the subject itself). The salience of predicted interactions (e.g. collisions) over other spatiotemporal and dynamic attributes during the processing of time-changing situations has been shown in humans, rats, and bats. Motivated by this ubiquity, we study an artificial neural network to explore its minimal conditions necessary to represent a dynamic stimulus through the future interactions present in it. We show that, under general and simple conditions, the neural activity linked to the predicted interactions emerges to encode the perceived dynamic stimulus. Our results show that this encoding improves learning, memorization and decision making when dealing with stimuli with impending interactions compared to no-interaction stimuli. These findings are in agreement with theoretical and experimental results that have supported time compaction as a novel and ubiquitous cognitive process.
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek fyziologie MeSH
- neuronové sítě * MeSH
- paměť fyziologie MeSH
- rozhodování fyziologie MeSH
- učení fyziologie MeSH
- vnímání času fyziologie MeSH
- vnímání prostoru fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
