Colonization
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
1st ed. 456 s.
- MeSH
- mikrobiologie MeSH
- sliznice MeSH
- Konspekt
- Mikrobiologie
- NLK Obory
- mikrobiologie, lékařská mikrobiologie
- patologie
In Thüringen und angrenzenden Gebieten ist seit dem letzten Pleniglazial eine dynamische Entwicklung der menschlichen Besiedlung zu verfolgen. Im Vergleich zu den umliegenden Gebieten in der nördlichen Mittelgebirgszone ist eine früh einsetzende Wiederbesiedlung und ein im Magdalénien sehr dichtes Fundstellennetz festzustellen. Die während des Höchststandes der Weichselvereisung menschenleere Region am nördlichen Rand der mitteleuropäischen Gebirge wird aus den südöstlichen und südwestlichen Refugien wieder besiedelt. Die Station Gera-Zoitzberg als bisher nördlichster Vertreter des Grubgrabien bezeugt die Einbeziehung Thüringens in diese frühe Phase der Wiederbesiedlung vor 19.000 cal BC. Einige Zeit später datiert die nahe gelegene Station Gera- Schafgraben. Das Inventar lässt sich mit solchen des Badegoulien, frühen Magdalénien und Kašovien vergleichen, aber nicht gleichsetzen, und wird hier als Magdalénien s.l. angesprochen. Ob durch die Menschengruppe, die mit der Station Gera-Schafgraben gefasst wird, eine dauernde Nutzung und Besiedlung des Gebietes eingeleitet wird, oder Thüringen wieder zeitweise besiedlungsfrei bleibt, ist bisher unklar. Spätestens mit dem frühen mitteleuropäischen Magdalénien des 14. Jahrtausends cal BC setzt die über das ganze Spätglazial andauernde Besiedlung ein. Es kam im Laufe der Magdalénien-Entwicklung offensichtlich zu einer durch die anwachsende Fundstellenanzahl widergespiegelten höheren Besiedlungsdichte, deren Grundlage der für die aneignend wirtschaftenden Wildbeuter hervorragend geeignete Naturraum war. Innerhalb der "Thüringischen Magdalénienprovinz" führt eine Differenzierung zu mehreren teils vermutlich partiell gleichzeitigen Gruppen und Inventartypen. Fernverbindungen sind in das nordmitteleuropäische Tiefland, nach Westen über das Rheinland bis in das Pariser Becken, nach Südwesten und nach Südosten über Böhmen bis nach Mähren zu rekonstruieren. Der Übergang vom späten Jungpaläolithikum (Magdalénien) zum Spätpaläolithikum (Rückenspitzengruppen) erfolgte kontinuierlich und schnell als Anpassung der Bevölkerung an veränderte Umweltbedingungen.
In Thuringia and adjacent areas, the settlement development was dynamic since the last Pleniglacial. In the northern of Central Europe is observed an early onset of repopulation and a very dense network of Magdalenian sites compared to the surrounding areas. The region on the northern edge of the Central European highlands, which remained uninhabitated during the Last Glacial Maximum was populated again from the southeastern and southwestern refugia. The site of Gera-Zoitzberg as northernmost locality with Grubgrabien shows that Thuringia was included in this early phase of the re-colonization before 19,000 cal BC. Sometime younger in the dating is the nearby site Gera-Schafgraben. The inventory can be compared with those of the Badegoulian, early Magdalenian and Kašovian, but do not identify them, and is addressed here as Magdalenian s.l. Whether a permanent use and habitation of the region is initiated by the people, who has stayed here, or Thuringia is uninhabited again after, is still unclear. At least with the early Central European Magdalenian of the 14th millennium cal BC begins the colonization that continues throughout the Late Glacial. Obviously, over the Magdalenian period increased the population density, which is reflected by an increasing number of sites. The basis of which was the outstanding natural environment excellently suitable for hunter-gatherers. Within the "Thuringian Magdalenian province" because of differentiation to form several simultaneous groups and inventory types. Long distance connections are to be reconstructed in the northern Central European lowland, west to the Rhineland and in the Paris Basin, southwest and southeast through Bohemia to Moravia. The transition from the late Upper Palaeolithic (Magdalenian) to the Late Palaeolithic (Azilian) was a continous but rapid process as adaptation of the people to changing environmental conditions.
- MeSH
- chlorhexidin MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náchylnost k zubnímu kazu MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Streptococcus mutans MeSH
- zubní kaz prevence a kontrola MeSH
- zuby mléčné MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- předškolní dítě MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
The Campylobacter jejuni-host interaction may be affected by the host's gut microbiota through competitive exclusion, metabolites, or modification of the immune response. To understand this interaction, C. jejuni colonization and local immune responses were compared in chickens with different gut microbiota compositions. Birds were treated with an antibiotic cocktail (AT) (experiments 1 and 2) or raised under germfree (GF) conditions (experiment 3). At 18 days posthatch (dph), they were orally inoculated either with 104 CFU of C. jejuni or with diluent. Cecal as well as systemic C. jejuni colonization, T- and B-cell numbers in the gut, and gut-associated tissue were compared between the different groups. Significantly higher numbers of CFU of C. jejuni were detected in the cecal contents of AT and GF birds, with higher colonization rates in spleen, liver, and ileum, than in birds with a conventional gut microbiota (P < 0.05). Significant upregulation of T and B lymphocyte numbers was detected in cecum, cecal tonsils, and bursa of Fabricius of AT or GF birds after C. jejuni inoculation compared to the respective controls (P < 0.05). This difference was less clear in birds with a conventional gut microbiota. Histopathological gut lesions were observed only in C. jejuni-inoculated AT and GF birds but not in microbiota-colonized C. jejuni-inoculated hatchmates. These results demonstrate that the gut microbiota may contribute to the control of C. jejuni colonization and prevent lesion development. Further studies are needed to identify key players of the gut microbiota and the mechanisms behind their protective role.
- MeSH
- antibakteriální látky farmakologie MeSH
- B-lymfocyty imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- bursa Fabricii účinky léků imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- Campylobacter jejuni účinky léků imunologie patogenita MeSH
- cékum účinky léků imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- gnotobiologické modely imunologie MeSH
- ileum účinky léků imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- interakce hostitele a patogenu imunologie MeSH
- játra účinky léků imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- kampylobakterové infekce imunologie mikrobiologie veterinární MeSH
- kur domácí MeSH
- mikrobiální interakce imunologie MeSH
- nemoci drůbeže imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- počet mikrobiálních kolonií MeSH
- slezina účinky léků imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- střevní mikroflóra imunologie MeSH
- T-lymfocyty imunologie mikrobiologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
The mycobiome is the fungal component of the human microbial ecosystem that represents only a small part of this environment but plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis. Colonization by fungi begins immediately after birth. The initial mycobiome is influenced by the gestational age of a newborn, birth weight, delivery method and feeding method. During a human's life, the composition of the mycobiome is further influenced by a large number of endogenous and exogenous factors. The most important factors are diet, body weight, age, sex and antibiotic and antifungal therapy. The human mycobiome inhabits the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract and skin. Its composition can influence the gut-brain axis through immune and non-immune mediated crosstalk systems. It also interacts with other commensals of the ecosystem through synergistic and antagonistic relationships. Moreover, colonization of the gut by opportunistic fungal pathogens in immunocompromised individuals can lead to clinically relevant disease states. Thus, the mycobiome represents an essential part of the microbiome associated with a variety of physiological and pathological processes. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the composition of the mycobiome in specific sites of the human body and its role in health and disease.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
IMPORTANCE: Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections (SSIs) and bloodstream infections (BSIs) are important complications of surgical procedures for which prevention remains suboptimal. Contemporary data on the incidence of and etiologic factors for these infections are needed to support the development of improved preventive strategies. OBJECTIVES: To assess the occurrence of postoperative S aureus SSIs and BSIs and quantify its association with patient-related and contextual factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This multicenter cohort study assessed surgical patients at 33 hospitals in 10 European countries who were recruited between December 16, 2016, and September 30, 2019 (follow-up through December 30, 2019). Enrolled patients were actively followed up for up to 90 days after surgery to assess the occurrence of S aureus SSIs and BSIs. Data analysis was performed between November 20, 2020, and April 21, 2022. All patients were 18 years or older and had undergone 11 different types of surgical procedures. They were screened for S aureus colonization in the nose, throat, and perineum within 30 days before surgery (source population). Both S aureus carriers and noncarriers were subsequently enrolled in a 2:1 ratio. EXPOSURE: Preoperative S aureus colonization. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The main outcome was cumulative incidence of S aureus SSIs and BSIs estimated for the source population, using weighted incidence calculation. The independent association of candidate variables was estimated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: In total, 5004 patients (median [IQR] age, 66 [56-72] years; 2510 [50.2%] female) were enrolled in the study cohort; 3369 (67.3%) were S aureus carriers. One hundred patients developed S aureus SSIs or BSIs within 90 days after surgery. The weighted cumulative incidence of S aureus SSIs or BSIs was 2.55% (95% CI, 2.05%-3.12%) for carriers and 0.52% (95% CI, 0.22%-0.91%) for noncarriers. Preoperative S aureus colonization (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 4.38; 95% CI, 2.19-8.76), having nonremovable implants (AHR, 2.00; 95% CI, 1.15-3.49), undergoing mastectomy (AHR, 5.13; 95% CI, 1.87-14.08) or neurosurgery (AHR, 2.47; 95% CI, 1.09-5.61) (compared with orthopedic surgery), and body mass index (AHR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08 per unit increase) were independently associated with S aureus SSIs and BSIs. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this cohort study of surgical patients, S aureus carriage was associated with an increased risk of developing S aureus SSIs and BSIs. Both modifiable and nonmodifiable etiologic factors were associated with this risk and should be addressed in those at increased S aureus SSI and BSI risk.
- MeSH
- infekce chirurgické rány prevence a kontrola MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mastektomie MeSH
- nádory prsu * komplikace MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stafylokokové infekce * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
The process of colonization of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs by the fungus Verticillium chlamydosporium was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The preparations were made by fractionation of egg suspension exposed to the fungus for four days and frozen in liquid nitrogen according to Stĕrba and Milácek (1986). Ovicidal fungus forms an abundant ramifying mycelial network in the area between the eggs. However, egg-shells are penetrated only by some hyphae without any penetration organs produced (simple hyphal penetration). In a liquid medium, after penetration, hyphae inside the eggs rapidly grow among inner structures of egg-shells and on the surface of developing larvae. In the next phase, hyphae colonize the developing larva. The eggs attacked by this fungus remain morphologically unchanged for a long time except the sites of penetration. Verticillium chlamydosporium is a fungus with unique ovicidal properties. It colonizes the eggs of Ascaris lumbricoides at all stages of embryo development and also attacks larvae inside the eggs.
Specific quantification of root-colonizing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by quantitative real-time PCR is a high-throughput technique, most suitable for determining abundances of AMF species or isolates in previously characterized experimental systems. The principal steps are the choice and validation of an appropriate assay to specifically amplify a gene fragment of the target AMF, preparation of templates from root samples, and quantification of the fungal gene copy numbers in these templates. The use of a suitable assay is crucial for a correct data collection but also highly specific for each experimental system and is therefore covered by general recommendations. Subsequently, specific steps are described for the validation of the assay using a standard dilution series, the determination of appropriate dilutions of DNA extracts from roots, and the quantification of the gene copy numbers in samples including calculations.
- MeSH
- DNA fungální genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- genová dávka genetika MeSH
- kořeny rostlin genetika mikrobiologie MeSH
- kvantitativní polymerázová řetězová reakce metody MeSH
- mykorhiza genetika izolace a purifikace MeSH
- půda MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
