svazky : ilustrace, tabulky ; 30 cm
- MeSH
- European Union MeSH
- Behavior, Addictive MeSH
- Drug Trafficking prevention & control statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Substance Abuse Detection statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Substance-Related Disorders prevention & control MeSH
- Policy Making MeSH
- Publication type
- Annual Report MeSH
- Geographicals
- Europe MeSH
- Conspectus
- Hygiena. Lidské zdraví
- NML Fields
- adiktologie
Autor se v příspěvku zabývá drogovým problémem. Především specifikuje drogovou scénu v České republice s porovnáním se Slovenskem. Dále autor charakterizuje některé specifické rysy v oblasti drog v roce 2001 ve Slovenské republice, které komparoval s Českou republikou. Na zřetel je brán také způsob získávání drog, který z pohledu obou zemí zůstává nezměněn a má dlouhodobý charakter. Na základě vymezení drogové trestné činnosti jsou uvedena některá opatření proti překupníkům z řad kosovoalbánské, turecké a bulharské komunity. Situace v oblasti nelegálního vývozu, dovozu, výroby a distribuce syntetických drog je uvedena jako další ohrožující problém pro společnost. Autor se pozastavuje nad některými specifiky jednotlivých etnických a dalších skupin pachatelů související s touto vymezenou oblastí, tedy související s drogovou scénou a bezpečnostními službami. Autor začlenil i určité skupiny pachatelů, které jsou vymezeny ve statistikách na horních místech. Jedná se především o asijské a arabské struktury. Drogová scéna souvisí také s vnějšími a vnitřními bezpečnostními riziky, které vymezují subjekty daného problému. Vymezuje prognózu dalšího vývoje, která se jeví jako negativní, např. v oblasti nárůstu počtu drogově závislých. Na závěr byly uvedeny specifické charakteristiky týkající se drogové scény.
The author of this contribution deals with the drug problem. Above all, heong specifies the drug scene in the Czech Republic and compares it with the scene in Slovakia. The author also characterizes some specific features in the sphere of drugs in the Slovak Republic in 2001, and these results are compared with the situation in the Czech Republic. Also considered in this contribution is the way of gaining drugs, which remains inchanged from the point of view of both countries and is of a long-term character. On the basis of the delimitation of drug criminal activities, there are mentioned certain measures to be taken against drug dealers from the Kosovo-Albanian, Turkish and Bulgarian communities. As another endangering problem for our society the situation is described here in the sphere of illegal export, import, production and distribution of synthetic drugs. The author deals with certain specific features of the individual ethnic and other groups of perpetrators related to this demarcated sphere, i.e. being in connection with the drug scene and security services. The author also included specific groups of perpetrators that are delimitated in statistical suveys on top positions. It is a case of mainly Asian and Arab structures. The drug scene is also interconnected with outer and inner security risks, being narrowed down by various subjects of the given problem. The contribution delimitates a prognosis of a further development, which seems to be rather negative, e.g. in the sphere of an increasing number of drug addicts. In conclusion three are mentioned specific characteristic features related to the drug scene.
... National Drug Policy and Its Context -- Drug Use and Its Consequences -- Prevention, Treatment, and Harm ... ... Reduction -- Drug-related Crime -- Drug Market ...
- MeSH
- Substance Abuse Treatment Centers classification MeSH
- Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Behavior, Addictive prevention & control therapy MeSH
- Drug Trafficking MeSH
- Substance-Related Disorders MeSH
- Drug Overdose mortality MeSH
- Prevalence MeSH
- National Health Programs economics legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Drug Users MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
Játra jsou největším orgánem v lidském organizmu. Hrají nezastupitelnou roli v metabolizmu, syntéze a uchovávání endogenních sloučenin, stejně jako v detoxikaci a exkreci exogenních sloučenin. Hepatotoxicitou rozumíme poškození jater v důsledku expozice chemické sloučenině, iatrogenním poškozením takové, které je navozené léčivými přípravky. Léčivé přípravky mohou mít hepatotoxické účinky nejen při předávkování, ale v mnoha případech i při užití v dávkách terapeutických. Článek se zabývá jednotlivými mechanizmy poškození jater a konkrétními skupinami léčiv.
The liver is the largest organ in the human body. It plays an essential role in the metabolism, synthesis, and storage of endogenous compounds as well as in detoxication and excretion of exogenous compounds. Hepatotoxicity refers to liver injury due to exposure to a chemical substance; iatrogenic injury is that which is induced by medicinal products. Medicinal products may have hepatotoxic effects not only as a result of overdose but, in many cases, even when used in therapeutic doses. The article deals with individual mechanisms of liver injury and particular drug groups.
- MeSH
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal adverse effects MeSH
- Anti-Retroviral Agents adverse effects MeSH
- Antitubercular Agents adverse effects MeSH
- Pharmacologic Actions MeSH
- Drug Therapy MeSH
- Iatrogenic Disease MeSH
- Liver metabolism drug effects MeSH
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury * etiology physiopathology therapy MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions MeSH
- Acetaminophen administration & dosage adverse effects MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Článek je členěn do čtyř částí. První dvě popisují aktuální situaci na drogové scéně v ČR, konkrétně počty uživatelů a zdravotní důsledky užívání nelegálních drog. Třetí část textu navazuje výkladem o systému péče o drogové uživatele a na závěr prezentujeme dostupné možnosti farmakoterapie a praktické péče o uživatele nelegálních drog. Charakter a rozsah příspěvku neumožňuje detailnější analýzu situace, omezíme se tedy na základní charakteristiky drogové problematiky a hlavní principy péče o uživatele drog.
The following text is divided into four parts. The first two describe the current situation at the drug scene in the Czech Republic, namely the numbers of users and health consequences of illicit drug use. Part three of the text deals with the system of care of drug users, and, in conclusion, the available pharmacotherapeutic options and practical care of illicit drug users are presented. The character and extent of the paper does not allow for a more detailed analysis of the situation; thus, the basic features of the drug issues and the main principles of care of drug users will only be addressed.
- MeSH
- Substance Abuse Treatment Centers statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Designer Drugs classification supply & distribution MeSH
- Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology MeSH
- Drug Users statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In silico prediction of drug-target interactions (DTI) could provide valuable information and speed-up the process of drug repositioning - finding novel usage for existing drugs. In our work, we focus on machine learning algorithms supporting drug-centric repositioning approach, which aims to find novel usage for existing or abandoned drugs. We aim at proposing a per-drug ranking-based method, which reflects the needs of drug-centric repositioning research better than conventional drug-target prediction approaches. METHODS: We propose Bayesian Ranking Prediction of Drug-Target Interactions (BRDTI). The method is based on Bayesian Personalized Ranking matrix factorization (BPR) which has been shown to be an excellent approach for various preference learning tasks, however, it has not been used for DTI prediction previously. In order to successfully deal with DTI challenges, we extended BPR by proposing: (i) the incorporation of target bias, (ii) a technique to handle new drugs and (iii) content alignment to take structural similarities of drugs and targets into account. RESULTS: Evaluation on five benchmark datasets shows that BRDTI outperforms several state-of-the-art approaches in terms of per-drug nDCG and AUC. BRDTI results w.r.t. nDCG are 0.929, 0.953, 0.948, 0.897 and 0.690 for G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR), Ion Channels (IC), Nuclear Receptors (NR), Enzymes (E) and Kinase (K) datasets respectively. Additionally, BRDTI significantly outperformed other methods (BLM-NII, WNN-GIP, NetLapRLS and CMF) w.r.t. nDCG in 17 out of 20 cases. Furthermore, BRDTI was also shown to be able to predict novel drug-target interactions not contained in the original datasets. The average recall at top-10 predicted targets for each drug was 0.762, 0.560, 1.000 and 0.404 for GPCR, IC, NR, and E datasets respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the evaluation, we can conclude that BRDTI is an appropriate choice for researchers looking for an in silico DTI prediction technique to be used in drug-centric repositioning scenarios. BRDTI Software and supplementary materials are available online at www.ksi.mff.cuni.cz/∼peska/BRDTI.
- MeSH
- Algorithms MeSH
- Bayes Theorem * MeSH
- Datasets as Topic MeSH
- Pharmacology * MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Drug Repositioning MeSH
- Machine Learning MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Nadměrná denní spavost (EDS - excessive daytime sleepiness) představuje závažný problém, mezi jehož nejtragičtější možné důsledky patří dopravní a jiné nehody. Tento přehledový článek je věnován zejména EDS vyvolané léky, kterou nelze vysvětlit negativním ovlivněním kvality a architektury nočního spánku až navozením noční insomnie, resp. výskytu parasomnie. Soustředí se na EDS, kterou léky vyvolávají "samy o sobě", nicméně hranice mezi různými farmakogenními příčinami EDS nebývá vždy ostrá. Budeme se v něm tedy zabývat především protizáchvatovými léčivy, anxiolytiky, antipsychotiky, antidepresivy, antiparkinsoniky, myorelaxancii, antihistaminiky, opioidy a koanalgetiky. Stručně se dotkneme také otázky, jak EDS vzniklou vlivem léčiva řešit.
Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a serious issue, with one of the most tragic potential consequences being traffic and other accidents. This review article particularly deals with drug-induced EDS that cannot be explained by negative effects on nocturnal sleep quality and architecture or by inducing nocturnal insomnia and/or the occurrence of parasomnia. It is focused on EDS induced by drugs in themselves; however, the distinction between various pharmacogenetic causes of EDS is not always clear cut. The main emphasis is placed on anti-seizure medications, anxiolytics, antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, antiparkinsonian drugs, muscle relaxants, antihistamines, opioids, and coanalgesics. The paper also briefly outlines how to manage drug-induced EDS.
- MeSH
- Antidepressive Agents pharmacology adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Histamine Antagonists pharmacology adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Antipsychotic Agents pharmacology adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Muscle Relaxants, Central pharmacology adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- GABA Antagonists pharmacology adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions classification MeSH
- Analgesics, Opioid pharmacology adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Disorders of Excessive Somnolence * chemically induced diagnosis drug therapy classification MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
Background: Aortic dissection is a dangerous condition with a high mortality in the acute stage. Aortic dissectionrequires early diagnosis and treatment.Methods and Results: This short review discusses and focuses on known complications of aortic dissection andits natural mortality applying data from already published reports and from cohorts and registers, especially IRAD.Survival data of patients with type A and type B of dissection are presented and treatment options are proposed. Thereview presents three interesting cases from our database pointing out mistakes made in the diagnostic process and indealing with the patient even after establishing the correct diagnosis. In one case, a patient with chest pain + “immeasurable”BP was suspected to suff er from an acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock instead of AoD + aorticbranch obstruction. In another patient with chest pain + V1V2 ST elevation, again the acute coronary syndrome wassuspected. In fact, AoD with a perforation to cardiac chambers through the interventricular septum was the explanation.In the third case, the correct diagnosis of AoD was established. This patient was at a signifi cant risk of aortic rupturebecause of his uncontrolled blood pressure. Instead of sedation administration and eff ective BP lowering, the patientwas stressed even more by detailed information about this life threatening disease. This led to an aortic rupture withcardiac tamponade. Other mistakes made when dealing with all these presented cases are also discussed.Conclusion: The high mortality in patients suff ering from aortic dissection is often potentiated by misdiagnosingand mishandling of these patients in clinical scenario.
- MeSH
- Aortic Aneurysm diagnosis complications therapy MeSH
- Diagnostic Errors prevention & control adverse effects MeSH
- Medical Errors prevention & control adverse effects MeSH
- Diagnostic Imaging methods utilization MeSH
- Aortic Dissection diagnosis complications therapy MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Drug Therapy methods utilization MeSH
- Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures methods utilization MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Mortality MeSH
- Aortic Rupture complications MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Practice Guidelines as Topic MeSH
- Cardiac Tamponade complications MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
- MeSH
- Substance Abuse Treatment Centers statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Criminal Behavior MeSH
- Drug Trafficking * statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Substance-Related Disorders * epidemiology prevention & control therapy MeSH
- National Health Programs economics statistics & numerical data legislation & jurisprudence MeSH
- Drug Users * statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Government Programs MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
