In the study the authors proposed a regression equation to estimate the intrinsic rates of fertility and natural increase from ratio of deceased in two age groups (D1+/ D20+, D3+/D20+ or D5+/D20+). Even despite the strong correlation (R = 0,90–0,93) the prediction intervals of the estimate are wide. Therefore, they see the use of this method as lying not in estimating the intrinsic rates for individual burial ground, but rather in the relative comparison of fertility rates or population growth between geographic units and/or between individual periods in prehistory and the middle ages.

• MeSH
• Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Paleontology MeSH
• Population Growth MeSH
• Birth Rate MeSH
• Regression Analysis MeSH
• Vital Statistics MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH

• MeSH
• Population Control MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Population Dynamics MeSH
• Vital Statistics MeSH
• Cities MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH
• Cities MeSH

• MeSH
• Anticoagulants pharmacology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Killer Cells, Natural MeSH
• Research Support as Topic MeSH
• Carcinoma, Lewis Lung immunology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Lung Neoplasms immunology   MeSH
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Case-Control Studies MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Animals MeSH

• MeSH
• Fertility MeSH
• Mortality MeSH
• Population Growth MeSH
• Vital Statistics MeSH

• MeSH
• Alcaligenes metabolism   MeSH
• Bacteria, Anaerobic metabolism   MeSH
• Biodegradation, Environmental MeSH
• Genetic Engineering methods   MeSH
• Gram-Negative Aerobic Bacteria metabolism   MeSH
• Polychlorinated Biphenyls metabolism   MeSH

Cardiovascular disease, while rare in women of reproductive age, is the main cause of mortality in menopause. The purpose of our study was to determine the association of natural menopause with cardiovascular risk factors, including their clustering into metabolic syndrome (MS). A random 5 % representative population sample of women aged 45-54 years was examined. In 575 women, we were able to determine their natural reproductive aging status. Multiple regression analysis was used to calculate the association between age, menopausal status, and risk factors under study. After adjustment for age, there was an increase in the odds ratio of developing MS, as defined by NCEP (OR=2.0; 95 % CI [1.1; 3.7]), and an increase in plasma lipid ratios (total cholesterol/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, apolipoprotein-B/apolipoprotein-A1; p<0.05 for all) in postmenopausal women. Age, but not menopausal status, was associated with some single components of MS; only waist circumference significantly increased after menopause, independently of age. Clustering of risk factors in MS and lipid ratios (combined factors) was strongly associated with menopause whereas worsening of single components of MS was strongly associated with age. In conclusion, based on our results, the menopause may pose a risk to women through clustering of cardiovascular risk factors beyond simple aging.

• MeSH
• Cholesterol, HDL blood   metabolism   MeSH
• Body Mass Index MeSH
• Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology   metabolism   MeSH
• Cholesterol, LDL blood   metabolism   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Metabolic Syndrome metabolism   MeSH
• Postmenopause blood   metabolism   MeSH
• Regression Analysis MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH

Cytokinins are phytohormones that are involved in many processes in plants, including growth, differentiation and leaf senescence. However, they also have various activities in animals. For example, kinetin and trans-zeatin can reduce levels of several aging markers in human fibroblasts. Kinetin can also protect mice against oxidative and glyoxidative stress, and prolong fruit flies' lifespan. Additionally, several cytokinins are currently used in cosmetics. To extend knowledge of the breadth of cytokinins' activities, we examined effects of natural cytokinin bases on the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. We found that kinetin, para-topolin and meta-topolin prolonged the lifespan of C. elegans. Kinetin also protected the organism against oxidative and heat stress. Furthermore, our results suggest that presence of reactive oxygen species, but not DAF-16 (the main effector of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway), is required for the beneficial effects of kinetin. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric analysis showed that kinetin is unlikely to occur naturally in C. elegans, but the worm efficiently absorbs and metabolizes it into kinetin riboside and kinetin riboside-5'-monophosphate.

• MeSH
• Caenorhabditis elegans drug effects   genetics   physiology   MeSH
• Cytokinins pharmacokinetics   pharmacology   MeSH
• Longevity drug effects   physiology   MeSH
• Forkhead Transcription Factors genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Insulin metabolism   MeSH
• Kinetin pharmacokinetics   pharmacology   MeSH
• Mutation MeSH
• Oxidative Stress drug effects   MeSH
• Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Heat-Shock Response drug effects   MeSH
• Reactive Oxygen Species metabolism   MeSH
• Plant Growth Regulators pharmacokinetics   pharmacology   MeSH
• Signal Transduction drug effects   MeSH
• Thermotolerance drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

Polosyntetické a syntetické polymery našly své uplatnění v technologii hydrofilních matricových systémů s řízeným uvolňováním léčiva zejména v oblasti perorální aplikace. V poslední době vzrůstá zájem také o přírodní polymerní látky, jejichž přednosti spočívají v bezpečnosti, snadné dostupnosti a relativně nízké ceně. Představují tak zajímavou možnost v rozšíření výběru nových konstitutivních pomocných látek. Přehledný článek uvádí nejdůležitější přírodní polymery: alginany, karageny, arabskou gumu, pektiny, galaktomanany, ispaghulu a xantanovou gumu jako potenciální nosiče pro perorální hydrofilní systémy s řízenou liberací léčiv, popisuje jejich původ, vlastnosti a možnosti jejich využití ve farmacii.

Semisynthetic and synthetic polymers have found their use in the technology of hydrophilic matrix systems with controlled release of the active ingredient, in particular in oral administration. In the recent period, there is increased interest also in natural polymeric substances, whose advantage consists in safety, easy availability, and a relatively low price. They thus represent an interesting possibility to extend the selection of novel constitutive auxiliary substances. The present review paper surveys the most important natural polymers: alginans, carageens, Arabic gum, pectins, galactomanans, ispaghul, and xantan gum as potential carriers for oral hydrophilic systems with controlled release of active ingredients and describes its origin, properties, and possible uses in pharmacy.

• MeSH
• Alginates chemistry   isolation & purification   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Gum Arabic chemistry   isolation & purification   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Galactans chemistry   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Carrageenan chemistry   isolation & purification   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Drug Carriers administration & dosage   pharmacokinetics   chemistry   MeSH
• Pectins chemistry   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Polymers chemistry   isolation & purification   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Review Literature as Topic MeSH
• Drug Delivery Systems MeSH
• Tablets administration & dosage   MeSH

• MeSH
• Killer Cells, Natural physiology   immunology   drug effects   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Lymphocytes physiology   immunology   drug effects   MeSH
• Natural Killer T-Cells physiology   immunology   drug effects   MeSH
• Flow Cytometry MeSH
• Arthritis, Rheumatoid * drug therapy   immunology   MeSH
• Rituximab * pharmacology   immunology   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Severity of Illness Index MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Publication type
• Clinical Trial MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Úvod: Remitenční spektrofotometrie je neinvazivní vyšetřovací metoda, která zatím není rutinněvyužívána v klinické praxi dermatologa. Pokusili jsme se v rámci krátké studie ověřit možnost jejíhopoužití při měření intenzity přirozené pigmentace kůže člověka.Materiál a metodika: U 64 zdravých dobrovolníků jsme v zimních a jarních měsících provedlistanovení kožního fototypu převzatou dotazníkovou metodou a následně měření remitenčním spektrofotometremna neosluněné kůži hýždí. Provedeným měřením jsme získali kontinuální křivkuzávislosti remitence elektromagnetického záření v oblasti 400-950 nm na jeho vlnové délce. Provedenoutransverzální analýzou jsme porovnali výsledky spektrofotometrických měření s ohledem nadotazníkem zjištěný fototyp jednotlivých členů souboru.Výsledky: Výpočtem průměrného skóre každé otázky použitého dotazníku pro skupinu pacientůse stejným fototypem jsme zjistili plynulý nárůst tohoto skóre od fototypu I k fototypu IV, a to vevšech otázkách dotazníku. Porovnáním spektrofotometrických křivek jsme zjistili měřitelné rozdílymezi jedinci různých fototypů. Rozdíly mezi jednotlivými fototypy odpovídají známýmbiofyzikálnímvlastnostem kůže.Závěr: Použitá dotazníková metoda je použitelná k rozdělení bělošské populace do 4 známýchskupin podle fototypu kůže. Remitenční spektrofotometrie je rychlá a neinvazivní vyšetřovacímetoda, která poskytuje objektivní výsledky měření barvy kůže, tedy i intenzity její přirozenépigmentace.

Background: Remittend spectrophotometry is non invasive investigation method, which is notyet routinely used in dermatological clinical practice. In this short study we evaluated possibilitiesof its use in a measurement of human skin natural pigmentation intensity.Material and methods: During winter and spring months we performed evaluation of skinphototype by means of adopted questionnaire method followed by remittend spectrophometrymeasurement of non sun-exposed skin of buttocks in 64 healthy volunteers. The spectrophotometrymeasurement yielded a continual curve of dependency of electromagnetic radiation in range of400-950 nm remittence on its wave length. We performed transversal analysis and compared measurementresults with skin phototype of volunteers obtained by questionnaire.Results: Calculation of average score for every questionnaire question used in the tested groupwith the same skin phototype we found a continual increase of this score from a skin phototype I toa skin phototype IV in all questions of the questionnaire. By a comparison of spectrophotometriccurves we found out measurable differences in individuals of different skin phototype. The differencesbetween individual skin phototypes correspond to known biophysical properties of the skin.Conclusion: The used questionnaire method is suitable for differentiation of Caucasians in4 known group according to a skin phototype. The remittend spectrophotometry is a rapid non-invasiveinvestigation method which offers objective results of skin color measurement including theintensity of its natural pigmentation.

• MeSH
• Chromatophores MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Phenotype MeSH
• Research Support as Topic MeSH
• Skin Absorption MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Skin Pigmentation physiology   MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Sunlight MeSH
• Spectrophotometry methods   instrumentation   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Comparative Study MeSH