budding
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
Penile squamous cell carcinoma (pSCC) represents an uncommon malignancy characterized by stagnant mortality, psychosexual distress, and a highly variable prognosis. Currently, the World Health Organization distinguishes between human papillomavirus (HPV)-related and HPV-independent pSCC. Recently, there has been an evolving line of research documenting the enrichment of HPV-independent pSCC with a high tumor mutational burden (TMB) and programmed death ligand-1 expression, as well as clusters of genes associated with HPV status. In this study, we conducted comprehensive next-generation sequencing DNA profiling of 146 pSCC samples using a panel consisting of 355 genes associated with tumors. This profiling was correlated with immunohistochemical markers and prognostic clinical data. A survival analysis of recurrent genomic events (found in ≥10 cases) was performed. TP53, CDKN2A, ATM, EPHA7, POT1, CHEK1, GRIN2A, and EGFR alterations were associated with significantly shortened overall survival in univariate and multivariate analysis. HPV positivity, diagnosed through both p16 immunohistochemistry and HPV DNA analysis, displayed no impact on survival but was associated with high-grade, lymphatic invasion, programmed death ligand-1 negativity/weak expression, and low TMB. FAT1, TP53, CDKN2A, CASP8, and HRAS were more often mutated in HPV-independent pSCC. In contrast, HPV-associated pSCCs were enriched by EPHA7, ATM, GRIN2A, and CHEK1 mutations. PIK3CA, FAT1, FBXW7, and KMT2D mutations were associated with high TMB. NOTCH1, TP53, CDKN2A, POT1, KMT2D, ATM, CHEK1, EPHA3, and EGFR alterations were related to adverse clinicopathologic signs, such as advanced stage, high tumor budding, and lymphovascular invasion. We detected 160 alterations with potential treatment implications, with 21.2% of samples showing alterations in the homologous recombination repair pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this study describes the largest cohort of pSCC with complex molecular pathologic, clinical, and prognostic analysis correlating with prognosis.
- MeSH
- ATM protein genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- erbB receptory genetika MeSH
- infekce papilomavirem MeSH
- inhibitor p16 cyklin-dependentní kinasy genetika MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nádorové biomarkery * genetika analýza MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 genetika MeSH
- nádory penisu * genetika mortalita patologie virologie MeSH
- prognóza MeSH
- proteiny vázající telomery MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- shelterinový komplex MeSH
- spinocelulární karcinom * genetika mortalita patologie virologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Yeasts are unicellular fungi that occur in a wide range of ecological niches, where they perform numerous functions. Furthermore, these microorganisms are used in industrial processes, food production, and bioremediation. Understanding the physiological and adaptive characteristics of yeasts is of great importance from ecological, biotechnological, and industrial perspectives. In this context, we evaluated the abilities to assimilate and ferment different carbon sources, to produce extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, and to tolerate salt stress, heavy metal stress, and UV-C radiation of two isolates of Eremothecium coryli, isolated from Momordica indica fruits. The two isolates were molecularly identified based on sequencing of the 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region. Our isolates were able to assimilate nine carbon sources (dextrose, galactose, mannose, cellobiose, lactose, maltose, sucrose, melezitose, and pectin) and ferment three (glucose, maltose, and sucrose). The highest values of cellular dry weight were observed in the sugars maltose, sucrose, and melezitose. We observed the presence of hyphae and pseudohyphae in all assimilated carbon sources. The two isolates were also capable of producing amylase, catalase, pectinase, and proteases, with the highest values of enzymatic activity found in amylase. Furthermore, the two isolates were able to grow in media supplemented with copper, iron, manganese, nickel, and zinc and to tolerate saline stress in media supplemented with 5% NaCl. However, we observed a decrease in CFU at higher concentrations of these metals and NaCl. We also observed morphological changes in the presence of metals, which include changes in cell shape and cellular dimorphisms. The isolates were sensitive to UV-C radiation in the shortest exposure time (1 min). Our findings reinforce the importance of endophytic yeasts for biotechnological and industrial applications and also help to understand how these microorganisms respond to environmental variations caused by human activities.
- MeSH
- endofyty * izolace a purifikace genetika metabolismus fyziologie klasifikace účinky záření MeSH
- fermentace MeSH
- fylogeneze MeSH
- fyziologický stres * MeSH
- metabolismus sacharidů * MeSH
- ovoce * mikrobiologie MeSH
- Saccharomycetales * izolace a purifikace genetika fyziologie metabolismus účinky záření klasifikace MeSH
- těžké kovy toxicita MeSH
- ultrafialové záření MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) control organ morphogenesis during development as well as tissue homeostasis and repair in the adult organism. Despite their importance, many mechanisms that regulate FGF function are still poorly understood. Interestingly, the thermodynamic stability of 22 mammalian FGFs varies widely, with some FGFs remaining stable at body temperature for more than 24 h, while others lose their activity within minutes. How thermodynamic stability contributes to the function of FGFs during development remains unknown. Here we show that FGF10, an important limb and lung morphogen, exists as an intrinsically unstable protein that is prone to unfolding and is rapidly inactivated at 37 °C. Using rationally driven directed mutagenesis, we have developed several highly stable (STAB) FGF10 variants with a melting temperature of over 19 °C more than that of wildtype FGF10. In cellular assays in vitro, the FGF10-STABs did not differ from wildtype FGF10 in terms of binding to FGF receptors, activation of downstream FGF receptor signaling in cells, and induction of gene expression. In mouse embryonal lung explants, FGF10-STABs, but not wildtype FGF10, suppressed branching, resulting in increased alveolarization and expansion of epithelial tissue. Similarly, FGF10-STAB1, but not FGF10 wildtype, inhibited the growth of mouse embryonic tibias and markedly altered limb morphogenesis when implanted into chicken limb buds, collectively demonstrating that thermal instability should be considered an important regulator of FGF function that prevents ectopic signaling. Furthermore, we show enhanced differentiation of human iPSC-derived lung organoids and improved regeneration in ex vivo lung injury models mediated by FGF10-STABs, suggesting an application in cell therapy.
- MeSH
- fibroblastový růstový faktor 10 * metabolismus genetika chemie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- plíce metabolismus embryologie MeSH
- receptory fibroblastových růstových faktorů metabolismus MeSH
- signální transdukce * MeSH
- stabilita proteinů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- myši MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
The FGF signaling pathway plays an important role in the regulation of limb development, controlling cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Sprouty proteins act as antagonists of the FGF pathway and control the extent of FGF signaling as part of a negative feedback loop. Sprouty2/4 deficient mice evince defects in endochondral bone formation and digit patterning in their forelimbs, with pathogenesis recently related to ciliopathies. To understand the mechanisms behind these pathologies, the limb defects in Sprouty2+/-;Sprouty4-/- male and female mice were characterized and correlated to the dynamic expression patterns of Sprouty2 and Sprouty4, and the impact on the main signaling centers of the limb bud was assessed. Sprouty2 and Sprouty4 exhibited dynamic expressions during limb development. Interestingly, despite similar expression patterns in all limbs, the hindlimbs did not evince any obvious alterations in development, while the forelimbs showed consistent phenotypes of variable severity. Prenatally as well as postnatally, the left forelimb was significantly more severely affected than the right one. A broad variety of pathologies was present in the autopodium of the forelimb, including changes in digit number, size, shape, and number of bones, hand clefts, and digit fusions. Ectopic ossification of bones and abnormal bone fusions detected in micro-CT scans were frequently observed in the digital as well as in the carpal and metacarpal areas. Sprouty2+/-;Sprouty4-/- limb buds showed patchy loss of Fgf8 expression in the apical ectodermal ridge, and a loss of tissue underlying these regions. The zone of polarizing activity was also impacted, with lineage analysis highlighting a change in the contribution of Sonic hedgehog expressing cells. These findings support the link between Sproutys and Hedgehog signaling during limb development and highlight the importance of Sprouty2 and Sprouty4 in controlling early signaling centers in the limb.
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Candida haemulonii complex (Candida haemulonii [I], Candida duobushaemulonii [II], and Candida haemulonii var. vulnera [III]) has become relevant in recent times, not so much because of a high incidence in human clinical sample cultures but because of its remarkable antifungal resistance. The objective of this study was to evaluate several methods for the identification of this uncommon species of Candida. Ten isolates of C. haemulonii were identified by biochemical and proteomic methods, and their antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by both commercial and reference methods. MALDI-TOF MS (Vitek MS and Vitek MS PRIME) and Vitek2 correctly identified these genera but API method did not. There was a good correlation between the commercial methods and the reference methods for the AST. In conclusion Vitek MS, Vitek MS PRIME, and Vitek2 systems, but not API32C, are reliable for identification of C. haemulonii complex. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF MS systems could identify to the subspecies level. Commercial methods for antifungal susceptibility testing are valid for the study of this species and confirm amphotericin B and to azole resistance.
Homologous recombination involves the formation of branched DNA molecules that may interfere with chromosome segregation. To resolve these persistent joint molecules, cells rely on the activation of structure-selective endonucleases (SSEs) during the late stages of the cell cycle. However, the premature activation of SSEs compromises genome integrity, due to untimely processing of replication and/or recombination intermediates. Here, we used a biochemical approach to show that the budding yeast SSEs Mus81 and Yen1 possess the ability to cleave the central recombination intermediate known as the displacement loop or D-loop. Moreover, we demonstrate that, consistently with previous genetic data, the simultaneous action of Mus81 and Yen1, followed by ligation, is sufficient to recreate the formation of a half-crossover precursor in vitro. Our results provide not only mechanistic explanation for the formation of a half-crossover, but also highlight the critical importance for precise regulation of these SSEs to prevent chromosomal rearrangements.
- MeSH
- crossing over (genetika) * MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- endonukleasy * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- homologní rekombinace MeSH
- resolvasy Hollidayova spoje metabolismus genetika MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae - proteiny * metabolismus genetika MeSH
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae genetika metabolismus MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Odloučení placenty může být katastrofální událostí s následky pro matku i plod. Prezentujeme masivní odloučení placenty, ke kterému došlo u mladé asymptomatické matky v 30. týdnu těhotenství. Ačkoli elektronický monitoring plodu a ultrazvuk umožnily rychlou diagnózu retroplacentárního hematomu o velikosti 8 × 5 cm, plod během akutního císařského řezu odumřel. Plod byl intubován a resuscitován, ale neúspěšně. Histologické vyšetření placenty prokázalo ztenčené a na sebe navrstvené choriové klky se zvýšeným množstvím kapilár a syncitiálními hnízdy a ložisky fibrinoidní nekrózy za přítomnosti hyalinních pruhů jak na straně matky, tak na straně plodu.
Abruptio placenta can be a catastrophic event with a high association with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. We present a case of massive abruptio placenta occurring in a young asymptomatic mother at 30 weeks‘ gestation. Although electronic fetal monitoring and ultrasound allowed a prompt diagnosis of an 8 × 5 cm retroplacental hematoma, the fetus died at the time of emergency cesarean section. The fetus was intubated, but could not be resuscitated. Histologic examination of the placenta documented thinning and stacked hypercapillarized villi, with syncytial buds and foci of fibrinoid necrosis in the presence of hyaline streaks on both the maternal and fetal sides.
- MeSH
- bolesti zad etiologie MeSH
- císařský řez metody MeSH
- děložní krvácení diagnostické zobrazování etiologie patologie MeSH
- distres plodu diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- hematom diagnostické zobrazování etiologie patologie MeSH
- histologické techniky MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- monitorování plodu MeSH
- narození mrtvého plodu MeSH
- předčasné odlučování placenty * diagnostické zobrazování patologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ultrasonografie MeSH
- Check Tag
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Nádory penisu patří mezi poměrně vzácná onkologická onemocnění se značně variabilní prognózou. Nejdůležitějším ukazatelem nádorově specifického přežití (cancer specific survival, CSS) je postižení regionálních lymfatických uzlin, které nemusí být při klinickém vyšetření či konvenčními zobrazovacími metodami identifikováno. Z toho důvodu jsou v současnosti zkoumány nové prognostické a terapeuticko-indikační markery dlaždicobuněčného karcinomu penisu (penile squamous cell carcinoma, SCC) na histologické, imunohistochemické a molekulární úrovni. Ačkoliv WHO klasifikuje pSCC na HPV-asociovaný a HPV-independentní, vliv HPV statutu na prognózu je podle řady studií a našich dat sporný. V naší studii byl zjištěn negativní prognostický vliv nádorového grade buddingu na celkové přežití (overall survival, OS) i CSS. Nádorový budding byl u SCC aso- ciován s metastatickým postižením regionálních lymfatických uzlin. Prognostický význam infiltrace imunitními buňkami u pSCC zkoumá jen málo relevantních studií. V naší studii byl řídký/chybějící lymfocytární lem signifikantně asociovaný s kratším OS i CSS. Mutovaný profil p53 koreluje s agresivním fenotypem a nepříznivou prognózou u mnoha typů nádorů včetně pSCC. V naší práci jsme potvrdili jeho negativní prognostický dopad na OS i CSS. Vysoká nádorová mutační nálož (tumor mutational burden, TMB) byla asociovaná s kratším OS, s vysokou expresí programmed death ligandu 1 (PD-L1) a HPV/p16 negativitou. Nález časté PD-L1 pozitivity u HPV-negativních nádorů s vysokým TMB ilustruje onkogenezi pSCC v souvislosti s chronickým zánětem, vysokým množstvím získaných mutací a produkcí neoantigenů (PD-L1) a činí z nemocných s HPV-independentními SCC kandidáty anti-PD-1/PD-L1 léčby. Popsané znaky, jako je nádorový budding, lymfocytární infiltrát a p53, korelují s přežitím významněji než pT stadium, histopatologický grade nebo morfologický subtyp karcinomu penisu.
Penile cancer is a relatively rare malignancy with a highly variable prognosis. The most important indicator of cancer specific survival (CSS) is the involvement of regional lymph nodes, which may not be identified during clinical examination or by conventional imaging methods. For that reason, new prognostic and therapeutic markers of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are currently being investigated at the histological, immunohistochemical and molecular level. Although the WHO classifies penile SCC into HPV-associated and HPV-independent, the prognostic impact of HPV status remains questionable according to several studies and our data. In our study, a negative prognostic effect of tumour grade budding on overall survival (OS) and CSS was found. Tumour budding has been associated with the metastatic involvement of regional lymph nodes in penile SCC. A few relevant studies have investigated the prognostic significance of immune cell infiltration in pSCC. In our study, a non-brisk/absent lymphocyte infiltrate was significantly associated with shorter OS and CSS. Mutated p53 profile correlates with aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis in many tumour types including penile SCC. Our data confirmed its negative prognostic impact on both OS and CSS. High tumour mutational burden (TMB) was associated with shorter OS, with high programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and HPV/p16 negativity. The PD-L1 positivity enrichment in HPV-negative tumours harboring high TMB illustrates pSCC oncogenesis in association with chronic inflammation, high amount of acquired mutations, and neoantigen (PD-L1) production. This discovery suggests that patients with HPV-independent SCC could be suitable candidates for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment. In summary, tumour budding, tumour lymphocytic infiltration and p53 show a stronger correlation with survival outcomes compared to factors such as pT stage, histopathological grade or morphological subtype in penile carcinoma.
- MeSH
- biologické markery * analýza MeSH
- infekce papilomavirem komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metastázy nádorů patofyziologie MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- nádorový supresorový protein p53 škodlivé účinky MeSH
- nádory penisu * chirurgie diagnóza terapie MeSH
- prognóza * MeSH
- tumor infiltrující lymfocyty patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Patients with burn injury and inhalation injury are highly susceptible to infectious complications, including opportunistic pathogens, due to the loss of skin cover and mucosal damage of respiratory tract as well as the disruption of homeostasis. This case report, a 34-year-old man suffered critical burns, provides the first literature description of triple-impact immunoparalysis (critical burns, inhalation injury, and SARS-CoV-2 infection), leading to a lethal multifocal infection caused by several fungi including very rare environmental representatives Metschnikowia pulcherrima and Wickerhamomyces anomalus. The co-infection by these common environmental yeasts in a human is unique and has not yet been described in the literature. Importantly, our patient developed refractory septic shock and died despite targeted antifungal therapy including the most potent current antifungal agent-isavuconazole. It can be assumed that besides immunoparalysis, effectiveness of therapy by isavuconazole was impaired by the large distribution volume in this case. As this is a common situation in intensive care patients, routine monitoring of plasmatic concentration of isavuconazole can be helpful in personalization of the treatment and dose optimization. Whatmore, many fungal species often remain underdiagnosed during infectious complications, which could be prevented by implementation of new methods, such as next-generation sequencing, into clinical practice.
- MeSH
- antifungální látky * terapeutické užití MeSH
- COVID-19 * imunologie komplikace MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- fatální výsledek MeSH
- koinfekce mikrobiologie farmakoterapie imunologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mykózy farmakoterapie mikrobiologie imunologie diagnóza MeSH
- nitrily terapeutické užití MeSH
- popálení komplikace mikrobiologie MeSH
- pyridiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- Saccharomycetales genetika účinky léků imunologie MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 imunologie MeSH
- sepse farmakoterapie mikrobiologie imunologie MeSH
- triazoly terapeutické užití MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- kazuistiky MeSH
