• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Weight Gain MeSH
• Weight Loss MeSH
• Body Mass Index MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Linear Models MeSH
• Logistic Models MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Follow-Up Studies MeSH
• Thyroid Diseases blood   physiopathology   MeSH
• Waist Circumference MeSH
• Waist-Hip Ratio MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Thyrotropin blood   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Overall MeSH
• Geographicals
• Norway MeSH

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Tumor recurrence develops in 45-80% of patients after liver surgery for colorectal liver metastases. To assess the significance of preoperative tumor marker levels for disease free interval (DFI) and patient survival (PS) after liver surgery. METHODOLOGY: Preoperative serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen--CEA, CA 19-9, CA 72-4, thymidine kinase (TK), tissue polypeptide antigen (TPA) and tissue polypeptide specific antigen (TPS) were evaluated in 173 patients operated on for colorectal liver metastases (CLM). Liver resection was performed on 114 patients and radiofrequency ablation on 59 patients. RESULTS: Preoperative serum levels of TPA (cut off level = 53 IU/L, Hazard ratio = 4.5, Wilcoxon test: p < 0.01, Log-Rank test: p < 0.03) and TPS (cut off level = 81 IU/L, Hazard ratio = 5.1, Wilcoxon test: p < 0.007, Log-Rank test: p < 0.009) were important for PS and DFI after liver resection (TPA: cut off level = 53 IU/L, Hazard ratio = 3.5, Wilcoxon test: n.s., Log-Rank test: n.s.; TPS: cut off level = 81 IU/l, Hazard ratio = 2.6, Wilcoxon test: p < 0.02, Log-Rank: p < 0.06). TPA serum levels were important for PS (Wilcoxon test--p < 0.003, Log-Rank test--p < 0.0002) and DFI after RFA (Wilcoxon test--p< 0.001, Log-Rank Test--p < 0.0001). TPS serum levels also correlated with PS (Wilcoxon test--p < 0.005, Log-Rank test--p < 0.003) and DFI after RFA (Wilcoxon test--p < 0.001, Log-Rank Test--p< 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: TPA and TPS are important predictive markers for PS and DFI after liver resections and radiofrequency ablations for CLM.

• MeSH
• Catheter Ablation MeSH
• Colorectal Neoplasms surgery   blood   pathology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Biomarkers, Tumor blood   MeSH
• Liver Neoplasms surgery   blood   secondary   MeSH
• Statistics, Nonparametric MeSH
• Predictive Value of Tests MeSH
• Preoperative Care MeSH
• Prognosis MeSH
• Proportional Hazards Models MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Randomized Controlled Trial MeSH

Východiska: Malnutrice u nemocných s rakovinou hlavy a krku snižuje přežití, kvalitu života (quality of life – QOL) i ostatní onkologické výstupy. Cílem tříleté prospektivní studie bylo srovnání QOL, klinického stavu a symptomů s řadou proměnných (komplikace, přežití, mortalita nemocných s rakovinou hlavy a krku). Soubor pacientů a metody: Do sledování jsme přijali celkem 726 pacientů ve věku 55–72 let s léčitelnou rakovinou hlavy a krku v období od ledna 2004 do prosince 2009. Pacienti byli randomizováni do dvou skupin – s PEG a enterální výživou a do skupiny bez PEG, s doporučením nutričních přípravků podle lokální praxe. Pro sledování QOL jsme použili dotazníky QOL EORTC C-30 a modul HN-35 (pro měření QOL s rakovinou). Dále jsme zařadili demografická data, onkologická data, nutriční vyšetření, sledování klinických symptomů, Karnofského skórování, Charlsonův index komorbidit a laboratorní ukazatele. Sledování bylo realizováno v pěti kontrolách během následujících tří let. Výsledky: V prvních šesti měsících jsme nalezli v obou sledovaných skupinách pokles hmotnosti i snížení body mass indexu (BMI). Po překlenutí kritického období a ukončení onkologické léčby došlo k významnému odlišení vývoje většiny sledovaných parametrů ve prospěch nemocných s PEG. Negativní faktory ovlivňující přežití, QOL i klinický stav jsou mužské pohlaví, věk > 63 let, hypofaryngeální karcinom ve stadiu III–IV, kouření, ztráta hmotnosti > 10 %, BMI < 21 a neakceptování PEG. Závěr: QOL je zásadním faktorem pro nemocné s nádorovým onemocněním. Naše sledování ukázalo, že časná nutriční intervence formou enterální výživy může zlepšit QOL, má příznivý vliv na další vývoj malnutrice i přežití nemocných s rakovinou hlavy a krku. Skupina nemocných s PEG lépe tolerovala onkologickou léčbu nižším výskytem komplikací a kratším časem k návratu ke stabilnímu zvyšování hmotnosti. Zjistili jsme, že sledování QOL jsou nesmírně cenné pro vzájemné lepší porozumění, komunikaci a je klíčovým nástrojem pro zlepšení řešení obtíží pacienta během léčby v rámci multidisciplinárního přístupu.

Background: Malnutrition in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients decreases survival, quality of life (QOL) and oncological outcomes. The aim of the prospective three-year study was to compare QOL, clinical symptoms and variables (complications, survival and mortality rates in HNC patients). Patients and Methods: A total of 726 patients aged 55 to 72 years with treatable HNC were included from January 2004 to December 2009; these patients were randomized to either group with PEG and enteral nutrition and nonPEG group with nutritional counselling according to nutritional care. We used EORTC questionnaires QOL C-30 and Head and neck module (HN-35) for measuring of QOL. The following variables due to expectable influence on QOL (demographic data, oncological data, nutritional screening, Clinical symptom score, Karnofsky performance status score, Charlson comorbidity index) were included. Monitoring was done five times in three years. Results: In the first six months, we found decrease of weight and body mass index (BMI). After this critical time point and finish of oncological treatment, a marked difference in the development of patients treated with PEG. Negative factors influencing patients survival, QOL, clinical status were males aged > 63 years, hypopharyngeal cancer (stage III–IV), smoking, weight loss > 10%, BMI < 21 and disallowance of PEG. Conclusions: QOL is an essential factor for cancer patients. Our study showed that nutritional intervention with early enteral nutrition may improve QOL and survival in HNC patients. The PEG group better tolerated oncological treatment, had lower incidence of complications, shorter time to re-entry of permanent increase in weight, lower rate of rehospitalization and its shorter length. We found QOL questionnaires to be very important for better understanding and communication and a key instrument for improving solution of patient’s difficulties during their therapy in multidisciplinary approach. Key words: head and neck cancer – quality of life – EORTC – C-30 – HN-35 – PEG – malnutrition The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers. Submitted: 16. 4. 2015 Accepted: 4. 5. 2015

• Keywords
• Clinical Symptome Score, perkutánní endoskopická gastrostomie (PEG),
• MeSH
• Survival Analysis MeSH
• Analysis of Variance MeSH
• Enteral Nutrition * MeSH
• Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal MeSH
• Gastrostomy * MeSH
• Weight Loss MeSH
• Body Mass Index MeSH
• Cachexia diagnosis   diet therapy   prevention & control   MeSH
• Karnofsky Performance Status MeSH
• Smoking adverse effects   MeSH
• Quality of Life MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Linear Models MeSH
• Head and Neck Neoplasms * mortality   MeSH
• Malnutrition diagnosis   diet therapy   MeSH
• Likelihood Functions MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Regression Analysis MeSH
• Sex Distribution MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Health Status MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Comparative Study MeSH

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To examine whether psychosocial factors at work are related to self rated health in post-communist countries. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Random samples of men and women in five communities in four countries were sent a postal questionnaire (Poland, Czech Republic and Lithuania) or were invited to an interview (Hungary). Working subjects (n=3941) reported their self rated health in the past 12 months (5 point scale), their socioeconomic circumstances, perceived control over life, and the following aspects of the psychosocial work environment: job control, job demand, job variety, social support, and effort and reward at work (to calculate a ratio of effort/reward imbalance). As the results did not differ by country, pooled analyses were performed. Odds ratios of poor or very poor health ("poor health") were estimated for a 1 SD increase in the scores of work related factors. MAIN RESULTS: The overall prevalence of poor health was 6% in men and 7% in women. After controlling for age, sex and community, all work related factors were associated with poor health (p<0.05). After further adjustment for perceived control, only two work related factors remained associated with poor health; the odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for 1 SD increase in the effort/reward ratio (log transformed) and job variety were 1.51 (1.29, 1.78) and 0.82 (0.73, 1.00), respectively. Further adjustment for all work related factors did not change these estimates. There were no interactions between individual work related factors, but the effects of job control and social support at work differed by marital status, and the odds ratio of job demand increased with increasing education. CONCLUSIONS: The continuous measure of effort/reward imbalance at work was a powerful determinant of self rated health in these post-communist populations. Although the cross sectional design does not allow firm conclusions as to causality, this study suggests that the effect of the psychosocial work environment is not confined to Western populations.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Odds Ratio MeSH
• Attitude to Health MeSH
• Workplace psychology   MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Health Status * MeSH
• Health Surveys * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH
• Lithuania MeSH
• Hungary MeSH
• Poland MeSH

• MeSH
• Biometry methods   MeSH
• Statistics as Topic MeSH
• Publication type
• Monograph MeSH

• Conspectus
• Demografie. Populace
• NML Fields
• demografie
• statistika, zdravotnická statistika

Psychosocial factors at work have been found to predict a range of health outcomes but their effect on mental health outcomes has not been extensively studied. This paper explores the relationship between psychosocial factors at work and depression in three countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The data come from a cross-sectional study of working men (n = 645) and women (n = 523) aged 45-64 years, randomly selected from population registers in Novosibirsk (Russia), Krakow (Poland) and Karvina-Havirov (Czech Republic). The questionnaire included questions on the effort and reward at work, job control, the full CES-D scale of depression, and a range of other characteristics. Linear regression was used to estimate the association between depression score and work characteristics: the logarithm of the effort-reward ratio, and continuous job control score. The means of the depression score were 10.5 for men and 14.2 for women. After controlling for age, sex and country, effort-reward ratio (logarithmically transformed) was strongly related to depression score; a 1 SD increase in the log transformed effort-reward ratio was associated with an increase in the depression of 2.0 points (95% CI 1.5; 2.4), and further adjustment did not materially change the effect. Job control was inversely associated with depression score in Poland and the Czech Republic (not in Russia) but the association was largely eliminated by controlling for socioeconomic characteristics. This study suggests that the effort-reward imbalance at work is related to prevalence of depression in these central and eastern European populations.

• MeSH
• Personnel Delegation MeSH
• Depression epidemiology   MeSH
• Occupational Health * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Motivation MeSH
• Reward MeSH
• Workplace psychology   MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Stress, Psychological epidemiology   MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Socioeconomic Factors MeSH
• Employment psychology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH
• Poland MeSH
• Russia MeSH

PURPOSE: Approximately 1-2% of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients harbor atypical BCR-ABL1 transcripts that cannot be monitored by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) using standard methodologies. Within the European Treatment and Outcome Study (EUTOS) for CML we established and validated robust RT-qPCR methods for these patients. METHODS: BCR-ABL1 transcripts were amplified and sequenced to characterize the underlying fusion. Residual disease monitoring was carried out by RT-qPCR with specific primers and probes using serial dilutions of appropriate BCR-ABL1 and GUSB plasmid DNA calibrators. Results were expressed as log reduction of the BCR-ABL1/GUSB ratio relative to the patient-specific baseline value and evaluated as an individual molecular response (IMR). RESULTS: In total, 330 blood samples (2-34 per patient, median 8) from 33 CML patients (19 male, median age 62 years) were analyzed. Patients expressed seven different atypical BCR-ABL1 transcripts (e1a2, n = 6; e6a2, n = 1; e8a2, n = 2; e13a3, n = 4; e14a3, n = 6; e13a3/e14a3, n = 2; e19a2, n = 12). Most patients (61%) responded well to TKI therapy and achieved an IMR of at least one log reduction 3 months after diagnosis. Four patients relapsed with a significant increase of BCR-ABL1/GUSB ratios. CONCLUSIONS: Characterization of atypical BCR-ABL1 transcripts is essential for adequate patient monitoring and to avoid false-negative results. The results cannot be expressed on the International Scale (IS) and thus the common molecular milestones and guidelines for treatment are difficult to apply. We, therefore, suggest reporting IMR levels in these cases as a time-dependent log reduction of BCR-ABL1 transcript levels compared to baseline prior to therapy.

• MeSH
• Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl antagonists & inhibitors   genetics   MeSH
• Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive drug therapy   genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Protein Kinase Inhibitors therapeutic use   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• RNA, Messenger genetics   MeSH
• Survival Rate MeSH
• Biomarkers, Tumor genetics   MeSH
• Follow-Up Studies MeSH
• Prognosis MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Východiska: Odhady prevalence problémového užívání drog jsou významnou součástí sledování epidemiologické situace v oblasti užívání drog a jeho následků a důležitým indikátorem při realizaci drogové politiky. Metoda zpětného záchytu (CRM) je pro tyto účely jednou z nejčastějších globálně používaných standardních metod. Metodika a materiál: Pomocí CRM byly provedeny odhady počtu problémových uživatelů drog (PUD) celkem a problémových uživatelů opiátů/opioidů (PUO) v ČR za r. 2006 a 2007. Byly použity následující datové zdroje: úhrady Všeobecné zdravotní pojišťovny za ambulantní a ústavní péči v oboru psychiatrie, hospitalizace v psychiatrických lůžkových zařízeních, registr pacientů substituční léčby a nově hlášené případy virových hepatitid. Případy byly definovány jako diagnózy F11, F15 a F19 podle MKN-10 v datech z pojišťoven a hospitalizací, substituční registr zahrnuje z definice PUO a z hlášených případů virových hepatitid byli vybráni injekční uživatelé drog. Byla provedena log-lineární analýza pomocí statistického balíku Rcapture statistického programu R, byly vybrány modely s nejvyšší hodnotou Akaikeho informačního kritéria. Výsledky: Do analýzy PUD celkem v r. 2006 a 2007 vstoupilo 12 882, respektive 13 505 individuálních případů, do analýzy PUO to bylo 5 146, respektive 5 409 případů. Odhadovaný počet PUD dosáhl 23 900 osob (95% CI: 20 700–28 500) v r. 2006 a 31 000 (25 500–39 400) v r. 2007. Odhadovaný počet PUO dosáhl 6 864 osob (6 641–7 113) v r. 2006 a 7 096 (6 871 až 7 346) v r. 2007. Poměr muži/ženy byl 2,2/1. U odhadu PUD celkem bylo ve věku 15–34 let 83 % osob, nad 34 let 17 % osob; v odhadech PUO to bylo 80 % a 20 %. Prevalence PUD dosáhla v r. 2006 2,28 a v r. 2007 2,95 na 1000 obyvatel ve věku 15–64 let. Prevalence PUO dosáhla v r. 2006 0,65 a v r. 2007 0,67 na 1 000 obyvatel ve věku 15–64 let. Z hlediska regionální distribuce je vyšší prevalence PUD i PUO především v kraji Ústeckém a v Praze a dále v krajích Karlovarském, Plzeňském a Středočeském. Závěr: Odhad prevalence PUD v ČR provedený metodou zpětného záchytu dobře koresponduje s odhady prováděnými jinými metodami. Problémem je kvalita potenciálních datových zdrojů a náročnost jejich získání a přípravy. Jejich vzájemná závislost také limituje spolehlivost a reprezentativnost výsledků, a proto by bylo vhodné napříště použít další nezávislý zdroj či zdroje.

Background: An estimate of problem drug use prevalence is a substantial part of the monitoring of the epidemiological situation in drug use and its consequences and an important indicator for drug policy implementation. The capture-recapture method (CRM) is one of the most commonly used standard methods for this purpose worldwide. Methods and material: The CRM was used to estimate the numbers of problem drug users (PDU) and problem users of opiates/opioids (PUO) in the Czech Republic in 2006 and 2007. The following data sources were used: the General Health Insurance Company records of payments to out- and in-patient psychiatric care providers, records of admissions to psychiatric hospitals, replacement therapy register, and reports of newly diagnosed cases of viral hepatitis. Cases were defined as diagnoses F11, F15, and F19 according to the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) from the health insurance and admission records, the replacement therapy register covers PUO by definition, and injecting drug users were selected from reported cases of viral hepatitis. Log-linear analysis in Rcapture (R) was performed and the Akaike information criterion was used for model selection. Results: Altogether 12,882 and 13,505 individuals entered into analysis of PDUs and 5146 and 5409 individuals entered into analysis of PUO in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The estimates of PDUs were 23,900 (95% CI: 20,700–28,500) in 2006 and 31,000 (25,500–39,400) in 2007. The estimates of PUO were 6,864 (6,641–7,113) in 2006 and 7,096 (6,871–7,346) in 2007. The male/female ratio was 2.2/1. In PDU estimates, 83% were in the age range 15-34 and 17% were aged above 34; in PUO estimates, the respective rates were 80% and 20%. The prevalence rates of PDU in the age range 15-64 were 2.28 and 2.95 per 1,000 population in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The prevalence rates of PUO in the age range 15-64 were 0.65 and 0.67 per 1,000 in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The highest prevalence of both PDUs and PUO was observed in the Usti Region and Prague, followed by the Karlovy Vary, Plzeň, and Central Bohemia Regions. Conclusion: PDU estimates in the Czech Republic obtained using the CRM are consistent with those derived by other methods. The major drawbacks are the quality of potential data sources and hassles in their acquisition and preparation. The interconnection of the available data sources also limits the validity and representativeness of estimates and therefore, another independent data source(s) should be sought in the future.

• Keywords
• problémové užívání drog, pervitin, opiáty/opioidy, metoda zpětného záchytu, odhady prevalence,
• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Episode of Care MeSH
• Substance Abuse, Intravenous * epidemiology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Methamphetamine MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Opioid-Related Disorders epidemiology   MeSH
• Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology   MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Reproducibility of Results * MeSH
• Sex Distribution MeSH
• Data Collection MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Models, Statistical * MeSH
• Age Distribution MeSH
• Research Design MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

Background: The timing of enzyme replacement therapy initiation in patients with Fabry disease is hypothesized to be critical. In this study, we used Fabry Outcome Survey data to assess the impact of prompt versus delayed initiation of treatment with agalsidase alfa on cardiovascular and renal events in patients with Fabry disease. Methods: Available genetic data at baseline were used to define patients with mutations associated with classical versus late-onset Fabry disease. Time to cardiovascular or renal events, from treatment initiation until 120 months, was compared for patients in prompt versus delayed groups. "Prompt" was defined as treatment initiation <24 months from symptom onset (analysis A) or diagnosis (analysis B), and "delayed" was defined as ≥24 months from symptom onset (analysis A) or diagnosis (analysis B). Kaplan-Meier curves and Log rank tests compared event-free probabilities and time to first event. Multivariate Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs). Results: Analysis by time from symptom onset included 1374 patients (172 prompt, 1202 delayed). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, prompt versus delayed treatment initiation significantly reduced the probability of cardiovascular (HR=0.62; P<0.001) and renal (HR=0.57; P=0.001) events. History of cardiovascular or renal events was associated with increased risk of respective events. Analysis by time from diagnosis included 2051 patients (1006 prompt, 1045 delayed). In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, prompt treatment initiation significantly reduced the probability of cardiovascular events (HR=0.83; P=0.003) after adjusting for history of cardiovascular events, sex, and age at treatment initiation. Univariate analysis showed that the probability of renal events was significantly lower in the prompt group (P=0.018); this finding was attenuated in the multivariate Cox regression analysis. Conclusion: This analysis suggests that prompt treatment initiation with agalsidase alfa provided better renal and cardiovascular outcomes than delayed treatment in patients with Fabry disease.

• MeSH
• alpha-Galactosidase administration & dosage   MeSH
• Time Factors MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Enzyme Replacement Therapy methods   MeSH
• Fabry Disease diagnosis   drug therapy   physiopathology   MeSH
• Isoenzymes administration & dosage   MeSH
• Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology   etiology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Kidney Diseases epidemiology   etiology   MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Recombinant Proteins administration & dosage   MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Background: The size of sex differences in dermatoglyphic features and their inter-population differences remains a subject of debate. Combining fingers in traditional dermatoglyphic methodology and omitting finger-specific variations might be a cause for uncertainty.Aim: To compare sex differences in whorl frequencies between fingers.Subjects and methods: Using meta-analytical methods, the authors studied sex differences in frequencies of whorls (log Odd Ratios) for each finger separately, including their heterogeneities (between-samples variance). The dataset of 204 population samples was extracted from published dermatoglyphic studies.Results: Aggregated effects of sex differences were significant in all fingers, except for the left 1st finger. Sex differences were higher in the right hand and increased from radial to ulnar fingers. Apart from the right 1st and 3rd fingers, heterogeneities were small and literally zero in the right 4th finger.Conclusion: Higher sex differences in ulnar fingers and the lack of interpopulation differences all over the world in the 4th finger might be caused by a stronger influence of genetic and/or hormonal factors on dermatoglyphic development of the ulnar side of the hand. It is suggested that future studies, when applying dermatoglyphic traits as markers of prenatal environment, use traits by individual fingers or their relationships within the hand.

• MeSH
• Dermatoglyphics * MeSH
• Phenotype * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Sex Characteristics MeSH
• Fingers anatomy & histology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Meta-Analysis MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH