Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are lactose-derived functional ingredients applied in food products and have great potential in health protection. The conversion of lactose to GOS commonly occurs using β-galactosidases of mould, yeast and bacterial origin. The yield and structure of the resulting GOS depend on the enzyme used and the reaction conditions. This work focuses on the structural analysis of the products obtained with four commercial β-galactosidases Maxilact LGI 5000 (ML), Maxilact A4 MG (MA), Saphera 2600 L (SA) and NOLA Fit 5500 (NL) to evaluate their efficiency and specificity. HPLC, ESI-MS and NMR spectroscopy were applied to characterise the GOS preparations. GOS were separated from the reaction mixture using activated charcoal treatment. HPLC analysis confirmed that most of the monosaccharides and a part of the lactose, but also some other disaccharides, probably allolactose and 6-galactobiose, were retained by charcoal. In all the products, ESI-MS analysis detects oligosaccharides up to hexamers. NMR spectra confirmed the presence of GOS of various configurations and polymerisation degrees and evaluated the specificity of used enzymes. MA preferably forms 1,6- and 1,4-glycosidic bonds, and bacterial enzymes NL and SA also form 1,2- and 1,3- glycosidic bonds, while yeast enzyme ML cannot produce new 1,4-glycosidic bonds. The mould enzyme MA showed the highest trans-galactosylation activity, forming longer GOS oligomers than the other enzymes.
- MeSH
- beta-Galactosidase * metabolism chemistry MeSH
- Galactose chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization * methods MeSH
- Lactose metabolism chemistry MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy * methods MeSH
- Oligosaccharides * chemistry metabolism MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
V léčbě některých gastrointestinálních onemocnění u dětí se stále častěji využívají dietní opatření založená na vyloučení některé ze skupiny fermentabilních oligosacharidů, disacharidů, monosacharidů a polyolů ze stravy (low-FODMAP dieta). Následující text shrnuje podstatná doporučení užití diety s nízkým obsahem FODMAP a vychází ze stanoviska Evropské společnosti pro gastroenterologii, hepatologii a výživu (ESPGHAN) vydaného v září roku 2022. Sdělení obsahuje kromě dostupné evidence také doporučení týkající se zahájení, trvání, postupného ukončování, monitorování, odborného vedení, bezpečnosti a rizik low-FODMAP diety. Zatím existuje jen málo důkazů podporujících použití tohoto dietního opatření u dětí, a to prakticky jen u některých dětských pacientů trpících funkčními obtížemi gastrointestinálního traktu (FGID, functional gastrointestinal disorders). Konkrétně u dětí s funkčními bolestmi břicha (FAP, functional abdominal pain), kam se řadí např. syndrom dráždivého tračníku (IBS, irritable bowel syndrome) dle tzv. Římských kritérií IV z roku 2016. Aktuálně není evidence pro užití low-FODMAP diety u jiných gastrointestinálních onemocnění u dětí, jako je např. zácpa, zánětlivá střevní onemocnění, celiakie, neceliakální glutenová senzitivita či syndrom bakteriálního přerůstání.
Dietary measures based on the exclusion of fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols (low-FODMAP diet) are increasingly being used in treating certain gastrointestinal diseases in children. The following text summarizes essential recommendations for using the low-FODMAP diet, based on the position paper of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) issued in September 2022. It includes recommendations on initiation, duration, gradual cessation, monitoring, professional guidance, safety, and risks. Currently, there is limited evidence supporting the use of this diet in children, primarily only for some pediatric patients suffering from functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), specifically children with functional abdominal pain (FAP), such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) according to the Rome IV criteria from 2016. There is no evidence for the use of the low-FODMAP diet in other gastrointestinal diseases in children, such as constipation, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
- MeSH
- Abdominal Pain diagnosis diet therapy etiology classification MeSH
- FODMAP Diet * classification methods MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Gastrointestinal Diseases * diagnosis diet therapy MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Nutrition Therapy classification methods MeSH
- Carbohydrates administration & dosage classification MeSH
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome diagnosis diet therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
This article presents a method for producing hydrogel dressings using high methylated pectin from apples or citrus, doped with the antiseptic agent, octenidine dihydrochloride. Octenidine was incorporated in-situ during the polymer crosslinking. The pectins were characterized by their varying molecular weight characteristics, monosaccharide composition, and degree of esterification (DE). The study assessed the feasibility of producing biologically active hydrogels with pectin and delved into how the polymer's characteristics affect the properties of the resulting dressings. The structure evaluation of hydrogel materials showed interactions between individual components of the system and their dependence on the type of used pectin. Both the antimicrobial properties and cytotoxicity of the dressings were evaluated. The results suggest that the primary determinants of the functional attributes of the hydrogels are the molecular weight characteristics and the DE of the pectin. As these values rise, there is an increase in polymer-polymer interactions, overshadowing polymer-additive interactions. This intensification strengthens the mechanical and thermal stability of the hydrogels and enhances the release of active components into the surrounding environment. Biological evaluations demonstrated the ability of octenidine to be released from the dressings and effectively inhibit the growth of microbial pathogens.
- MeSH
- Anti-Infective Agents, Local * chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Citrus chemistry MeSH
- Hydrogels * chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Imines * chemistry MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Malus chemistry MeSH
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests MeSH
- Molecular Weight MeSH
- Bandages * MeSH
- Pectins * chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Pyridines * chemistry pharmacology MeSH
- Staphylococcus aureus drug effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Mammalian spermatozoa have a surface covered with glycocalyx, consisting of heterogeneous glycoproteins and glycolipids. This complexity arises from diverse monosaccharides, distinct linkages, various isomeric glycans, branching levels, and saccharide sequences. The glycocalyx is synthesized by spermatozoa developing in the testis, and its subsequent alterations during their transit through the epididymis are a critical process for the sperm acquisition of fertilizing ability. In this study, we performed detailed analysis of the glycocalyx on the sperm surface of bull spermatozoa in relation to individual parts of the epididymis using a wide range (24) of lectins with specific carbohydrate binding preferences. Fluorescence analysis of intact sperm isolated from the bull epididymides was complemented by Western blot detection of protein extracts from the sperm plasma membrane fractions. Our experimental results revealed predominant sequential modification of bull sperm glycans with N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), followed by subsequent sialylation and fucosylation in a highly specific manner. Additionally, variations in the lectin detection on the sperm surface may indicate the acquisition or release of glycans or glycoproteins. Our study is the first to provide a complex analysis of the bull sperm glycocalyx modification during epididymal maturation.
- MeSH
- Epididymis * metabolism cytology MeSH
- Glycocalyx * metabolism MeSH
- Glycoproteins metabolism MeSH
- Lectins * metabolism MeSH
- Polysaccharides metabolism MeSH
- Cattle MeSH
- Spermatozoa * metabolism MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Male MeSH
- Cattle MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Mango processing generates significant amounts of residues (35-65%) that may represent environmental problems owed to improper disposal. The use of mango byproducts as substrates to produce hyaluronic acid (HA) is an attractive alternative to reduce the cost of substrate. In this study, we evaluated the potential of hydrolyzates from mango peels and seeds to produce HA by Streptococcus equi. subsp. zooepidemicus. The physicochemical characterization of mango residues showed that the seeds contain a higher amount of holocellulose (cellulose and hemicellulose), which amounts 54.2% (w/w) whereas it only represents 15.5% (w/w) in the peels. Mango peels, however, are composed mainly of hot water-extractives (62% w/w, that include sucrose, fructose, glucose and organic acids). A higher concentration of monosaccharides (39.8 g/L) was obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis (with Macerex) of peels as compared to seeds (24.8 g/L with Celuzyme). From mango peels, hydrolyzates were obtained 0.6 g/L HA, while 0.9 g/L HA were obtained with hydrolyzates from mango seeds. These results demonstrate that mango byproducts have the potential to be used for production of HA.
- MeSH
- Cellulose metabolism MeSH
- Fermentation MeSH
- Hydrolysis MeSH
- Hyaluronic Acid * biosynthesis metabolism MeSH
- Mangifera * microbiology chemistry MeSH
- Monosaccharides metabolism MeSH
- Seeds chemistry microbiology metabolism MeSH
- Streptococcus equi * metabolism MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Environmental microorganisms usually exhibit a high level of genomic plasticity and metabolic versatility that allow them to be well-adapted to diverse environmental challenges. This study used shotgun metagenomics to decipher the functional and metabolic attributes of an uncultured Paracoccus recovered from a polluted soil metagenome and determine whether the detected attributes are influenced by the nature of the polluted soil. Functional and metabolic attributes of the uncultured Paracoccus were elucidated via functional annotation of the open reading frames (ORFs) of its contig. Functional tools deployed for the analysis include KEGG, KEGG KofamKOALA, Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins (COG), Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD), and the Antibiotic Resistance Gene-ANNOTation (ARG-ANNOT V6) for antibiotic resistance genes, TnCentral for transposable element, Transporter Classification Database (TCDB) for transporter genes, and FunRich for gene enrichment analysis. Analyses revealed the preponderance of ABC transporter genes responsible for the transport of oligosaccharides (malK, msmX, msmK, lacK, smoK, aglK, togA, thuK, treV, msiK), monosaccharides (glcV, malK, rbsC, rbsA, araG, ytfR, mglA), amino acids (thiQ, ynjD, thiZ, glnQ, gluA, gltL, peb1C, artP, aotP, bgtA, artQ, artR), and several others. Also detected are transporter genes for inorganic/organic nutrients like phosphate/phosphonate, nitrate/nitrite/cyanate, sulfate/sulfonate, bicarbonate, and heavy metals such as nickel/cobalt, molybdate/tungstate, and iron, among others. Antibiotic resistance genes that mediate efflux, inactivation, and target protection were detected, while transposable elements carrying resistance phenotypes for antibiotics and heavy metals were also annotated. The findings from this study have established the resilience, adaptability, and survivability of the uncultured Paracoccus in the hydrocarbon-polluted soil.
- MeSH
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters genetics MeSH
- Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology MeSH
- Bacterial Toxins * MeSH
- Clostridioides difficile * genetics MeSH
- Metagenome MeSH
- Paracoccus * genetics MeSH
- Soil chemistry MeSH
- Metals, Heavy * MeSH
- DNA Transposable Elements MeSH
- Hydrocarbons MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Excluding oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) from the diet is increasingly being used to treat children with gastrointestinal complaints. There is insufficient evidence to routinely recommend the use of the low-FODMAP diet to treat functional gastrointestinal disorders, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, inflammatory bowel diseases or small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth in children.
Vyloučení oligo-, monosacharidů a polyolů (FODMAP) z diety je v současné době stále více doporučováno dětem s gastrointestinálními obtížemi. Je však nedostatek důkazů pro užití při funkčních obtížích, neceliakální glutenové senzitivitě, nespecifických střevních zánětech nebo bakteriálním přerůstání u dětí.
- Keywords
- FODMAP,
- MeSH
- Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted * MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome diet therapy MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Humans MeSH
Hlavnou zložkou extraktov Ophiocordyceps sinensis a Cordyceps militaris sú polysacharidy. Ide o prírodné biopolyméry, ktoré predstavujú veľkú triedu biologicky aktívnych zložiek. Tie prispievajú k ich farmakologickej aktivite a pôsobeniu na zdravie. Obsahujú monosacharidy, ktoré zahŕňajú ramnózu, ribózu, arabinózu, xylózu, manózu, glukózu, galaktózu, manitol, fruktózu a sorbózu. Exopolysacharidová frakcia má veľký počet farmakologických účinkov, z ktorých dva najdôležitejšie sú imunomodulačné a protinádorové. Medzi obsahové polysacharidy patrí tiež manoglukán vykazujúci slabú cytotoxickú aktivitu proti rakovinovej bunkovej línii SPC-I1). Z Ophiocordyceps sinensis sa postupne izolovalo viac ako desať nukleozidov a im príbuzných zlúčenín vrátane adenínu, adenozínu, inozínu, cytidínu, cytozínu, guanínu, uridínu, tymidínu, uracilu, hypoxantínu a guanozínu. Obsahuje mnoho aminokyselín a polypeptidov, u ktorých sa predpokladá, že by mohli mať vplyv na kardiovaskulárny systém. Taktiež vykazujú sedatívny a hypnotický účinok, pričom najúčinnejšou zložkou spomedzi nich je tryptofán. Polysacharidy sa extrahovali zo štyroch vzoriek: vzorka 1 (pestovaná na substráte Oryza sativa indica, kmeň Ophiocordyceps sinensis), vzorka 2 (pestovaná na substráte Oryza sativa japonica, kmeň Ophiocordyceps sinensis), vzorka 3 (pestovaná na substráte Oryza sativa indica, kmeň Cordyceps militaris), vzorka 4 (pestovaná na substráte Oryza sativa japonica, kmeň Cordyceps militaris). Prostredníctvom NMR spektroskopie a následným porovnaním s literatúrou sa podarilo zistiť, že majoritná chemická zlúčenina v deproteinizovaných extraktoch 1 a 4 bol hydrofilný polyglukán označovaný ako CBHP2).
The main component of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Cordyceps militaris extracts are polysaccharides. These are natural biopolymers that represent a large class of biologically active components. These contribute to their pharmacological activity and effect on health. They contain monosaccharides that include rhamnose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, mannitol, fructose, and sorbose. The exopolysaccharide fraction has a large number of pharmacological effects, the two most important of which are immunomodulatory and antitumour. Among the contained polysaccharides is also mannoglucan, which shows weak cytotoxic activity against the SPC-I1) cancer cell line. More than ten nucleosides and their related compounds, including adenine, adenosine, inosine, cytidine, cytosine, guanine, uridine, thymidine, uracil, hypoxanthine, and guanosine, have been successively isolated from Ophiocordyceps sinensis. It contains many amino acids and polypeptides that are thought to affect the cardiovascular system. They also have a sedative and hypnotic effect, with tryptophan being the most effective component among them. Polysaccharides were extracted from four samples: sample 1 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa indica, strain Ophiocordyceps sinensis), sample 2 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa japonica, strain Ophiocordyceps sinensis), sample 3 (grown on the substrate Oryza sativa indica, strain Cordyceps militaris), sample 4 (grown on Oryza sativa japonica substrate, strain Cordyceps militaris). Through NMR spectroscopy and subsequent comparison with the literature, the majority of a chemical compound in deproteinized extracts 1 and 4 was found to be a hydrophilic polyglucan referred to as CBHP2).
Submucosal injection is often required step during endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). In clinical practice we have observed that the EMR injection solution containing hetastarch (HES) lead to selective increase of the neoplasms volume, facilitating their resection. The aim of this study was to explore the possible mechanisms of such behaviour, which was not reported elsewhere. The HCT116 cell line of human colon cancer was exposed to the same EMR solution in vitro. The significant volume increase of HCT116 cells was observed, but only for starving cell culture, suggesting that the starving is essential for the neoplasms-specific volume change. We suggest, that for the iso-oncotic composition of the EMR submucosa injection solution the HES component is crucial, as it can be subject of the starch hydrolysis followed by facilitated transport of resulting monosaccharides from the submucosa into the neoplastic tissue.
We present a method for finely adjustable electroosmotic flow (EOF) velocity in cathodic direction for the optimization of separations in capillary electrophoresis. To this end, we use surface modification of the separation fused silica capillary by the covalently attached copolymer of acrylamide (AM) and 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonate (AMPS), that is, poly(AM-co-AMPS) or PAMAMPS. Coatings were formed by the in-capillary polymerization of a mixture of the neutral AM and anionic AMPS monomers premixed in various ratios in order to control the charge density of the copolymer. EOF mobility varies in the 0 to ∼40 × 10-9 m2 V-1 s-1 interval for PAMAMPS coatings ranging from 0 to 60 mol.% of charged AMPS monomer. For EOF in PAMAMPS-treated capillaries, we observed (i) a negligible dependence on pH in the 2-10 interval, (ii) a minor variance among background electrolytes (BGEs) in function of their components and (iii) its standard decrease with increasing ionic strength of the BGE. Interest in variable cathodic EOF was demonstrated by the amelioration of separation of two kinds of isomeric anionic analytes, that is, monosaccharides phosphates and helquat enantiomers, in counter-EOF mode.
- MeSH
- Acrylamide MeSH
- Acrylic Resins MeSH
- Alkanesulfonates MeSH
- Anions MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Capillary * methods MeSH
- Electrolytes MeSH
- Electroosmosis * MeSH
- Phosphates MeSH
- Monosaccharides MeSH
- Silicon Dioxide MeSH
- Polymers MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
