profitability
Dotaz
Zobrazit nápovědu
The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for longevity and assess the suitability of using these selection criteria to improve the genetic merit of the beef cattle population of the Czech Republic. The performance record database, which contains records of 363,000 beef cattle animals of 19 breeds and their crosses, was used. The populations of Charolais and Aberdeen Angus were large enough that the genetic parameter estimations and all analyses were done for these breeds separately. Two similar approaches of longevity definition based on probabilities were considered as follows: productive longevity (PL), which is the number of calvings at target ages of 78, 90, 150, and 160 mo, and longevity (L), which is based on the probabilities of cow reappearance in the next parity. A multibreed single-trait animal model for L and a multitrait animal model for combinations of 78/150 and 90/160 mo for PL were used. Specific combinations of months were established based on the analysis and represented the critical culling rates in the studied population. The high genetic correlations (0.88-0.95) of the combination 90/160 suggested that the PL at 160 mo of age can be predicted on the basis of the value at 90 mo, which will make earlier selection possible. Combination 78/150 is less efficient in the Czech population of beef cattle due to the lower correlations (0.79-0.93) between traits. The estimated heritabilities were low for both traits (below 0.14), but the additive genetic variance was sufficient for identifying animals with high genetic merit.
- MeSH
- chov MeSH
- dlouhověkost genetika MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- genetická variace * MeSH
- parita MeSH
- rozmnožování * MeSH
- skot genetika fyziologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- skot genetika fyziologie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations of variable intensity in rearing dairy heifers on 33 commercial dairy herds, including 23,008 cows and 18,139 heifers, with age at first calving (AFC), average daily weight gain (ADG), and milk yield (MY) level on reproduction traits and profitability. Milk yield during the production period was analyzed relative to reproduction and economic parameters. Data were collected during a 1-yr period (2011). The farms were located in 12 regions in the Czech Republic. The results show that those herds with more intensive rearing periods had lower conception rates among heifers at first and overall services. The differences in those conception rates between the group with the greatest ADG (≥0.800 kg/d) and the group with the least ADG (≤0.699 kg/d) were approximately 10 percentage points in favor of the least ADG. All the evaluated reproduction traits differed between AFC groups. Conception at first and overall services (cows) was greatest in herds with AFC ≥800 d. The shortest days open (105 d) and calving interval (396 d) were found in the middle AFC group (799 to 750 d). The highest number of completed lactations (2.67) was observed in the group with latest AFC (≥800 d). The earliest AFC group (≤749 d) was characterized by the highest depreciation costs per cow at 8,275 Czech crowns (US$414), and the highest culling rate for cows of 41%. The most profitable rearing approach was reflected in the middle AFC (799 to 750 d) and middle ADG (0.799 to 0.700 kg) groups. The highest MY (≥8,500 kg) occurred with the earliest AFC of 780 d. Higher MY led to lower conception rates in cows, but the highest MY group also had the shortest days open (106 d) and a calving interval of 386 d. The same MY group had the highest cow depreciation costs, net profit, and profitability without subsidies of 2.67%. We conclude that achieving low AFC will not always be the most profitable approach, which will depend upon farm-specific herd management. The MY is a very important factor for dairy farm profitability. The group of farms having the highest MY achieved the highest net profit despite having greater fertility problems.
- MeSH
- fenotyp MeSH
- fertilizace MeSH
- hmotnostní přírůstek * MeSH
- laktace MeSH
- mlékárenství ekonomika metody MeSH
- mléko ekonomika MeSH
- náklady a analýza nákladů MeSH
- skot MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- skot MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
... 4.1.2 The technology gap 84 -- 4.1.3 Summary 85 -- 4.2 The prospect-theory model 86 -- 4.2.1 Zero profit ... ... difference 86 -- 4.2.2 The effect of individual parameters 92 -- 4.2.3 Positive profit difference 104 ... ... Conclusion 115 -- Bibliography 119 -- List, of Tables 129 -- List of Figures 132 -- A Endogenous profit ... ... with diminishing sensitivity 144 -- B.4 Sensitivity analysis -- B.5 The PT model with endogenous profit ...
1. elektronické vydání 1 online zdroj (155 stran)
Sport v sobě zahrnuje polyfunkční společenský jev, ve kterém nelze nevidět vztahy sportu k ostatním oblastem společenské činnosti. V našem příspěvku jsme se zaměřili na provázanost sportu s ekonomikou, kde poukazujeme zejména na financování sportovních klubů. Tyto finanční zdroje se dotýkají sportovních neziskových organizací a jsou naznačeny na Andreffových modelech. Dalším modelem, který navazuje je hospodářský model neziskové organizace, který rozšiřuje informace o příjmech sportovních klubů v České republice.
Sport involves multifunctional social phenomenon. There is relationship to other areas of social activities in sport. In our report we focused on relation between sport and economics, specially financing sports clubs. These financial resources touch on non profit making organization and they down in Andreff´s models. Further follow-up model is economic model of non profit making organization. That model expands information about incomes of sports clubs in Czech Republic. We suppose that differenciations of financing exist at sport clubs in Czech Republic and in abroad. They do not concern about club size but about legal form. The goal of this article is chracteristic and comparision. The goal was done by using the methods of documents working, analyse, synthesis and comparision.
- Klíčová slova
- sport, modely, neziskové organizace, financování.,
- MeSH
- ekonomické modely MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neziskové organizace ekonomika MeSH
- spolupráce organizací a občanů ekonomika MeSH
- sporty ekonomika MeSH
- tělesná výchova ekonomika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- MeSH
- ekonomické modely MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemocnice klasifikace statistika a číselné údaje trendy MeSH
- neziskové organizace ekonomika klasifikace trendy MeSH
- zákonodárství nemocniční ekonomika klasifikace trendy MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
BACKGROUND: As a result of increased pressure on cannabis cultivation in The Netherlands, the number of confiscated indoor cannabis plantations in Belgium is rising. Although increases are reported for all plantations sizes, half of the seized plantations contain less than 50 plants. In this study, factors and variables that influence costs and benefits of indoor cannabis cultivation are investigated as well as how these costs and benefits vary between different cannabis grower types. METHODS: Real-situation data of four growers were used to perform financial analyses. Costs included fixed and variable material costs, as well as opportunity costs. Gross revenue per grow cycle was calculated based on most recent forensic findings for illicit Belgian cannabis plantations and was adjusted for the risk of getting caught. Finally, gross revenues and return on costs (ROC) were calculated over 1 year (4 cycles). FINDINGS: Financial analysis shows that in all cases gross revenues as well as ROC are considerable, even after a single growth cycle. Highest profitability was found for large-scale (600 plants, ROC=6.8) and mid-scale plantations (150 plants, ROC=6.0). However, industrial plantations (23,000 plants, ROC=1.4) and micro-scale plantations (5 plants, ROC=2.8) are also highly remunerative. Shift of police focus away from micro-scale growers, least likely to be involved in criminal gangs, to large-scale and industrial scale plantations would influence costs as a result of changing risks of getting caught. However, sensitivity analysis shows that this does not significantly influence the conclusions on profitability of different types of indoor cannabis growers. CONCLUSION: Seizure and confiscation of profits are important elements in the integral and integrated policy approach required for tackling illicit indoor cannabis plantations. The large return of costs evidenced in the present study, underpin the policy relevance of confiscating those illicit profits as part of enforcement.
- MeSH
- Cannabis růst a vývoj MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náklady a analýza nákladů MeSH
- obchod ekonomika zákonodárství a právo MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- zločin ekonomika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Belgie MeSH
Téma spolupráce při mimořádných událostech je v českém i mezinárodním měřítku vysoce aktuální. Odborný diskurz na téma klimatických změn jako předchůdců rozsáhlých povodní a ničivých zemětřesení nebo narůstající strach z teroristických útoků je stále častější. Stejně jako roste četnost výskytů těchto mimořádných událostí, roste potřeba jejich komplexního a efektivního zvládání. Cílem předkládaného příspěvku je zmapování oblasti kooperace sociálních pracovníků nestátních neziskových organizací a pracovníků integrovaného záchranného systému v situacích mimořádné události. Cíl se podařilo naplnit prostřednictvím kvalitativního výzkumu s využitím strukturovaných rozhovorů s otevřenými otázkami. Hlavním výstupem je zjištění, že chybí adekvátní legislativa vymezující spolupráci mezi danými subjekty. Kooperace je tak řešena pouze na základě vzájemných smluv, dohod a standardů. Výsledky výzkumu také poukazují na nedostatky, které se v rámci vzájemné spolupráce vyskytují. Překonáním definovaných bariér spolupráce může dojít ke zefektivnění systému kooperace sociálních pracovníků nestátních neziskových organizací a pracovníků integrovaného záchranného systému v situacích mimořádné události.
The topic of cooperation during critical situations is highly topical both on the Czech and international levels. Professional discourse on climate change as a precursor of major floods and devastating earthquakes, or growing fears of terrorist attacks is becoming more common. As the frequency of these situations grows, there is also a growing need for their comprehensive and effective management. The submitted paper aims to map the area of cooperation of social workers working for non-governmental non-profit organisations with the Integrated Rescue System staff in critical incident situations. The goal was achieved through qualitative research using structured interviews with open questions. The main output is the finding that there is a lack of adequate legislation defining cooperation between the concerned entities. Thus, cooperation is only dealt with on the basis of mutual contracts, agreements, and standards. The research findings also point to the shortcomings that occur in the context of mutual cooperation. By overcoming defined barriers of cooperation, the system of cooperation of social workers employed by non-governmental non-profit organisations and the Integrated Rescue System workers in critical situations can be made more effective.
- MeSH
- katastrofy * prevence a kontrola MeSH
- kooperační chování * MeSH
- krizová intervence klasifikace metody normy organizace a řízení MeSH
- kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neziskové organizace organizace a řízení MeSH
- pomocní zdravotničtí pracovníci organizace a řízení MeSH
- rozhovory jako téma metody MeSH
- sociální práce organizace a řízení MeSH
- sociální pracovníci MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH