• MeSH
• chování zvířat * MeSH
• halucinace MeSH
• halucinogeny MeSH
• vědomí MeSH

• Konspekt
• Farmacie. Farmakologie
• NLK Obory
• toxikologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• studie

Introduction. With growing interest in hallucinogens, majority of psychedelic research focus mostly on the therapeutic potential and benefits. The objective of this paper is to explore how users of psychedelics verbalize their experience and perceived risks of using such substances. Methods. The authors used a questionnaire with open-ended and multiple-choice items. The sample included persons with at least one phenomenological experience with psychedelics (N = 422, age M=27.78; SD=7.84; SE=0.38; 35.1% women). Qualitative data were analyzed using concepts of The Grounded Theory using the Atlas.ti suite. Results. The target group uses terms taken from the English language (“bad trip”, “set and setting”, “sitter”, or the grammatically localized version of the word „psychedelic“), with shared and well-understood semantic meaning within the community. The central domain “inappropriate set and setting” and its inadequate preparation is linked to the negative experience of “bad trip” which can lead to difficult “integration of experience” or even “psychotic disorders”. Users of psychedelics report various harm reduction strategies which are consistent with relevant literature. Conclusion. This study illustrates that Slovak users of psychedelics seem to understand and use the established terminology of international discourse related to these substances. At the same time, the authors suggest that users seem to use various relevant strategies to lower risks associated with the use of psychedelics.

• Klíčová slova
• bad trip, set a setting,
• MeSH
• halucinogeny * škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• kvalitativní výzkum MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• set (psychologie) MeSH
• uživatelé drog * psychologie   MeSH
• zpráva o sobě MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH

Autor v článku ukazuje část historie používání psychedelických látek v psychiatricko - psychoterapeutickém kontextu naší země. Na několika kazuistikách demonstruje, jak mohou být tytéž látky používány různým způsobem. Na první kazuistice ilustruje nebezpečí nerespektování setu a settingu a navrhuje pomoc, která je založena na respektu k těmto důležitým proměnným. Na druhé kazuistice ukazuje přínos, který může mít psychedelické sezení pro běžnou dlouhodobou psychoterapii. Ve třetí kazuistice ze sedmdesátých let, záznamu běžného sezení s psychedelickou látkou, je ukázána účinnost rutinní práce, která jen tím, že respektuje bezpečný rámec, pomáhá i dramatické prožitky dovést k dobrému výsledku. Nová mapa, která je v sezení vytvořena, je novou možností. Když je kultivována v další terapeutické práci, přinese změny do běžného života. Dále se autor zamýšlí nad kontextuálními rámci psychedelické terapie. Na co bychom se měli ptát, čím bychom se měli zabývat, abychom lépe rozuměli rizikovým oblastem jejího využití.

In the article, the author addresses a part of the history of the use of psychedelic substances in the psychiatric-psychotherapeutic context in our country. On a few case studies, he demonstrates how the same substance can be used in different ways. The first case study illustrates the danger of disrespecting the set and setting and suggests advice based on respect to these two essential variables. The second case study is used to present the benefit which a psychedelic session can have for a general, long-term psychotherapy. The third case study is from the seventies. It is a report from a regular session with a psychedelic substance that shows the effectiveness of routine work, which, only by respecting the safe frame, helps lead even dramatic experiences to a good outcome. The new map created in a session opens new possibilities. Being cultivated during continuous therapeutic work, it brings changes to everyday life. Further development of this choice in therapeutic work will change day-to-day life. In addition, the author challenges the contextual frames of psychedelic therapy: What questions should we ask and what should we concentrate on in order to better understand the problematic areas of its use.

• MeSH
• dechová cvičení MeSH
• halucinogeny farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek terapie   MeSH
• psychoterapie metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH

OBJECTIVES: Different psychoactive substances are widely used in today's society. So far limited data are available on the use of psychedelics in the general population. The main aim of this study is to estimate the numbers of users of substances with psychedelic properties (classical psychedelics, cannabis, ecstasy, and ketamine) in the Czech Republic. METHODS: Data from two samples enrolled in representative cross-sectional questionnaire surveys in the Czech adult population in 2016 (n = 2,785) and 2018 (n = 1,665) were analysed. Prevalence rates were extrapolated to estimate numbers of current, i.e., last-year, users of psychedelics, and their socio-demographic profiles were compared with non-users and users of cannabis. RESULTS: An estimated 5-6% of the Czech adult population (350-430 thousand people) used classical psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, ayahuasca) in their lifetime, increasing up to 28-30% when cannabis is included (1.9-2.1 million users). Current use of classical psychedelics reached 0.7-1.9% (50-130 thousand people), and 9-11% (590-750 thousand users) when cannabis was included. Users of psychedelics were more often males, of younger age and single. CONCLUSIONS: No significant socio-demographic differences were found between users of classical psychedelics and recreational cannabis users, however, differences were significant when compared to non-users and users of other illicit drugs. Findings should further serve to inform drug policy and social and healthcare systems in respect to the use of psychedelics.

• MeSH
• Cannabis * MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• halucinogeny * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• ketamin * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• LSD MeSH
• poruchy spojené s užíváním psychoaktivních látek * epidemiologie   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• psilocybin MeSH
• zakázané drogy * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

The article deals with the issue of decriminalization of drugs, in all relevant contexts, both in terms of criminal policy and legislation, as well as law enforcement, with focus on the Czech Republic. The article proceeds deductively from the general to the specific. First, it discusses the role of law in society and its legitimacy, with focus on legitimate criminal sanctions, which are discussed in the context of the principle of subsidiarity of criminal repression and the principle of opportunity (discretionary prosecution). After these general considerations, the article turns to the issue of drugs and discusses both drug policy and legislation, arguing that the general considerations are in favor of decriminalization tendencies in this area. In the final part, the article focuses on psychedelics, emphasizing a fundamental discrepancy between their factual and legal status and then considering ways of changing the perspective. At this point, the article outlines the importance of decriminalization of psychedelics for therapeutic use, which basically consist of rescheduling of these drugs. The aim of such decriminalization is to make psychedelic-assisted therapy legally available. The article concludes that this is the direction that criminal policy and law in the Czech Republic should take.

• MeSH
• halucinogeny * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prosazení zákonů MeSH
• veřejná politika MeSH
• zákonodárství lékové MeSH
• zločinci * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Taking microdoses (a mere fraction of normal doses) of psychedelic substances, such as truffles, recently gained popularity, as it allegedly has multiple beneficial effects including creativity and problem-solving performance, potentially through targeting serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors and promoting cognitive flexibility, crucial to creative thinking. Nevertheless, enhancing effects of microdosing remain anecdotal, and in the absence of quantitative research on microdosing psychedelics, it is impossible to draw definitive conclusions on that matter. Here, our main aim was to quantitatively explore the cognitive-enhancing potential of microdosing psychedelics in healthy adults. METHODS: During a microdosing event organized by the Dutch Psychedelic Society, we examined the effects of psychedelic truffles (which were later analyzed to quantify active psychedelic alkaloids) on two creativity-related problem-solving tasks: the Picture Concept Task assessing convergent thinking and the Alternative Uses Task assessing divergent thinking. A short version of the Ravens Progressive Matrices task assessed potential changes in fluid intelligence. We tested once before taking a microdose and once while the effects were expected to be manifested. RESULTS: We found that both convergent and divergent thinking performance was improved after a non-blinded microdose, whereas fluid intelligence was unaffected. CONCLUSION: While this study provides quantitative support for the cognitive-enhancing properties of microdosing psychedelics, future research has to confirm these preliminary findings in more rigorous placebo-controlled study designs. Based on these preliminary results, we speculate that psychedelics might affect cognitive metacontrol policies by optimizing the balance between cognitive persistence and flexibility. We hope this study will motivate future microdosing studies with more controlled designs to test this hypothesis.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• halucinogeny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• inteligence účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• inteligenční testy MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze I jako téma MeSH
• kreativita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motivace účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• myšlení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• nootropní látky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• řešení problému účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze I MeSH
• pragmatická klinická studie MeSH

Výzkum psychedelik a jejich klinického využití se doposud vyvíjí odděleně od výzkumu placebo efektu. Mezi oběma oblastmi výzkumu existuje řada paralel a možností vzájemného obohacení. Výrazná role extrafarmakologických proměnných v psychedelické intervenci má implikace pro další výzkum i pro potenciální regulaci zdravotních služeb s využitím psychedelické intervence.

Research on psychedelics and of their clinical utilization has been evolving separately from placebo research. There are several parallels between this two research fields with possible mutual enrichment. Substantial role of extrapharmacological variables in psychedelic interventions has implications for next research and for potential regulation of such psychedelic intervention as healthcare service.

• MeSH
• halucinogeny * farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• modifikátory efektu (epidemiologie) MeSH
• placebo efekt MeSH
• psilocybin farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Psychedelika jsou psychoaktivní látky, které bezprostředně po užití typicky vyvolávají změny vnímání, myšlení, emotivity a kognitivních procesů. V poslední době se intenzivně zkoumá jejich antidepresivní a anxiolytický efekt. Hlavní výhodou těchto látek je rychlý nástup účinku s dlouhodobým účinkem po podání jedné či jen několika málo dávek. Mají také dobrý bezpečnostní profil. Další využití mohou mít tyto látky v léčbě chronických bolestí u neuropatie a primárních bolestí hlavy, například cluster headache. Cluster headache neboli syndrom nakupených bolestí hlavy je vzácné onemocnění projevující se epizodami intenzivních bolestí hlavy s vegetativním doprovodem, které mohou pacienty výrazně limitovat. I když je konvenční léčba u většiny pacientů dostatečně účinná a bezpečná, existuje určitá skupina pacientů, u kterých tomu tak není. Proto se nadále pátrá po nových léčebných možnostech. Nový potenciální zdroj terapie cluster headache může na základě recentních dat představovat právě i skupina tryptaminových a ergolinových psychedelik, například psilocybin a diethylamid kyseliny lysergové (LSD) a některé jejich deriváty. Jedná se však zatím pouze o léčbu experimentální.

Psychedelics are psychoactive substances that typically cause changes in perception, thinking, emotionality, and cognitive processes immediately after use. Recently, their antidepressant and anxiolytic effects have been intensively investigated. The main advantage of these substances is the rapid onset and long-lasting effect after administration of one or only a few doses. They also have a good safety profile. These substances can also be used to treat chronic neurogenic pain and primary headaches, e.g. cluster headache. Cluster headache is a rare disease, manifested by episodes of intense headaches with vegetative accompaniment, which can significantly limit patients. Although conventional treatment is sufficiently effective and safe for most patients, there is a certain group for whom this is not the case. Therefore, the search for new treatment options continues. Based on recent data, a group of tryptamine and ergoline psychedelics, for example psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and some of their derivatives, may represent a new potential source of cluster headache therapy. This treatment is still experimental.

• MeSH
• cluster headache * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   patologie   MeSH
• halucinogeny * škodlivé účinky   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• klinická studie jako téma MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The recent renaissance of psychedelic science has reignited interest in the similarity of drug-induced experiences to those more commonly observed in psychiatric contexts such as the schizophrenia-spectrum. This report from a multidisciplinary working group of the International Consortium on Hallucinations Research (ICHR) addresses this issue, putting special emphasis on hallucinatory experiences. We review evidence collected at different scales of understanding, from pharmacology to brain-imaging, phenomenology and anthropology, highlighting similarities and differences between hallucinations under psychedelics and in the schizophrenia-spectrum disorders. Finally, we attempt to integrate these findings using computational approaches and conclude with recommendations for future research.

• MeSH
• halucinace chemicky indukované   diagnostické zobrazování   etiologie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• halucinogeny škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nervová síť diagnostické zobrazování   účinky léků   patofyziologie   MeSH
• schizofrenie komplikace   diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

The serotonergic psychedelics psilocybin, LSD and DMT hold great promise for the development of new treatments for psychiatric conditions such as major depressive disorder, addiction and end-of-life anxiety. Previous studies in both animals and humans have confirmed the effects of these drugs on neuronal activity and plasticity. However, the understanding of the mechanisms of action of these substances is limited. Here we show rapid effects of psychedelics on presynaptic properties, using live cell imaging at the level of single synapses in primary rat cortical neurons. Using the genetically encoded reporter of synaptic vesicle fusion synaptopHluorin, we detected a reduced fraction of synaptic vesicles that fused in response to mild or strong electrical stimulation 3-30 min after application of serotonergic psychedelics. These effects were transient and no longer present 24 h after treatment. While DMT only reduced the total recycling pool, LSD and psilocin also reduced the size of the readily releasable vesicle pool. Imaging with the sensors for glutamate, iGluSnFR, and presynaptic calcium, synGCaMP6, showed that while psilocin and DMT increased evoked glutamate release, LSD and psilocin reduced evoked presynaptic calcium levels. Interestingly, psilocin also affected short-term plasticity leading to a depression of responses to paired stimuli. The rapid and drug-specific modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission described in this study may contribute to distinct anxiolytic and antidepressant properties of serotonergic psychedelics.

• MeSH
• halucinogeny * farmakologie   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• kyselina glutamová * metabolismus   MeSH
• LSD farmakologie   MeSH
• mozková kůra * účinky léků   metabolismus   cytologie   MeSH
• neurony * účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• potkani Sprague-Dawley MeSH
• psilocybin farmakologie   MeSH
• serotoninové látky farmakologie   MeSH
• synaptické vezikuly účinky léků   metabolismus   MeSH
• tryptaminy farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH