One of the most common statistical analyses in experimental psychology concerns the comparison of two means using the frequentist t test. However, frequentist t tests do not quantify evidence and require various assumption tests. Recently, popularized Bayesian t tests do quantify evidence, but these were developed for scenarios where the two populations are assumed to have the same variance. As an alternative to both methods, we outline a comprehensive t test framework based on Bayesian model averaging. This new t test framework simultaneously takes into account models that assume equal and unequal variances, and models that use t-likelihoods to improve robustness to outliers. The resulting inference is based on a weighted average across the entire model ensemble, with higher weights assigned to models that predicted the observed data well. This new t test framework provides an integrated approach to assumption checks and inference by applying a series of pertinent models to the data simultaneously rather than sequentially. The integrated Bayesian model-averaged t tests achieve robustness without having to commit to a single model following a series of assumption checks. To facilitate practical applications, we provide user-friendly implementations in JASP and via the RoBTT package in R . A tutorial video is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EcuzGTIcorQ.

• MeSH
• Bayes Theorem MeSH
• Psychology, Experimental * methods   MeSH
• Data Interpretation, Statistical MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Models, Statistical * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to explore the lasting effects of stress experienced by pregnant women during World War II (WWII) on body and head measurements of their adult daughters. METHODS: The research sample consists of 336 female university students born in Poland between 1925 and 1951. The data include body measurements and socioeconomic information (parental occupation and number of siblings) acquired from questionnaires collected between the 1950s and 1970s. Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney test and Analysis of Variance were used to analyze differences in body measurements between groups of women born before and during the war, as well as the possible influences of socioeconomic variables. RESULTS: The mean measurements of body height, symphysion height, and waist circumference were lower in women conceived and born during the war compared to those born in the pre-war period. In contrast, the mean measurements of biacromial (shoulder) width, trunk length, and three head dimensions were higher in women conceived and born during the war. Additionally, the number of siblings appeared to be a significant factor that may have influenced the body measurements of women in both groups. For instance, a higher number of living siblings, particularly sisters, was associated with reduced body dimensions, such as body height and waist circumference, while a greater number of deceased siblings was linked to an increase in certain body dimensions. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that war-related prenatal conditions may have influenced the postnatal growth and development of women conceived and born during the war. Notably, the direction of these changes varied, which indicates that the growth response to the war-related conditions was a complex adaptation, reflecting both positive and negative changes in different body parts, rather than a uniform pattern of growth suppression.

• MeSH
• World War II * MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Stress, Psychological MeSH
• Socioeconomic Factors MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Poland MeSH

This research aims to analyse the personality traits of social workers in different areas of social work using the NEO-FFI questionnaire, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the five main personality dimensions. Although this instrument is commonly used in psychological research, no studies are available to date that examine the personality structure of social workers using the NEO-FFI. This study, therefore, represents an innovative approach to understanding how personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) influence performance and satisfaction in this demanding profession. The results show statistically significant differences in personality traits between social workers and the general population, while the type of social service provided and the age group of clients do not have a statistically significant effect on these results. This study provides new insights into the personality profile of social workers, which may have practical implications for selection, education, and professional development in this field.

Původní psychologie jsou psychologie, které se vyvinuly v druhé polovině 20. století jako reakce na dominanci západní psychologie. Tento text přináší přehled některých pojmů filipínské původní psychologie (Sikolohiyang Pilipino), jak jsou prezentovány v anglicky psaných dílech filipínských autorů. Filipínská psychologie vyvinula mnoho původních pojmů, jako jsou kapwa, pakikiramdam, utang-na-loób a hiya, stejně jako několik původních výzkumných metod, jako jsou pakapa-kapa nebo pagtatanong-tanong. Koncepty filipínské psychologie jsou často nějakým způsobem spojeny se sociálními procesy a vztahy mezi lidmi, takže tuto disciplínu lze považovat za filipínskou sociální psychologii. Její metody jsou podobné západním metodám, ale filipínská psychologie trvá na metodologické suverenitě, aby se zbavila kolonialismu. Filipínské psychologické koncepty jsou příkladem sociální psychologie jako vědecké disciplíny závislé na kontextu. Pokud bychom je zařadili do sociálně psychologických disciplín, většina filipínských konceptů by patřila ke studiu sociálních vztahů, pakikiramdam by se dalo zařadit do sociální kognice a utang-na-loób do studia postojů. Pro české čtenáře je filipínská psychologie klíčovým příkladem toho, jak dekolonizovat psychologický výzkum.

Indigenous psychologies are psychologies that developed during the second half of the 20th century as a reaction to Western psychology's domination. This text reviews some concepts of Filipino indigenous psychology (Sikolohiyang Pilipino) as they are presented in English-written works of Filipino authors. Filipino psychology developed many indigenous concepts, like kapwa, pakikiramdam, utang-na-loób, and hiya, as well as several indigenous research methods, like pakapa-kapa or pagtatanong-tanong. Concepts of Filipino psychology are often somehow related to social processes and relationships among people, so the discipline could be considered Filipino social psychology. Its methods are similar to Western methods, but Filipino psychology insists on methodological sovereignty to relieve themself from colonialism. It is argued that Filipino psychology concepts are an example of social psychology taken as a scientific discipline, dependent on the context. If categorized into social psychological disciplines, most Filipino concepts belong to the study of social relationships, pakikiramdam could be categorized as social cognition, and utang-na-loób as belonging to attitude studies. For Czech readers, Filipino psychology is a key example of how to decolonize psychological research.

AIM: To examine the organisational (i.e., perceived organisational support and psychologically safe environment) and individual (i.e., value, belief and norm) antecedents that strengthen healthcare workers' speaking-up behaviour in a developing economy. DESIGN: The study uses a cross-sectional design to gather the same data from healthcare workers within the Ashanti Region of Ghana. METHODS: The data collection happened between 15 June and 30 August 2023. A sample of 380 healthcare workers was selected from 20 facilities in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. A configurational approach, a fussy-set qualitative comparative analysis, was used to identify the configurations that caused high and low speaking-up behaviour among the study sample. RESULTS: The study results reveal that whereas four configurations generate high speaking-up behaviour, three configurations, by contrast, produce low speaking-up behaviour among healthcare workers. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that in so far as organisational support systems which take the form of a psychologically safe environment and perceived organisational support are vital in relaxing the hierarchical boundaries in a healthcare setting to improve healthcare workers' speaking-up behaviour, the individual value-based factors that take the form of values, beliefs and norms are indispensable as it provides the healthcare workers with the necessary inner drive to regard speaking-up behaviour on patient safety and care as a moral duty. IMPACT: Healthcare workers' speaking-up behaviour is better achieved when organisational support systems complement the individual norms, values and beliefs of the individual. REPORTING METHOD: Adhered to Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Organizational Culture * MeSH
• Attitude of Health Personnel * MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Health Personnel * psychology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Ghana MeSH

Psycholog v zařízeních dlouhodobé péče zastává klíčovou roli v podpoře seniorů, spolupráci s personálem, komunikaci s rodinami a osvětě směrem k veřejnosti. Jeho práce zahrnuje individuální i skupinové intervence, přizpůsobené zdravotnímu stavu klientů, smyslovým deficitům a specifickým komunikačním potřebám. Důležitou součástí je i doprovázení seniorů v tématech umírání a bilancování života. Dalším aspektem psychologické práce je začlenění do multidisciplinárního týmu, kde poskytuje psychologický pohled na situaci klienta, pomáhá zlepšovat komunikaci mezi jednotlivými úseky péče a působí jako mediátor. Zároveň plní advokační roli, kdy hájí práva klientů a podporuje jejich důstojnost a autonomii. Přestože tato role má významný přínos, psychologové nejsou v českých domovech pro seniory systematicky zastoupeni. Článek proto zdůrazňuje potřebu systémové změny, vytvoření odborných standardů a větší integrace psychologické péče do zařízení dlouhodobé péče. Klíčovou roli v tomto procesu hraje vzdělávání psychologů a podpora výzkumu zaměřeného na duševní zdraví seniorů.

A psychologist in long-term care facilities plays a key role in supporting older adults, collaborating with staff, communicating with families, and raising public awareness. Their work includes individual and group interventions, adapted to the health status of residents, sensory deficits, and specific communication needs. An important aspect is also providing support in end-of-life discussions and life review. Another crucial function of the psychologist is integration into the multidisciplinary team, where they provide a psychological perspective on residents’ situations, facilitate communication between care departments, and act as mediators. Additionally, they fulfill an advocacy role, protecting residents’ rights and promoting dignity and autonomy. Despite the significant benefits of this role, psychologists are not systematically represented in Czech long-term care facilities. This article emphasizes the need for systemic change, the development of professional standards, and the greater integration of psychological care into long-term care settings. A key aspect of this process is the education of psychologists and the promotion of research focused on the mental health of older adults.

Starting point: Preventive programs for older adults should focus on promoting aging in their place of residence. A safe household without barriers is one condition for maintaining a high quality of life and supporting self-sufficiency. The occupational therapist plays a key role in evaluating the home environment and supervising follow-up interventions. Aim: This review study aims to clarify the role of occupational therapist interventions in the home environment of older adults and describe the most common and significant risks and subsequent modifications to the environment to create a safe home and prevent falls based on best practices. Methods: This is a review of published literature between 2013 and 2024 using the PRISMA methodology. The electronic databases Web of Science, Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed were searched. Results: Of the 198 sources, 10 studies met the analysis criteria. Risky areas in older adult homes and possible interventions to increase safety are clearly listed. The areas with the greatest security risk are the bedrooms, bathrooms with toilets, and stairs. Various obstacles, including carpets, objects placed at an inappropriate height, a low toilet, or insufficient lighting, were among the most common causes of falls. Conclusions: Studies point to the importance of promoting self-sufficiency and raising awareness regarding aging modifications to the homes of older adults.

• Keywords
• domácí prostředí,
• MeSH
• Equipment Safety MeSH
• Safety MeSH
• Ergonomics MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Accidental Falls * prevention & control   MeSH
• Research MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH

Adolescentní vývojové období představuje etapu přechodu od dětství do dospělosti. Tento proces je ovlivňován biologickými změnami i psychosociálními vlivy, které vyplývají z rodiny, vrstevnického prostředí a širších sociokulturních okolností. Adolescenti stojí před vývojovými úkoly směrem k dosažení vlastní autonomie a nalezení „svého místa na slunci“. Vývojové komplikace se mohou projevit zejména v emočně nestabilním prožívání, narcistické nerovnováze a nestabilitě blízkých vztahů, autodestruktivním chováním. Spektrum potíží je na jednom konci možné popsat jako běžnou adolescentní nestabilitu (adolescentní krizi), na druhém konci jako poruchový vývoj osobnosti, který již lze klinicky popsat jako emočně nestabilní – hraniční poruchu osobnosti. Větší zastoupení adolescentních dívek v oblasti těchto potíží bývá spojováno s časným biologickým dospíváním, vlivem sociálních sítí a norem, které prezentují, traumatizací v blízkých vztazích. Současné přístupy pohlížejí optimističtěji na možné pozitivní změny v průběhu dalšího vývoje v dospělosti a snaží se o vytvoření specifických psychoterapeutických programů pro tyto pacienty. Přístup dětských lékařů, zaměřený na rodinu adolescenta a zvládající obtíže v komunikaci s nimi, může výrazně pomoci – podpořit rodinu a motivovat k další psychiatrické a psychoterapeutické péči.

The adolescent developmental period represents a stage of transition from childhood to adulthood. This process is influenced by biological changes and psychosocial influences resulting from the family, peer environment and broader sociocultural circumstances. Adolescents face developmental tasks towards achieving their own autonomy and finding their “place in the sun”. Developmental complications can manifest themselves in particular in emotionally unstable experiences, narcissistic imbalance and instability of close relationships, and self-destructive behavior. The spectrum of problems can be described at one end of the spectrum as common adolescent instability (adolescent crisis), at the other end of the spectrum as disordered personality development, which can already be clinically described as emotionally unstable – borderline personality disorder. The greater representation of adolescent girls in the area of ​​these problems is often associated with early biological puberty, the influence of social networks and the norms they present, and traumatization in close relationships. Current approaches are more optimistic about possible positive changes during further development in adulthood and try to create specific psychotherapeutic programs for these patients. The approach of pediatricians, focused on the family of an adolescent with difficulties in managing communication with them, can be of significant help – supporting the family and motivating them to further psychiatric and psychotherapeutic care.

• Keywords
• emoční nestabilita,
• MeSH
• Emotional Adjustment * MeSH
• Borderline Personality Disorder MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Psychotherapy MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Adolescent Development * MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

WHAT IS KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT: Missed, rationed or unfinished nursing care represents a global problem that jeopardizes the provision of quality and safe care. This phenomenon is frequently observed in adult, paediatric and child healthcare facilities and various care units. WHAT THE PAPER ADDS TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE: The findings of this review contribute valuable information to inform evidence-based practices, foster organizational improvements and ultimately optimize the overall quality of care in psychiatric healthcare settings. In addition, the review illuminates the far-reaching consequences of care on both patient and nurse outcomes, emphasizing the urgent need for tailored strategies to mitigate these effects. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Based on the synthesis of the literature, a thorough and continuous assessment of patient care needs in the physical, psychological and social domains is needed, primarily utilizing standardized instruments designed for psychiatric settings to ensure a comprehensive understanding of unmet needs. Based on identified unmet needs, nurses should develop individualized care plans and tailor interventions to address them. In addition, nurse managers must adopt and implement regular monitoring mechanisms to track the prevalence of unmet care needs and at the same time establish reporting systems that capture the proportion of unmet needs, allowing timely interventions and adjustments to care delivery. Lastly, nurse managers must not only emphasize the importance of ethical care practices and dignity-focused interventions but also educate healthcare providers, especially nurses, on the potential threats to patient dignity arising from unmet care needs. ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Despite frequent observations of unmet care needs in acute care adult settings, there are a limited number of studies that focus on investigating this phenomenon in the psychiatric setting. AIM: To synthesize the existing empirical research on unmet care needs in psychiatric healthcare settings. METHODS: The search was carried out in August 2023 in four scientific databases, PubMed, ProQuest, Web of Science and OVID Nursing, based on their institutional availability. The search produced 1129 studies. The search and retrieval process reflected the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses. RESULTS: This review included 14 studies investigating unmet care needs in the psychiatric healthcare setting. Unmet care needs included three domains: physical, psychological and social. The analysis of the factors revealed factors related to the characteristics of the organization, nurse and patient. DISCUSSION: The classification of unmet needs provides a comprehensive understanding of the various challenges facing people in psychiatric healthcare settings. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE: Identified factors that influence the occurrence of unmet care needs will help prevent the occurrence of unmet care needs and timely assessment. The resolution of needs helps to achieve patient and nurse outcomes, increase the quality of care provided and patient satisfaction in a psychiatric healthcare setting.

• MeSH
• Mental Disorders therapy   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Psychiatric Nursing * standards   MeSH
• Mental Health Services standards   MeSH
• Health Services Needs and Demand MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Review MeSH

Conflict deeply affects human experiences, frequently testing individual resilience to its breaking point and leaving enduring psychological and societal wounds. The current conflict in Ukraine, initiated by Russia's invasion in 2022, illustrates this phenomenon by altering regional relationships and triggering a major humanitarian crisis marked by extensive displacement, loss of life, and emotional turmoil. This study explores the factors influencing hope and distress in Ukraine alongside six nearby European countries during the ongoing conflict. A cross-sectional survey collected data primarily via internet panel samples from the Czech Republic, Georgia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, and Ukraine in the second year since the war's initiation. The current study utilised validated instruments, collecting data on levels of hope, distress, individual resilience, community resilience, societal resilience, morale, sense of danger, perceived security threats, and demographic characteristics. Hope and distress levels differ across countries, with Ukraine exhibiting the highest levels of both (3.74 ± 1.02 and 2.89 ± 0.87, respectively). Overall, average scores of hope were higher than average distress levels. Across the regression models for the seven countries, hope showed strong associations with individual (between β = 0.089 and β = 0.327) and societal resilience (between β = 0.206 and β = 0.514), while morale (between β = -0.104 and β = -0.479) and individual resilience (between β = -0.077 and β = -0.335) displayed a protective relationship against distress (all β values were significant, p < 0.01). Monitoring hope and distress is crucial during the Russian-Ukrainian war and other adversities, as these factors give insight into the current and future psychological states of affected populations. The results offer valuable information that can guide the development of tailored strategies to enhance hope and buffer distress in war-impacted countries, as well as those experiencing its broader effects. Fostering individual and societal resilience, alongside enhancing morale, may strengthen hope and mitigate distress amid adversity. Developing targeted interventions that address each population's unique needs, as well as their sociocultural and geopolitical contexts can enhance efficacy.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Hope * MeSH
• Armed Conflicts * psychology   MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Resilience, Psychological * MeSH
• Psychological Distress * MeSH
• Stress, Psychological * psychology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Russia MeSH
• Ukraine MeSH