In recent years, many medical studies using healthcare databases have been carried out. And, in most cases, relational databases are used as database management systems. Since it is necessary to handle data by making full use of database manipulation language for analysis purposes, skills different from those for operation purposes are required. What is important here is a deep understanding of the definitions and benefits of the relational data model theory. However, some people do not understand the exact definition of relational data model theory and are confused with relational databases. This paper promotes a deeper understanding of the relational model theory by explaining in detail the relationship between the predicate logic and relational model theory using easy-to-understand examples.

Ošetrovateľské modely poskytujú koncepčné východiská pre objasnenie vybraných komponentov ľudského správania z určitej špecifi ckej fi lozofi ckej perspektívy. Cieľom tejto štúdie bolo priblížiť vybrané premenné (environmentálne stimuly, kontrolný kognitívny subsystém, adaptačné módy) klasifi kované a testované podľa Royovej adaptačného modelu (RAM). Na skúmanie úspešnosti a aplikovateľnosti RAM v ošetrovateľskom výskume a v praxi bol zvolený analyticko-syntetický prístup. Základom pre analýzu a syntézu boli primárne výskumné štúdie založené na RAM, prehľadové štúdie a metaanalýzy. Klasifi kácia vstupných stimulov bola v niektorých štúdiách jasná, v iných štúdiách ich klasifi kácia nebola presne vymedzená. Ako kontrolný mechanizmus bol zvyčajne sledovaný kognitívny subsystém reprezentovaný kognitívno-emocionálnymi stratégiami zvládania životných udalostí. Fyziologická adaptácia bola zvyčajne jednoznačne defi novaná a meraná ako biologická odpoveď. V teoretickom vymedzení a meraní adaptačných módov sebakoncepcie, plnenia rolí alebo vzájomnej závislosti boli identifi kované rozdiely. V niektorých štúdiách bola jasne defi novaná príslušnosť sledovanej premennej k uvedeným módom RAM, v niektorých ale boli uvedené módy testované spoločne ako oblasť psychosociálnej adaptácie.

Nursing models provide conceptual frameworks for clarifying human behaviour components from a specifi c philosophical perspective. Th e aim of this study was to describe variables (environmental stimuli, a control cognator subsystem, adaptation modes) which have been classifi ed and tested in accordance with Roy's adaptation model (RAM). Th e analysis and synthesis processes were used in order to explore the usefulness and serviceability of RAM in nursing research and practise. Th e primary research studies based on RAM, study overviews and meta-analysis were used for analysis and synthesis. Th e classifi cation of input stimuli was clear in certain studies, while further studies have not been precisely defi ned in their classifi cation. Th e cognator subsystem has usually been studied as a control mechanism represented by the cognitive-emotional coping strategies of life events. Th e physiological adaptation was usually clearly defi ned and measured as a biological response. Diff erences have been identifi ed in the theoretical defi nition and the measurement of adaptive modes of self-concept, role function and interdependence. In certain studies, the relevance of the watched variable in relation to the respective RAM mode was clearly defi ned, but in a number of studies the modes were tested together as a fi eld of psychosocial adaptation.

• MeSH
• Databases, Bibliographic statistics & numerical data   utilization   MeSH
• Adaptation, Physiological MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Nursing Research MeSH
• Social Support MeSH
• Vital Statistics MeSH
• Models, Theoretical MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Two values of thermal requirements, the lower developmental threshold (LDT), that is, the temperature at which development ceases, and the sum of effective temperatures, that is, day degrees above the LDT control the development of ectotherms and are used in phenology models to predict time at which the development of individual stages of a species will be completed. To assist in the rapid development of phenology models, we merged a previously published database of thermal requirements for insects, gathered by online search in CAB Abstracts, with independently collected data for insects and mites from original studies. The merged database comprises developmental times at various constant temperatures on 1,054 insect and mite species, many of them in several populations, mostly pests and their natural enemies, from all over the world. We show that closely related species share similar thermal requirements and therefore, for a species with unknown thermal requirements, the value of LDT and sum of effective temperatures of its most related species from the database can be used.

• MeSH
• Models, Biological MeSH
• Species Specificity MeSH
• Insecta growth & development   MeSH
• Mites growth & development   MeSH
• Temperature MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and hyperlipidaemia are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. This study investigates the association between OSA and prevalence of hyperlipidaemia in patients of the European Sleep Apnea Database (ESADA) cohort. METHODS: The cross-sectional analysis included 11 892 patients (age 51.9 ± 12.5 years, 70% male, body mass index (BMI) 31.3 ± 6.6 kg/m2 , mean oxygen desaturation index (ODI) 23.7 ± 25.5 events/h) investigated for OSA. The independent odds ratio (OR) for hyperlipidaemia in relation to measures of OSA (ODI, apnoea-hypopnoea index, mean and lowest oxygen saturation) was determined by means of general linear model analysis with adjustment for important confounders such as age, BMI, comorbidities and study site. RESULTS: Hyperlipidaemia prevalence increased from 15.1% in subjects without OSA to 26.1% in those with severe OSA, P < 0.001. Corresponding numbers in patients with diabetes were 8.5% and 41.5%, P < 0.001. Compared with ODI quartile I, patients in ODI quartiles II-IV had an adjusted OR (95% CI) of 1.33 (1.15-1.55), 1.37 (1.17-1.61) and 1.33 (1.12-1.58) (P < 0.001), respectively, for hyperlipidaemia. Obesity was defined as a significant risk factor for hyperlipidaemia. Subgroups of OSA patients with cardio-metabolic comorbidities demonstrated higher prevalence of HL. In addition, differences in hyperlipidaemia prevalence were reported in European geographical regions with the highest prevalence in Central Europe. CONCLUSION: Obstructive sleep apnoea, in particular intermittent hypoxia, was independently associated with the prevalence of hyperlipidaemia diagnosis.

• MeSH
• Hyperlipidemias epidemiology   MeSH
• Cardiovascular Diseases epidemiology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Obesity epidemiology   MeSH
• Sleep Apnea, Obstructive epidemiology   MeSH
• Polysomnography MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Cross-Sectional Studies MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Europe MeSH

• MeSH
• Small-Area Analysis MeSH
• Epidemiological Models MeSH
• Health Information Systems MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• epidemiologie
• věda a výzkum
• NML Publication type
• brožury

Východiská: Akútny stres vyvolaný diagnózou rakoviny a posttraumatický stresový syndróm, ktorým trpia prežívajúci pacienti s nádorovou chorobou, spôsobuje pokles kvality života pacientov najmä v dôsledku psychologických a fyzikálnych porúch vrátane anxiety, depresie, porúch spánku a insomnie, kognitívnych dysfunkcií, únavy, bolesti, kachexie a pod. Nedávne štúdie priniesli nový pohľad do molekulových mechanizmov, ktoré vyvolávajú uvedené komorbidity sprevádzajúce nádorovú chorobu. Ukázalo sa, že adverzné psychosomatické reakcie na emocionálny stres vrátane depresie sú u pacientov s nádorovou chorobou spôsobené poruchou funkcie neuroendokrinného systému, poruchou regulačných funkcií osi hypotalamus-hypofýza-nadoblička, poruchou sympatického nervového systému a serotonín-dopamínovej interakcie pri riadení cirkadiálneho rytmu bdenia a spánku. Cieľ: Cieľom predkladanej štúdie je zhodnotiť výsledky klinických analýz biobehaviorálnej onkológie, ktoré vychádzajú z hypotézy, podľa ktorej je stres, anxiozita a posttraumatická stresová porucha hlavným dispozičným faktorom, ktorý u pacientov s nádorovou chorobou vyvoláva sprievodné psychosomatické poruchy. Materiál a metódy: Údaje o biopsychosociálnom prístupe v liečbe nádorovej choroby publikované v súčasnej odbornej literatúre boli zozbierané pomocou elektronických databáz a boli vyhodnotené v metaanalýze 24 vybraných prác. Výsledky: Podľa týchto analýz je jedným z kľúčových pilierov suportívnej liečby v onkológii redukcia stresu, ktorá sa dá dosiahnuť pomocou cielenej psychosociálnej intervencie a psychofarmakologickej terapie. Kognitívno-behaviorálne intervencie a skupinová psychosociálna liečba pomáhajú pacientom zbaviť sa stresu z diagnózy a liečby, korigovať depresiu a normalizovať cirkadiálny cyklus. Cielená kognitívno-behaviorálna terapia spolu s psychofarmakologickou liečbou sú najúčinnejší terapeutický prístup pri liečbe stresom vyvolaných nádorových komorbidít. V predkladanej metaanalýze je hodnotená plauzibilná metodológia redukcie stresu v procese ochrany onkologického pacienta pred dôsledkami stresom vyvolaného posttraumatického a anxio-depresívneho syndrómu sprevádzaného fyzikálnym a psychickým utrpením, ktoré zásadne zhoršujú kvalitu života prežívajúcich pacientov a znižujú ich schopnosť spolupracovať pri liečbe a nádorovej chorobe vzdorovať. Záver: V snahe o zlepšenie celkového prežívania pacientov s nádorovou chorobou pri uplatnení biopsychosociálneho modelu onkologickej starostlivosti bude potrebná užšia spolupráca behaviorálnych odborníkov, vedcov a klinických onkológov pri objasnení rozsahu možností účinnej psychosociálnej intervencie a farmakoterapie komorbidít nádorovej choroby cestou eliminácie stresom indukovaných alterácií neurotransmisného a neuroendokrinného systému.

Background: Acute stress in patients experiencing cancer diagnosis and the post-traumatic stress disorder in cancer survivors results in impaired overall quality of life mainly due to associated psychological and physical alterations, including anxiety, depression, sleep disturbances, cognitive dysfunctions, fatigue, pain, cachexia and others. Recent studies revealed a new insight into molecular mechanisms contributing to the development of cancer-related comorbidities. It has been shown that adverse psychosomatic reactions including cancer depression to emotional cancer distress result from neuroendocrinne dysfunctions, disruption of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system, serotonin-dopamine interactions and circadian sleep-wake rhythm disruption. Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate clinical studies oriented toward elucidation of the hypothesis that cancer-related anxio-depressive syndrome is the major disorder leading to the development of accompanying psychosomatic disruptions. Material and Methods: The data of the biopsychosocial approach in the treatment of cancer presented in the current literature were collecting using appropriate electronic databases and were elaborated in the form of meta-analysis of 24 selected publications. Results: According to relevant clinical studies, psychosocial interventions and psychopharmacological treatment has been shown to reduce cancer symptomatology and to improve the ability of patients to cope with the disease. Thus, one of the key pillars of supportive care in oncology is stress reduction. Cognitive-behavioral interventions and group psychosocial therapies have shown to reduce stress from the diagnosis and treatment, to palliate depression and to help in restoring the circadian rhythm. Psychopharamacological interventions are the most useful approaches in the reduction of stress-induced cancer comorbidities. In the presented study, a plausible role of stress reduction in the protection of cancer patients from posttraumatic and anxio-depressive syndrome, physical and psychical suffering, from decrease of patient’s quality of life, ability to cope with the disease and cooperate in cancer treatment has been analyzed. Conclusion: Implementation of the biopsychosocial model of cancer care needs further cooperation between behavioral scientists and clinical oncologists attempted to elucidate further possibilities of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions leading to the regulation of stress-induced alterations of the neurotransmitter system and neuroendocrinne dysfunctions reduction of cancer-related comorbidities and improvement of patients survival time. Key words: cancer – behavioral risk profile – anxio-depressive syndrome – paraneoplastic syndrome – neurohumoral dysfunction – psychosocial and pharmacological intervention The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE “uniform requirements” for biomedical papers. Submitted: 30. 7. 2014 Accepted: 8. 4. 2015

• Keywords
• anxio-depresivní syndom, biopsychosociální intervence, podpůrná léčba, psychosociální onkologie,
• MeSH
• Adaptation, Psychological MeSH
• Antidepressive Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Anti-Anxiety Agents therapeutic use   MeSH
• Depression drug therapy   psychology   MeSH
• Holistic Health * MeSH
• Delivery of Health Care, Integrated MeSH
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy MeSH
• Communication MeSH
• Neoplasms * psychology   MeSH
• Attitude of Health Personnel MeSH
• Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic MeSH
• Stress, Psychological * physiopathology   psychology   MeSH
• Psychosocial Intervention MeSH
• Psychotherapy MeSH
• Social Support MeSH
• Anxiety drug therapy   psychology   MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Úvod: Chronická obstrukční plicní nemoc (CHOPN) je frekventované civilizační onemocnění s mnoha klinickými formami. CHOPN představuje závažnou příčinu zvýšené mortality a morbidity zejména u osob seniorského věku. Cíle: Primárním cílem projektu je zaznamenat a analyzovat průběh onemocnění a jeho dopad na celkovou mortalitu pacientů ve vztahu ke GOLD kategoriím a CHOPN fenotypům. Dalšími záměry projektu jsou: sledování respirační a kardiovaskulární morbidity, posouzení deklinace plicních funkcí, monitorace tělesného složení, popis adherence s inhalačními léky, periodické vyšetřování denní aktivity a analýza komorbidit. Metodika: Česká multicentrická výzkumná databáze těžké chronické obstrukční plicní nemoci je plánována na dobu 7–8 let (2–3letý náběr 800–1000 nemocných, následně jejich systematické pětileté sledování). Projekt je observační a prospektivní, probíhající ve 13 nemocničních centrech v rámci České republiky. Hlavním indikačním kritériem je přítomnost CHOPN s těžkou bronchiální obstrukcí s post-bronchodilatační hodnotou FEV1 ? 60 %. Do studie jsou zahrnováni nemocní splňující indikační a nesplňující vylučovací kritéria. Léčba nemocných není účastí v projektu nijak ovlivněna. Shrnutí: Předmětem článku je zevrubný popis cílů a metodologie tohoto projektu. Iniciální vstupní data již byla analyzována a publikována. První výsledky prospektivního sledování budou k dispozici v průběhu roku 2016. Projekt umožňuje blíže popsat podobu a přirozený průběh CHOPN u osob s těžkým stupněm bronchiální obstrukce léčených v České republice.

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a frequently occurring condition with many clinical forms. COPD represents a significant factor causing increased morbidity and mortality especially among the elderly. Goals: The primary goal of the project is to record and analyse the course of the disease and its impact of the overall patient mortality in relation to the GOLD categories and COPD phenotypes. Other goals include: monitoring respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, evaluating decline in pulmonary function, monitoring bodily composition, describing adherence to using inhalation drugs, periodically examining daily activities analysing comorbidities. Methods: The Czech multicentric research database of COPD is planned for the period of 7-8 years (2-3 years of patient targeting and enrolment followed by 5 years of systematic monitoring). The project is observatory and prospective, taking place in 13 hospital centres in the Czech Republic. The main indication criterion is presence of COPD with a severe bronchial construction and post-bronchodilation value of FEV1?60 %. Both patients satisfying the indication criteria and not satisfying exclusion criteria are to be included. Being included in the project will not affect the patients’ treatment in any way. Summary: The subject of this article is an exhaustive description of the goals and methods of this project. Initial entry data has already been analysed and published. First results of prospective monitoring will be available during 2016. The project enables us to better describe the appearance and natural course of COPD in patients with severe bronchial obstruction treated in the Czech Republic.

• MeSH
• Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive * epidemiology   etiology   complications   mortality   MeSH
• Databases, Factual * MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Phenotype MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Observational Studies as Topic MeSH
• Prospective Studies MeSH
• Research Design MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

Background: While administrative databases for health care are increasingly used as research tools, such databases generally contain only health insurance claims data, the contents of which are insufficient for conducting epidemiological research. Creating a dataset appropriate for specific analysis requires technical expertise and familiarity with data analysis. The aim of our research is to develop a data warehouse (DW) accessible to researchers of epidemiology without this expertise.Methods: We began by adding commonly used attributes in the epidemiological field to the National Database of Health Insurance Claims of Japan (NDB), to construct a Research Question Oriented DB. Secondly, we developed a versatile analysis unit schema by which the Research Question Oriented DW was reconstructed as per-patient units, covering demographics including sex, age group etc. We then proposed a pattern relational calculus by which research-specific attributes can be added without expert knowledge of SQL. Finally, we applied the DW in two epidemiological studies.Results: In both studies, the coverage of attributes constructed only by the versatile analysis unit schema was limited. The versatile analysis unit schema covered 12% (3/25) of the attributes used for the one study as well as 15% (3/20) in the other study. On the other hand, the pattern relational calculus we proposed covered all remaining attributes which researchers used for their study.Conclusion: As the versatile analysis unit schema and the pattern relational calculus were able to cover all attributes used in the two epidemiological studies, this shows that even within a limited scope, our method allows researchers who have little knowledge of SQL to tackle respective epidemiological study.Abbreviations and Terminologies: NDB-SD: NDB Sampling Data set; DW: Data Warehouse; Shema: design of attributes in relations in the relational model theory; Relation: table with no duplicate tuple; Attribute: column name or variable name in relations; Primary key: one or more attributes that uniquely identify each tuple in a relation; Tuple: combination of attributes in a relation, almost the same meaning as row; Tuple relational calculus: logical expression used in the relational model theory; SQL: database language based on the relational model theory.

• MeSH
• Data Analysis * MeSH
• Big Data MeSH
• Databases as Topic MeSH
• Epidemiologic Studies * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Delivery of Health Care MeSH
• Universal Health Insurance MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Geographicals
• Japan MeSH

Lidský obličej, nejvíce viditelná část lidského těla, podává informace o identitě svého nositele, zdravotním stavu a současně podléhá vysokým estetickým požadavkům. Je předmětem zkoumání mnoha klinických oborů, včetně ortodoncie, ve kterých jsou tradiční metody studia stále více doplňovány o pokročilé záznamové metody opojené s počítačovou podporou. Cílem článkuje nastínit možnosti nových technologií, mezi něž patří mimo jiné optické 3D skenování doplněné o vytváření digitálních databází trojrozměrných (3D) modelů, a zároveň představit databázi 3D modelů dětských obličejů, jež vzniká v rámci projektu Laboratoře morfologie a forenzní antropologie Ústavu antropologie Přírodovědecké fakulty Masarykovy univerzity. Jedná se o modely pořízené stereofotogrammetrickým přístrojem Vectra M1. Do databáze bylo doposud zahrnuto 992 jedinců mladších 18 let, ke kterým jsou k dispozici základní demografické a biologické údaje jako je datum narození, pohlaví, místo narození a trvalého bydliště, národnost, výška postavy nebo tělesná hmotnost. Početně bohatá a stále se rozrůstající databáze pokrývá široké spektrum variability lidského obličeje a umožňuje tak další využití v antropologii a v klinických lékařských oborech.

Human face, the most visible part of a human body, gives information about the identity of the person, their health condition, and at the same time it is subject to high esthetic demands. Human face is the subject of research of a number of clinical fields, including orthodontics. Traditional forms of research are innovated by advanced recording methods related to computer support. The aim of the work is to survey new technologies, ineluding optical 3D scanning and creation of digital databases of 3D models, and to introduce the 3D models of children's faces database that is being developed at Laboratory of morphology and forensic anthropology, Department of Anthropology of Faculty of Science, Masaryk University in Brno. The models are made with stereophotogrammetric 3D imaging system Vectra M1. The database already includes 992 individuals below 18 years together with basic demograph/c and biological data (e.g. date of birth, sex, place of birth and permanent address, nationality, body height or body weight). The continually growing database covers a wide spectrum of variability of human face, and can be used in anthopology and clinical medicine.

• MeSH
• Models, Anatomic * MeSH
• Anthropology, Physical MeSH
• Anthropometry methods   MeSH
• Databases as Topic * instrumentation   utilization   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Photogrammetry instrumentation   utilization   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Face * MeSH
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH