Pro stanovení diagnózy tuberkulózy je vedle klinických příznaků, rentgenového vyšetření plic a kožního tuberkulinového testu rozhodujícím vodítkem průkaz původce onemocnění – Mycobacterium tuberculosis přímou mikroskopií z biologického materiálu a kultivací na pevných vaječných půdách a půdách tekutých (Ogawova, Löwensteinova-Jensenova, Šulova půda). Pomalý růst většiny mykobakteriálních druhů je limitujícím faktorem jak při potvrzení etiologie onemocnění, tak při následných laboratorních testech lékové citlivosti a druhové identifikace, na kterých závisí včasné zahájení léčby, stanovení léčebného režimu a protiepidemických opatření. Jednou z metod navržených k urychlení průkazu mykobakterií a vhodnou k zavedení do praxe v diagnostických laboratořích je kultivační metoda BD BBL (Becton Dickinson): BD-1 Becton Drive Franclin Lakes, NJ USA 07417, MGIT (MGIT-Mycobacteria Growth Indikator Tube suplement), který pro detekci iniciální fáze pomnožování mykobakterií v tekuté půdě, tj. v době, kdy ještě nelze růst makrokolonií vizuálně prokázat, využívá fluorescenční technologii. Fluorescenční látka (Tris, -diphenyl-1, 10-phenaltroline ruthenium chloride pentahydrate) je v tomto systému vázána silikonem na dně zkumavek s tekutým kultivačním médiem a úbytek kyslíku provázející růst mykobakterií vyvolává fluorescenci, jejíž intenzita je registrována UV transiluminátorem.

Diagnosis of tuberculosis is based on clinical symptoms, lung X-ray, skin tuberculin test and primarily on the detection of the causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis by direct microscopy of biological specimens and culture on solid egg media and in liquid media (Ogawa, Löwenstein-Jensen, Šula). Slow growth of most mycobacterial species is a limiting factor in both the confirmation of etiology and subsequent drug susceptibility tests and species identification that are of crucial relevance to early institution of treatment, selection of treatment regimen and implementation of antiepidemic measures. One of the methods proposed for more rapid detection of mycobacteria and suitable for use in routine diagnostic laboratories is the BD BBL MGIT culture system (Becton Dickinson, 1 Becton Drive, Franklin Lakes, NJ 07417, USA) based on fluorescence detection of the initial phase of mycobacterial multiplication at which macrocolony growth is still not visible. The fluorescent compound Tris, 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenalthroline ruthenium chloride pentahydrate is embedded in silicone on the bottom of tubes with liquid culture medium in which growing, actively respiring mycobacteria consume the oxygen and allow the fluorescence to be detected and visualized using a UV transluminator.

• MeSH
• bakteriologické techniky metody   trendy   MeSH
• fluorescenční spektrometrie využití   MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• odběr biologického vzorku MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

• MeSH
• Enterobacteriaceae MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• Salmonella izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• salmonelóza diagnóza   MeSH

• MeSH
• kultivační média diagnostické užití   MeSH
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• sputum analýza   MeSH

Článek představuje vybrané typologie a modely organizační kultury. Cílem je na příkladech typologií a modelů organizační kultury demonstrovat jejich společné a rozdílné znaky a způsob operacionalizace organizační kultury za účelem měření ve výzkumu a praxi. Nejprve jsou shrnuty obecné pojmy, jako je organizační kultura, typologie a model. Následně se přehled věnuje popisu jednotlivých typologií a modelů, které mezi sebou srovná na základě definovaných kategorií. Jsou popsány výhody i nevýhody typologií a modelů, jejich praktické využití i témata, na která odpovídají. Článek obsahuje tři typologie podle teorií T. E. Deala a A. A. Kennedyho, R. Harrisona a Ch. Handyho i R. Goffeeho a G. Jonese. Z modelů jsou zmíněny Hofstedeho model strategie, kultury a změny, Barrettův model CTT a Denisonův model. V rámci popisu metod pro měření a posuzování organizační kultury jsou definovány i výhody a nevýhody v použití zmíněných postupů.

The article introduces the chosen typologies and models of organizational culture which are used worldwide. The aim is to demonstrate common and different characteristics and way of operationalizing of organizational culture for the measurement of research and practice into selected examples of typologies and models of organizational culture. At first general concepts will be summarized and described such as organizational culture, typology and model. Then the survey will be focused on the description of individual typologies and models, which will be compared to each other on the basis of seven defined categories. The categories are following the theoretical base, the speed of the organizational culture measuring, the theory approach, the culture variations, the culture development, the aim and the financial demands. In the article are described advantages and disadvantages of typologies and models, their practical use and topic to which they are responding. The article tries to depict the differences between cultural theories with the use of individual items of organizational culture, which are divided into two areas. First is made of items which are easily observable such as customs, rituals, norms of behavior, the stories of the organization, company heroes or elements of the organizational architecture and equipment. Items of first area express in different extend items of the other part. The other part contains basic convictions, values or attitudes. This items are less observable, because their actual contains is much more sensitive to the question of experience and feeling than knowledge. The first part which contains easily observable items is often better detected with the use of typologies. In general the typologies are more suitable in case when the leadership of organization knows the area which could be a potential risk for the organization. The models are more suitable tools for the measurement of the second area, which contains items which are less observable. This article contains following methods of the typology: The typology of T. B. Deal and A. A. Kennedy, The typology of R. Harrison and Ch. Handy and The typology two-by-two matrix by R. Goffee and G. Jones. In the survey following models are mentioned: The Hofstede´s Multifocus Model, The Seven Levels of Consciousness Model of R. Barrett and The Denison organizational culture model. The methods of the organizational culture measuring are described according to the individual types and dimensions, which are parts of a given method within the description of the methods for measuring are defined advantages and disadvantages of the use of given techniques. The selection of the suitable method is influenced by the organization itself. The organization has decided for the organizational culture measuring. The reasons of this decision are the specific problems and the development of every organization.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• organizační kultura * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Kultura je informace schopná ovlivnit jedincovo chování získané od druhých jedinců sociálním učením. Kultura je zdroj adaptivního chování. Informací jsou znalosti, druhy přesvědčení, hodnoty i dovednosti. Existuje možnost, že kultura existuje i u non-lidských živočichů. Unikátně lidské sociální poznávání souvisí s činností neurokognitivní sítě velkého rozsahu, která má šest uzlů: zadní temporální kůru, extrastriátovou oblast pro poznávání těl, zadní část sulcus temporalis superior, kůru temporoparietální junkce, ventrální a dorzální prefrontální kůru, a cingulární kůru. Existuje řada modelů koevoluce genů a kultury. Stať stručně popisuje vliv kultury na genovou selekci a teorii konstrukce nik.

Culture is information that is capable of affecting an individual's behaviour, which they acquire from other individuals through social learning. Culture is a source of adaptive behaviour. Information includes knowledge, beliefs, values and skills. There is the possibility of the existence of culture in non-human social animals. Uniquely human social cognition is associated with a large-scale neurocognitive network which has six nodes: posterior temporal cortex, extrastriate body area, posterior superior temporal sulcus, temporo-parietal junction, ventral and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, and cingular cortex. Many models exists of gene-culture evolution. The effects of culture on gene selection and the theory of niche construction are described in brief.

• Klíčová slova
• teorie tvorby nik, koevoluce genů a kultury, lidská sociální kognice,
• MeSH
• behaviorální genetika MeSH
• biologická evoluce MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• kognice MeSH
• kulturní evoluce MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologie MeSH
• sociální chování MeSH
• sociobiologie MeSH
• vývojová biologie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• úvodní články MeSH

Byl sledován vliv vybraných auxinů (kyselina 2,4-dichlorfenoxyoctová, kyselina a-naftyloctová, kyselina b-indolyloctová)ve třech koncentracích (0,1; 1 a 10 mg/l) na růst kalusové kultury Bellis perennis L.a produkci flavonoidů. Nejlepší proliferace kultury a současně nejvyššího obsahuflavo- noidů bylo dosaženo s kyselinou 2,4-dichlorfenoxyoctovou v koncentraci 0,1 a 1mg/l, s kyselinou b-indolyloctovou v koncentraci 0,1 mg/l a skyselinou a-naftyloctovou v koncentraci 1 mg/l.

The paper examines the effect of selected auxins (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid,a -naphthylacetic acid, b-indolylaceticacid) in three concentrations (0.1; 1 and 10 mg/l) on the growth of the callus culture ofBellis perennis L. and the production of flavonoids. The best proliferation of the cultureand at the same time the highest content of flavonoids was achieved with2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg/l, with b-indolylacetic acid in a concentration of 0.1 mg/l, and with a-naphthylacetic acid in a concentration of 1 mg/l.

• MeSH
• biflavonoidy biosyntéza   MeSH
• kultivované buňky metody   MeSH
• kyseliny indoloctové fyziologie   MeSH
• léčivé rostliny metabolismus   růst a vývoj   účinky léků   MeSH

• MeSH
• dekontaminace MeSH
• dezinficiencia MeSH
• hydroxid sodný MeSH
• kultivační média MeSH
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis izolace a purifikace   MeSH
• sliny mikrobiologie   MeSH

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND: Patient safety is a strategic goal of managers of all health care facilities in the Czech Republic. The development of a safety culture in the facility helps to ensure high quality health care. GOAL OF THE SURVEY was to assess the safety culture with regard to patient safety and team cooperation. A partial goal was to confirm the hypothesis that team cooperation among health care staff significantly influences patient safety. METHODOLOGY: 772 nurses took part in a quantitative survey. The respondents were nurses working shifts in inpatient departments of hospitals in the Czech Republic. RESULTS: Patient safety was described as excellent by 17.5% of nurses. It is described as very good by 60.2% of nurses and described as acceptable by 20.5% nurses. 78% of respondents agreed with the statement that patient safety was never neglected at the expense of increased workload. More than 10% of nurses reported that there were problems with patient safety. 19.8% of respondents were reported that efforts to prevent errors were not practiced at their clinic, and, therefore, and only chance had prevent more errors from occurring. According to 64.9% of respondents, the staff on the wards supported each other and a similar number of respondents reported that they showed respect for each other (60.2%). Respondents reported that intra-ward support increased the degree of patient safety. CONCLUSION: Results from the survey show that team cooperation is a precondition for providing safe patient care, which cannot be underestimated and must be refined and improved through good hospital management.

• MeSH
• bezpečnost pacientů normy   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• nemocnice normy   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• organizační kultura * MeSH
• personál sesterský nemocniční statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• postoj zdravotnického personálu * MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Increased cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) and nitric oxide (NO) are suggested to be associated with apoptosis that is a main feature of many liver diseases and is characterized by biochemical and morphological features. We sought to investigate the events of increase in [Ca2+]i and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium depletion by thapsigargin (TG), a selective inhibitor of sarco-ER-Ca2+ -ATPases, in relation to NO production and apoptotic and necrotic markers of cell death in primary rat hepatocyte culture. Cultured hepatocytes were treated with TG (1 and 5 micromol/L) for 0-24 or 24-48 h. NO production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression were determined as nitrite levels and by iNOS-specific antibody, respectively. Hepatocyte apoptosis was estimated by caspase-3 activity, cytosolic cytochrome c content and DNA fragmentation, and morphologically using Annexin-V/propidium iodide staining. Hepatocyte viability and mitochondrial activity were evaluated by ALT leakage and MTT test. Increasing basal [Ca2+]i by TG, NO production and apoptotic/necrotic parameters were altered in different ways, depending on TG concentration and incubation time. During 0-24 h, TG dose-dependently decreased iNOS-mediated spontaneous NO production and simultaneously enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis. In addition, TG 5 micromol/L produced secondary necrosis. During 24-48 h, TG dose-dependently enhanced basal NO production and rate of necrosis. TG 5 micromol/L further promoted mitochondrial damage as demonstrated by cytochrome c release. A selective iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine, suppressed TG-stimulated NO production and ALT leakage from hepatocytes after 24-48 h. Our data suggest that the extent of the [Ca2+]i increase and the modulation of NO production due to TG treatment contribute to hepatocyte apoptotic and/or necrotic events.

• MeSH
• apoptóza fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• buněčná smrt účinky léků   MeSH
• buněčné jádro účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• guanidiny farmakologie   MeSH
• hepatocyty fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• kaspasa 3 metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• mitochondrie fyziologie   účinky léků   MeSH
• oxid dusnatý biosyntéza   MeSH
• sarkoplazmatická Ca2+-ATPáza antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   MeSH
• synthasa oxidu dusnatého, typ II antagonisté a inhibitory   metabolismus   MeSH
• thapsigargin farmakologie   MeSH
• vápník fyziologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

The major risk factor for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the use of antibiotics owing to the disruption of the equilibrium of the host gut microbiota. To preserve the beneficial resident probiotic bacteria during infection treatment, the use of molecules with selective antibacterial activity enhances the efficacy by selectively removing C. difficile. One of them is the plant alkaloid 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ), which has been shown to selectively inhibit clostridia without repressing bifidobacteria. Selective antimicrobial activity is generally tested by culture techniques of individual bacterial strains. However, the main limitation of these techniques is the inability to describe differential growth dynamics of more bacterial strains in co-culture within the same experiment. In the present study, we combined fluorescent in situ hybridization and flow cytometry to describe the changes in active and non-active cells of a mixed culture formed by the opportunistic pathogen C. difficile CECT 531 and the beneficial Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum CCMDMND BL1 after exposure to 8HQ. It was observed that without 8HQ, the proportion of both strains was almost equal, oscillating between 22.7 and 77.9 % during a time lapse of 12 h, whereas with 8HQ the proportion of active C. difficile decreased after 4 h, and persisted only between 8.8 and 17.5 %. In contrast, bifidobacterial growth was not disturbed by 8HQ. The results of this study showed the selective inhibitory effect of 8HQ on clostridial and bifidobacterial growth dynamics, and the potential of this compound for the development of selective agents to control CDIs.

• MeSH
• antibakteriální látky farmakologie   MeSH
• Bifidobacterium účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• Clostridioides difficile účinky léků   růst a vývoj   MeSH
• hybridizace in situ fluorescenční MeSH
• mikrobiální interakce MeSH
• oxychinolin farmakologie   MeSH
• průtoková cytometrie MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH