Hladiny kadmia v celkovej krvi boli merané v skupine 108 dospelých vegetariánov, nefajčiarov (na alternatívnom stravovaní 5,64 rokov) a porovnávané so skupinou 90 nefajčiarov na zmiešanej strave (omnivori). Vegetariáni mali významne vyššiu priemernú hladinu kadmia v porovnaní s omnivormi s výskytom 7,4 % hodnôt v rizikovom pásme nad 5 μg/1, s maximálnou hodnotou v súbore 10,48 μg/l vs 2,27 μg/l u omnivorov. Výskyt hodnôt do 1μg/l bol u 50,9 % vegetariánov, ale 96,7 % omnivorov. Vegetariáni konzumovali denne 2násobné množstvo celozrnných potravin v porovnaní s omnivormi a ďalej naklíčené obiloviny (kadmium sa akumuluje z pôdy hlavne v obaloch obilných zŕn a v klíčkoch). U 8 rizikových vegetariánov boli zistené fyziologické hodnoty železa, vápnika, zinku a selénu. Hodnoty lipoperoxidácie boli u 3 vegetariánov nad limitom, v priemere boli fyziologické, ale vyššie než prv zistené údaje väčších súborov vegetariánov aj omnivorov. Vysvetlením môžu byť podprahové hladiny vitamínu E u 6 vegetariánov. Napriek vysokým hladinám vitamínu C nebola pravdepodobne zabezpečená dostatočná likvidácia volných radikálov, ktorých zvýšená tvorba je predpokladaná vyšším príjmom kadmia.
Cadmium blood levels were assessed in a group of 108 adult vegetarians, non-smokers (5.64 years on an alternative diet) and compared with a group of 90 non-smokers on a mixed diet (omnivores). The vegetarians had a significantly higher mean cadmium level as compared with omnivores with 7.4% of the values in the risk zone above 5 μg/l, with a maximum value of 10.48 μg/l in the group vs. 2.27 μg/l in omnivores. The incidence of values under 1 μgl\ was recorded in 50.9% vegetarians and in 96.7% omnivores. Vegetarians consumed daily twice as many whole grain foods as compared with omnivores as well as sprouting cereals ( cadmium from soil accumulates in particular in the aleurone layers and germs). In 8 vegetarians at risk physiological values of iron, zinc and selenium were found. The values of lipid peroxidation were in three vegetarians above the limit, on average they were normal but higher than previously recorded data in larger groups of vegetarians and omnivores. This might be due to subthreshold vitamin E levels in six vegetarians. Despite high vitamin C levels probably adequate elimination of free radicals was not ensured, their higher production being assumed in subjects with a high cadmium intake.
- MeSH
- Diet, Macrobiotic MeSH
- Diet, Vegetarian MeSH
- Cadmium analysis blood MeSH
- Food Contamination MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Východisko. Alternatívne stravovanie sa vyznačuje viacerými rizikami ako aj prednosťami v porovnaní so stravovaním nevegetariánov. U rizík je podstatné vekové hľadisko. Rizikové a ochranné nutričné faktory boli hodnotené v skupine dospievajúcich. Metódy a výsledky. Vyhodnotením dietetických dotazníkov bolo porovnávané stravovanie 53 laktoovovegeta- riánov (doba vegetarianizmu 3,2 rokov) s 55 nevegetariánmi a hodnotené vzhľadom na základné biochemické parametre (železo, hemoglobín, vápnik, celkové bielkoviny, cholesterol, mastné kyseliny, vitamín A, b-karotén, vitamín C, vitamín E). Vegetariáni konzumujú nižšie množstvo celkových tukov a majú vyšší príjem rastlinných tukov, čo sa odrazilo v priaznivých lipidových parametroch, t.zn. nižších hodnotách rizikových faktorov ateroskle- rózy (cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, aterogenní index, nasýtené mastné kyseliny) a vyšších hodnotách látok s anti- sklerotickým účinkom (32,9% podiel HDL-cholesterolu vs 30,6 % u nevegetariánov, polynenasýtené mastné kyse- liny, vitamín E/cholesterol, vitamín C). Plazmatické hladiny celkových bielkovín sú vyrovnané pre obe nutričné skupiny (príjem plnohodnotnej zmesi aminokyselín z obilovín, strukovín (sóje) a mlieka u vegetariánov, rovnaký príjem celkových bielkovín s malým rozdielom v príjme rastlinných). Vplyvom komponentov rastlinnej stravy je inhibovaná absorpcia železa a vápnika u vegetariánov (20,7% hyposiderinémia vs 0 % u nevegetariánov, vysoký a rovnaký príjem železa u oboch skupín, ale u vegetariánov podiel z rastlinných zdrojov 82 a 95 % pre chlapcov a dievčatá, hypokalcémia u 28% vegetariánov vs 7,3 % nevegetariánov). Vegetariáni majú významne vyššie hladiny všetkých antioxidačných vitamínov. Je to odraz vyššieho príjmu zeleniny, ovocia, rastlinných tukov a obilných klíčkov. Vyššiemu príjmu a hladinám antioxidantov odpovedajú významne nižšie hodnoty lipoperoxidácie. Závery. Laktoovovegetariánske stravovanie dospievajúcich je rizikové z hľadiska hodnôt železa a vápnika, ale priaznivé v lipidových parametroch, hodnotách bielkovín a v antioxidačných parametroch.
Background. In comparison to food habits of non-vegetarians alternative nutrition bears several risks, but it also has beneficial effects. Considering risks represent a significant age aspect. Nutritional risk and protective factors were evaluated in a adolescent group. Methods and Results. Food habits of 53 lactoovovegetarians (mean duration of vegetarianism 3.2 y) assessed by analysis of dietary questionnaires were compared to those of 55 nonvegetarians and evaluated with respect to basic biochemical indicators (iron, hemoglobin, calcium, total protein, cholesterol, fatty acids, vitamin A, b-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin 3). Vegetarians consume less fat, and they have higher intake of plant fat, which is reflected din more favourable lipid levels, i.e. lower risk parameters of atherosclerosis (cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, atherogenic index, saturated fatty acids) and higher values of factors with antisclerotic effect (32.9% ratio of HDL-cholesterol vs. 30.6 % in non-vegetarians, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E/cholesterol ratio, vitamin C). Total plasma protein levels are balanced in both groups (intake of full value mixture of amino acids from grains, legumes (soya), and mild in vegetarians, similar intake of total proteins with a small difference in plant protein consumption). Iron and calcium absorption is inhibited in vegetarians as a consequence of presence of plant food - physic acid, oxaloacetic acid (20.7% hyposiderinemia vs. 0 % in non-vegetarians, high iron intake in both groups, iron from plant sources represented 82 % in vegetarian boys and 95 % in vegetarian girls, hypocalcemia in 28% of vegetarians vs. 7.3 % of non-vegetarians). Vegetarians have significantly higher levels of all antioxidant vitamins. This is result of higher consumption of vegetables, fruit, plant fat and sprouts. Higher intake and higher levels of antioxidants are reflected in significantly lower lipoperoxidation values. Conclusions. Lactoovovegetarian nutrition represents risk for adolescents if the values of iron and calcium are considered, however it has positive aspects on lipid parameters, protein values, and antioxidant parameters.
- MeSH
- Antioxidants MeSH
- Diet, Vegetarian MeSH
- Glutathione blood MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- MeSH
- Apolipoproteins blood MeSH
- Diet, Vegetarian MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Hyperlipidemias MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Comparative Study MeSH
- MeSH
- Diet, Vegetarian MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Carotenoids blood MeSH
- Ascorbic Acid blood MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Fatty Acids blood MeSH
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated blood MeSH
- Vitamin E blood MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Review MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
BACKGROUND: Plant-based diets are gaining popularity due to their well-documented cardiometabolic benefits and environmental sustainability. However, these diets are often lower in specific micronutrients such as iodine, raising concerns about their potential impact on thyroid health. Therefore, we examined the associations between plant-based diets and the risk of hypothyroidism. METHODS: We analysed data from the UK (United Kingdom) Biobank cohort. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for incident hypothyroidism across vegans, vegetarians, pescatarians, poultry-eaters, low meat-eaters, and high meat-eaters aged 40-69 years. Ancillary to this, we carried out logistic regression analyses to evaluate associations between the diet groups and prevalent hypothyroidism according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes at baseline. RESULTS: We included 466,362 individuals from the UK Biobank, of which 220,514 followed a high meat, 221,554 a low meat, 5242 a poultry-based, 10,598 a pescatarian, 8057 a vegetarian, and 397 a vegan diet. During a median SD (Standard Deviation) follow-up of 12.7 (± 3.2) years, 10,831 participants developed hypothyroidism. In multivariable Cox regression models without adjustment for body mass index (BMI), none of the diets were significantly associated with the risk of hypothyroidism. However, there was a tendency for a higher risk of hypothyroidism among vegetarians compared to people following a high meat diet (HR = 1.13, 95% CI 0.98-1.30). After controlling for BMI, a potential collider, the association for vegetarians (HR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.07-1.42) became stronger and statistically significant. Furthermore, we observed a positive association between low meat-eaters (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.08), poultry-eaters (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.04-1.28), pescatarians (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.19) and vegetarian (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.15-1.38) with hypothyroidism prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we found a moderately higher risk of hypothyroidism among vegetarians, after controlling for BMI, a potential collider. This slightly higher risk of hypothyroidism among vegetarians requires further investigation, taking iodine status and thyroid hormone levels into account.
- MeSH
- Diet, Vegetarian * adverse effects MeSH
- Diet * adverse effects MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Hypothyroidism * epidemiology etiology MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Meat * MeSH
- Proportional Hazards Models MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Risk Factors MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Vegetarians * statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Adult MeSH
- Middle Aged MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Aged MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- United Kingdom MeSH
