working memory
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Řeč, pohyb, správný ontogenetický vývoj jedince, kognice, emoce, schopnost učit se, paměť – a s výčtem bychom mohly pokračovat. To vše je přímo závislé na rovnováze, za kterou stojí rytmus realizovaný v optimálním tempu s dostatečnou intenzitou a v pravidelně se opakujících, časově dobře volených intervalech. Často si, vlivem zautomatizovaných činností, neuvědomujeme, s jakou pravidelností, plánováním a organizovaností vykonáváme základní motorické vzorce, které se intuitivně a naprosto přirozeně učíme prostřednictvím dostatečně intenzivních intervalových rytmických aktivit. A právě terapie v logopedické praxi vedená intenzivně a intervalově napomáhá u dětí a žáků příznivě ovlivňovat prognózu jejich řečového vývoje, bez ohledu na to, zda využíváme direktivní, nebo nedirektivní přístup. To je mimo jiné potvrzeno také v závěru uvedeným stručným kazuistickým příkladem klientky se závažnou myofunkční poruchou.
Speech, movement, proper ontogenetic development of the individual, cognition, emotions, ability to learn, memory and the list could go on. All of these are directly dependent on balance, which is based on the rhythm realised at an optimal pace with sufficient intensity and in regularly recurring intervals of well-chosen timing. Often, due to automated activities, we are not aware of the regularity, planning and organisation with which we perform the basic motor patterns that we intuitively and quite naturally learn through sufficiently intense interval rhythmic activities. And it is precisely the therapy in Speech Therapy practice conducted intensively and at intervals, that helps to positively influence the prognosis of children and pupils in their speech development, regardless of whether we use a directive or non-directive approach. This is confirmed, among other things, by the brief case example of a client with a severe myofunctional disorder, presented in the end of the paper.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: White matter changes assessed by DTI typically reflect tract functionality. This study aimed to investigate DTI parameter alterations in important regions pre- and postshunt implantation in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), alongside assessing the relationship between DTI parameters and clinical improvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with probable iNPH underwent prospective preoperative MRI and comprehensive clinical work-up between 2017-2022. Patients with clinical symptoms of iNPH, positive result on a lumbar infusion test, and/or gait improvement after 120-hour lumbar drainage were diagnosed with iNPH and underwent shunt-placement surgery. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity values for individual regions of interest were extracted from preoperative and postoperative MRI. These values were correlated with the clinical picture of individual patients. RESULTS: A total of 32 patients (73.59 ± 4.59 years) with definite iNPH were analyzed. Preoperative DTI characteristics of internal capsule and corona radiata correlated with the 1-year improvement in the Dutch Gait Scale postoperatively (all P < .036). Cognitive domain improvement after surgery in memory and psychomotor speed correlated with preoperative DTI values of cingulate gyrus (P = .050), uncinate fasciculus (P = .029), superior longitudinal fasciculus (P = .020), or corpus callosum (P < .045). CONCLUSIONS: DTI characteristics of white matter regions reflect clinical improvement after shunt surgery in patients with iNPH. They tend to improve toward physiologic DTI values, thus further accentuating the benefit of shunt surgery in both clinical and radiologic pictures.
- MeSH
- anizotropie MeSH
- bílá hmota diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- normotenzní hydrocefalus * chirurgie diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- shunty pro odvod mozkomíšního moku * MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- zobrazování difuzních tenzorů * metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Research has shown that external focus (EF) instructions-directing attention to intended movement effects (e.g., ball's or dart's path)-are more effective for enhancing motor performance and learning than internal focus (IF) instructions, which focus on body movements (e.g., arm or foot motion). Nonetheless, the impact of visuospatial working memory capacity (WMC) in this context, especially among children, has been less investigated. This research sought to examine the effects of EF compared to IF on the skill acquisition and motor learning of a dart-throwing task among children with both high and low visuospatial WMC. Forty-eight boys aged 9-11 (Mage: 9.67 ± 0.76 years) were grouped by high or low WMC based on spatial span and memory tests, then assigned to receive either EF or IF instructions. The experiment comprised three stages: practice, retention, and two transfer tests, including throwing from a longer distance and a dual-task scenario with added cognitive load (tone counting). Results showed that EF outperformed IF at all stages. While WMC did not affect performance during practice and retention, children with low WMC performed better than those with high WMC during the longer distance test. In dual-task conditions, an EF continued to surpass an IF, whilst the WMC exerted no significant impact. The present findings suggest that an EF relative to an IF promotes more automatic movement and enhanced multitasking, while the impact of visuospatial WMC was less than expected, highlighting the benefits of EF in teaching motor skills to children, regardless of visuospatial WMC.
- MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- krátkodobá paměť * fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické dovednosti * fyziologie MeSH
- pozornost * fyziologie MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon * fyziologie MeSH
- učení fyziologie MeSH
- vnímání prostoru fyziologie MeSH
- zraková percepce fyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: The relationship between social support and functional outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) after ischemic stroke (IS) remains unclear, especially in working-aged patients. AIM: To assess the relationship between perceived social support, functional outcomes, post-stroke psychosocial symptoms, and HRQoL in working-aged adults three months after IS. METHODS: A prospective and correlational design was used. Patients of working age (18-65 years) admitted for first-ever IS were enrolled in the prospective FRAILTY (Factors Affecting the Quality of Life After Ischemic Stroke in Young Adults) study (NCT04839887). HRQoL (using the Stroke Impact Scale, Quality of Life in Neurological Disorders), social support (using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), functional outcomes (using a modified Rankin Scale-mRS), and post-stroke psychosocial symptoms were assessed three months after IS. Descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman's correlations and multiple linear regression were used for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 121 (54.5% males, mean age 51.7 ± 8.4 years) IS patients were analyzed. Of those, 87.7% had excellent clinical outcomes (mRS 0-1) after three months. Patients reported significant improvement in all domains of self-reported HRQoL except memory and communication after three months. The overall perceived social support was not associated with HRQoL domains. Post-stroke depression was negatively associated with all domains of HRQoL. Living arrangements (living alone) and post-stroke depression were negatively associated with perceived social support after IS. CONCLUSIONS: More insight into the relationship between variables of HRQoL in working-aged adults might increase their social participation, strengthen supportive relationships, and promote their recovery and rehabilitation process. Focusing on the management of emotional problems and supporting functional outcomes may be modifiable factors that may represent targets for strategies to improve the HRQoL. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between pre-stroke perceived social support and its types and post-stroke psychosocial symptoms in the long term.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- ischemická cévní mozková příhoda * psychologie terapie MeSH
- křehkost psychologie MeSH
- kvalita života * psychologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- rehabilitace po cévní mozkové příhodě psychologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sociální opora * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
... Pediatric Oncology Patients Share Their Story / by Natasha Westrich-Wood -- Pain and Perseverance : Working ... ... Therapy Dolls with Patients and Siblings in Children's Palliative Care / by Josie Mahoney -- 'In Memory ... ... and Bereavement / by Kayleigh Orr -- Multidisciplinary Engagement and Cultural Considerations When Working ...
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BACKGROUND: Despite efforts to improve undergraduate clinical pharmacology & therapeutics (CPT) education, prescribing errors are still made regularly. To improve CPT education and daily prescribing, it is crucial to understand how therapeutic reasoning works. Therefore, the aim of this study was to gain insight into the therapeutic reasoning process. METHODS: A narrative literature review has been performed for literature on cognitive psychology and diagnostic and therapeutic reasoning. RESULTS: Based on these insights, The European Model of Therapeutic Reasoning has been developed, building upon earlier models and insights from cognitive psychology. In this model, it can be assumed that when a diagnosis is made, a primary, automatic response as to what to prescribe arises based on pattern recognition via therapy scripts (type 1 thinking). At some point, this response may be evaluated by the reflective mind (using metacognition). If it is found to be incorrect or incomplete, an alternative response must be formulated through a slower, more analytical and deliberative process, known as type 2 thinking. Metacognition monitors the reasoning process and helps a person to form new therapy scripts after they have chosen an effective therapy. Experienced physicians have more and richer therapy scripts, mostly based on experience and enabling conditions, instead of textbook knowledge, and therefore their type 1 response is more often correct. CONCLUSION: Because of the important role of metacognition in therapeutic reasoning, more attention should be paid to metacognition in CPT education. Both trainees and teachers should be aware of the possibility to monitor and influence these cognitive processes. Further research is required to investigate the applicability of these insights and the adaptability of educational approaches to therapeutic reasoning.
BACKGROUND: Semantic and short-term episodic memory are impaired in some brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE: Development and validation of an almost self-administered, but cognitively demanding four-minute test identifying very mild cognitive impairment (vMCI). METHODS: The innovative hedgehog PICture Naming and Immediate Recall (PICNIR) consisted of two parts. The first task was to write down the names of 20 black-and-white pictures to evaluate long-term semantic memory and language. The second task involves immediate recall and writing the names of as many previously named pictures as possible in one minute. The PICNIR is assessed using the number of naming errors (NE) and correctly recalled picture names (PICR). The PICNIR and a neuropsychological battery were administered to 190 elderly individuals living independently in the community. They were divided into those with vMCI (n = 43 with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) 24 ± 3 points) and sociodemographically matched cognitively normal (CN) individuals (n = 147 with MoCA 26 ± 3). Both subgroups had predicted mean Mini-Mental State Examination scores of 28-29 points. RESULTS: Compared to CN, vMCI participants made more NE (0.3 ± 0.6 versus 0.6 ± 0.9; p = 0.02) and recalled fewer PICR (8.9 ± 2.2 versus 6.8 ± 2.2; p < 0.000001). Discriminative validity was satisfactory using the area under the ROC curve (AUC): 0.76 for PICR, 0.74 for MoCA, 0.67 for MoCA-five-word recall, and 0.59 for NE. The AUCs of PICR and MoCA were comparable and larger than those of MoCA five-point recall or NE. Logical Memory scores, RAVLT scores, Digit symbol, and animal fluency correlated with PICR. CONCLUSIONS: The picture-based PICNIR is an ultra-brief, sensitive cognitive test valid for assessing very mild cognitive impairment. Its effectiveness should be validated for other languages and cultures.
- MeSH
- epizodická paměť * MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza psychologie MeSH
- krátkodobá paměť fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- rozpomínání * fyziologie MeSH
- sémantika MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- testy pro posouzení mentálních funkcí a demence statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
NASA has encouraged studies on 226Ra deposition in the human brain to investigate the effects of exposure to alpha particles with high linear energy transfer, which could mimic some of the exposure astronauts face during space travel. However, this approach was criticized, noting that radium is a bone-seeker and accumulates in the skull, which means that the radiation dose from alpha particles emitted by 226Ra would be heavily concentrated in areas close to cranial bones rather than uniformly distributed throughout the brain. In the high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran, extremely high levels of 226Ra in soil contribute to a large proportion of the inhabitants' radiation exposure. A prospective study on Ramsar residents with a calcium-rich diet was conducted to improve the dose uniformity due to 226Ra throughout the cerebral and cerebellar parenchyma. The study found that exposure of the human brain to alpha particles did not significantly affect working memory but was significantly associated with increased reaction times. This finding is crucial because astronauts on deep space missions may face similar cognitive impairments due to exposure to high charge and energy particles. The current study was aimed to evaluate the validity of the terrestrial model using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit to simulate the interactions of alpha particles and representative cosmic ray particles, acknowledging that these radiation types are only a subset of the complete space radiation environment.
- MeSH
- DNA MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lineární přenos energie MeSH
- metoda Monte Carlo MeSH
- mozek MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- radium * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
INTRODUCTION: This work focuses on the Dengue-viremia ABC (Atangana-Baleanu Caputo) fractional-order differential equations, accounting for both symptomatic and asymptomatic infected cases. Symptomatic cases are characterized by higher viremia levels, whereas asymptomatic cases exhibit lower viremia levels. The fractional-order model highlights memory effects and other advantages over traditional models, offering a more comprehensive representation of dengue dynamics. METHODS: The total population is divided into four compartments: susceptible, asymptomatic infected, symptomatic infected, and recovered. The model incorporates an immune-boosting factor for asymptomatic infected individuals and clinical treatment for symptomatic cases. Positivity and boundedness of the model are validated, and both local and global stability analyses are performed. The novel Adams-Bash numerical scheme is utilized for simulations to rigorously assess the impact of optimal control interventions. RESULTS: The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies. The reproduction numbers must be reduced based on specific optimal control conditions to effectively mitigate disease outbreaks. Numerical simulations confirm that the optimal control measures can significantly reduce the spread of the disease. DISCUSSION: This research advances the understanding of Dengue-viremia dynamics and provides valuable insights into the application of ABC fractional-order analysis. By incorporating immune-boosting and clinical treatment into the model, the study offers practical guidelines for implementing successful disease control strategies. The findings highlight the potential of using optimal control techniques in public health interventions to manage disease outbreaks more effectively.
- MeSH
- dengue * MeSH
- epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- viremie * MeSH
- virus dengue imunologie MeSH
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- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Executive function deficits, common in psychiatric disorders, hinder daily activities and may be linked to diminished neural plasticity, affecting treatment and training responsiveness. In this pioneering study, we evaluated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of psilocybin-assisted frontal-midline theta neurofeedback (NF), a neuromodulation technique leveraging neuroplasticity, to improve executive functions (EFs). Thirty-seven eligible participants were randomized into an experimental group (n = 18) and a passive control group (n = 19). The experimental group underwent three microdose sessions and then three psilocybin-assisted NF sessions, without requiring psychological support, demonstrating the approach's feasibility. NF learning showed a statistical trend for increases in frontal-midline theta from session to session with a large effect size and non-significant but medium effect size dynamical changes within sessions. Placebo effects were consistent across groups, with no tasks-based EF improvements, but significant self-reported gains in daily EFs-working memory, shifting, monitoring and inhibition-showing medium and high effect sizes. The experimental group's significant gains in their key training goals underscored the approach's external relevance. A thorough study with regular sessions and an active control group is crucial to evaluate EFs improvement and their specificity in future. Psilocybin-enhanced NF could offer significant, lasting benefits across diagnoses, improving daily functioning. This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- exekutivní funkce * účinky léků MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- neurofeedback * metody MeSH
- psilocybin * farmakologie MeSH
- studie proveditelnosti * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladý dospělý MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
