The formation of memories is a complex, multi-scale phenomenon, especially when it involves integration of information from various brain systems. We have investigated the differences between a novel and consolidated association of spatial cues and amphetamine administration, using an in situ hybridisation method to track the short-term dynamics during the recall testing. We have found that remote recall group involves smaller, but more consolidated groups of neurons, which is consistent with their specialisation. By employing machine learning analysis, we have shown this pattern is especially pronounced in the VTA; furthermore, we also uncovered significant activity patterns in retrosplenial and prefrontal cortices, as well as in the DG and CA3 subfields of the hippocampus. The behavioural propensity towards the associated localisation appears to be driven by the nucleus accumbens, however, further modulated by a trio of the amygdala, VTA and hippocampus, as the trained association is confronted with test experience. Moreover, chemogenetic analysis revealed central amygdala as critical for linking appetitive emotional states with spatial contexts. These results show that memory mechanisms must be modelled considering individual differences in motivation, as well as covering dynamics of the process.

• MeSH
• Amphetamine pharmacology   MeSH
• Amygdala physiology   MeSH
• Hippocampus * physiology   MeSH
• Memory Consolidation * physiology   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Brain physiology   MeSH
• Neurons physiology   metabolism   MeSH
• Nucleus Accumbens * physiology   MeSH
• Reward * MeSH
• Memory physiology   MeSH
• Cues MeSH
• Prefrontal Cortex physiology   MeSH
• Mental Recall * physiology   MeSH
• Machine Learning MeSH
• Ventral Tegmental Area * physiology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Our aim is to determine the number of leukocytes, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes and the expression of activation markers CD200 and CD23 on B lymphocytes in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients (treated and not treated with dupilumab) during the pollen season. We examined 29 patients not treated with dupilumab, 24 patients treated with dupilumab and 40 healthy subjects as a control group. The count of T and B lymphocytes and their subsets were assessed by flow cytometry. The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis one-factor analysis of variance with post hoc by Dunn's test with Bonferroni's modification was used for statistical processing. Although there was a significant improvement in skin findings in patients treated with dupilumab, the changes in immunological profile show a persistent altered immune response characterized by dysregulation and overactivation of B lymphocytes. Dupilumab therapy leads to normalization of relative T regulatory lymphocytes and total memory B lymphocytes and to decreased count of absolute CD8+ T lymphocytes. Why carry out this study?Studies investigating the immunological profile of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients during the pollen season are rare. There are no studies investigating the count of B lymphocytes (CD5+, CD22+ and CD73+ B lymphocytes) and the expression of activation markers CD23 and CD200 on B lymphocytes and on their subsets during pollen season in AD patients treated and non-treated with dupilumab therapy.What was learned from the study?In atopic dermatitis (AD) patients with and without dupilumab therapy, we confirmed the significantly higher count of absolute neutrophils, absolute monocytes, absolute eosinophils, absolute basophils, non-switched B lymphocytes, transitional B lymphocytes, CD23 memory, naive, non-switched, switched and total CD23 B lymphocytes, the relative count of CD200 memory and CD200 switched B lymphocytes.In dupilumab treated patients, we confirmed the significantly higher count of relative eosinophils, relative CD16+ eosinophils, relative CD200 non-switched B lymphocytes and lower count of absolute CD8+ T lymphocytes. Further studies should focus on investigating the effect of dupilumab on CD8+ T lymphocytes and their subpopulations.In patients without dupilumab therapy, we confirmed the significantly higher count of relative neutrophils, relative T regulatory lymphocytes and total memory B lymphocytes.The changes in the count of CD5+, CD22+ and CD73+ B lymphocytes were not observed during pollen season in both groups of AD patients.

• MeSH
• Dermatitis, Atopic * drug therapy   immunology   MeSH
• B-Lymphocytes immunology   MeSH
• Antigens, CD MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized * therapeutic use   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Pollen immunology   MeSH
• Receptors, IgE MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Řeč, pohyb, správný ontogenetický vývoj jedince, kognice, emoce, schopnost učit se, paměť – a s výčtem bychom mohly pokračovat. To vše je přímo závislé na rovnováze, za kterou stojí rytmus realizovaný v optimálním tempu s dostatečnou intenzitou a v pravidelně se opakujících, časově dobře volených intervalech. Často si, vlivem zautomatizovaných činností, neuvědomujeme, s jakou pravidelností, plánováním a organizovaností vykonáváme základní motorické vzorce, které se intuitivně a naprosto přirozeně učíme prostřednictvím dostatečně intenzivních intervalových rytmických aktivit. A právě terapie v logopedické praxi vedená intenzivně a intervalově napomáhá u dětí a žáků příznivě ovlivňovat prognózu jejich řečového vývoje, bez ohledu na to, zda využíváme direktivní, nebo nedirektivní přístup. To je mimo jiné potvrzeno také v závěru uvedeným stručným kazuistickým příkladem klientky se závažnou myofunkční poruchou.

Speech, movement, proper ontogenetic development of the individual, cognition, emotions, ability to learn, memory and the list could go on. All of these are directly dependent on balance, which is based on the rhythm realised at an optimal pace with sufficient intensity and in regularly recurring intervals of well-chosen timing. Often, due to automated activities, we are not aware of the regularity, planning and organisation with which we perform the basic motor patterns that we intuitively and quite naturally learn through sufficiently intense interval rhythmic activities. And it is precisely the therapy in Speech Therapy practice conducted intensively and at intervals, that helps to positively influence the prognosis of children and pupils in their speech development, regardless of whether we use a directive or non-directive approach. This is confirmed, among other things, by the brief case example of a client with a severe myofunctional disorder, presented in the end of the paper.

• MeSH
• Dysarthria etiology   therapy   MeSH
• Language Disorders diagnosis   etiology   therapy   MeSH
• Language Tests MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Malocclusion MeSH
• Nervous System growth & development   MeSH
• Speech Disorders * diagnosis   etiology   therapy   MeSH
• Speech Therapy methods   MeSH
• Learning physiology   MeSH
• Child Development MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH

Mitochondria are central to cellular energy metabolism, contributing to synaptic transmission and plasticity. The mitochondrial membranes present the cannabinoid type-1 receptor (mito-CB1R), which has been functionally linked to neuronal energy supply and cognitive processing. Prenatal exposure to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (pTHC) has been associated with cognitive impairments associated with molecular cellular and functional abnormalities in several brain regions, including the hippocampus. This study aims at assessing whether, besides the memory impairment, pTHC exposure may result in mitochondrial molecular and functional alterations in the hippocampus of the offspring. Moreover, the assessment of CB1R expression is also carried out as a proxy of CB1 signalling in pTHC-exposed offspring. THC (2 mg/Kg), or vehicle, was administered to the dams from gestational day (GD) 5 to GD20, and the offspring were tested for declarative memory using the Novel Object Recognition test in the L-maze. We also assessed: mitochondrial respiration by high-resolution respirometry; mitochondrial respiratory complex-I subunit NDUFS1 protein levels, and mito-CB1R expression by ELISA. Our results revealed: significant memory impairment in pTHC-exposed offspring; attenuated mitochondrial respiration in the hippocampus alongside a marked reduction in complex-I-subunit NDUFS1; a significant increase in mito-CB1R expression. This is the first evidence of pTHC exposure-induced impairment in memory processing in the offspring that suggests a functional link between an attenuation in mitochondrial bioenergetics and abnormal CB1R signalling in the hippocampus.

• MeSH
• Maze Learning drug effects   MeSH
• Cell Respiration drug effects   MeSH
• Hippocampus * metabolism   drug effects   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Mitochondria * metabolism   drug effects   MeSH
• Memory drug effects   MeSH
• Memory Disorders * metabolism   chemically induced   MeSH
• Rats, Wistar MeSH
• Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 * metabolism   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Dronabinol * toxicity   MeSH
• Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects * metabolism   chemically induced   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Publikace se zaměřuje na paměť, vzpomínky, zapomínání a mozek. Určeno široké veřejnosti.; Paměť je víc než jen dokonalý záznam minulosti. Lze ho úspěšně cvičit, abychom si zapamatovali to, co je pro život skutečně důležité. Neurovědec a psycholog boří zažité mýty o vzpomínkách, zapomínání i efektivním učení.

• MeSH
• Brain MeSH
• Memory MeSH
• Learning MeSH
• Research MeSH
• Publication type
• Monograph MeSH
• Popular Work MeSH

• Conspectus
• Psychologie
• NML Fields
• psychologie, klinická psychologie

Space and time are fundamental attributes of the external world. Deciphering the brain mechanisms involved in processing the surrounding environment is one of the main challenges in neuroscience. This is particularly defiant when situations change rapidly over time because of the intertwining of spatial and temporal information. However, understanding the cognitive processes that allow coping with dynamic environments is critical, as the nervous system evolved in them due to the pressure for survival. Recent experiments have revealed a new cognitive mechanism called time compaction. According to it, a dynamic situation is represented internally by a static map of the future interactions between the perceived elements (including the subject itself). The salience of predicted interactions (e.g. collisions) over other spatiotemporal and dynamic attributes during the processing of time-changing situations has been shown in humans, rats, and bats. Motivated by this ubiquity, we study an artificial neural network to explore its minimal conditions necessary to represent a dynamic stimulus through the future interactions present in it. We show that, under general and simple conditions, the neural activity linked to the predicted interactions emerges to encode the perceived dynamic stimulus. Our results show that this encoding improves learning, memorization and decision making when dealing with stimuli with impending interactions compared to no-interaction stimuli. These findings are in agreement with theoretical and experimental results that have supported time compaction as a novel and ubiquitous cognitive process.

• MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Brain physiology   MeSH
• Neural Networks, Computer * MeSH
• Memory physiology   MeSH
• Decision Making physiology   MeSH
• Learning physiology   MeSH
• Time Perception physiology   MeSH
• Space Perception physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

In cryo-electron microscopy, accurate particle localization and classification are imperative. Recent deep learning solutions, though successful, require extensive training datasets. The protracted generation time of physics-based models, often employed to produce these datasets, limits their broad applicability. We introduce FakET, a method based on neural style transfer, capable of simulating the forward operator of any cryo transmission electron microscope. It can be used to adapt a synthetic training dataset according to reference data producing high-quality simulated micrographs or tilt-series. To assess the quality of our generated data, we used it to train a state-of-the-art localization and classification architecture and compared its performance with a counterpart trained on benchmark data. Remarkably, our technique matches the performance, boosts data generation speed 750×, uses 33× less memory, and scales well to typical transmission electron microscope detector sizes. It leverages GPU acceleration and parallel processing. The source code is available at https://github.com/paloha/faket/.

• MeSH
• Algorithms MeSH
• Deep Learning * MeSH
• Cryoelectron Microscopy * methods   MeSH
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted methods   MeSH
• Software MeSH
• Electron Microscope Tomography * methods   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Research has shown that external focus (EF) instructions-directing attention to intended movement effects (e.g., ball's or dart's path)-are more effective for enhancing motor performance and learning than internal focus (IF) instructions, which focus on body movements (e.g., arm or foot motion). Nonetheless, the impact of visuospatial working memory capacity (WMC) in this context, especially among children, has been less investigated. This research sought to examine the effects of EF compared to IF on the skill acquisition and motor learning of a dart-throwing task among children with both high and low visuospatial WMC. Forty-eight boys aged 9-11 (Mage: 9.67 ± 0.76 years) were grouped by high or low WMC based on spatial span and memory tests, then assigned to receive either EF or IF instructions. The experiment comprised three stages: practice, retention, and two transfer tests, including throwing from a longer distance and a dual-task scenario with added cognitive load (tone counting). Results showed that EF outperformed IF at all stages. While WMC did not affect performance during practice and retention, children with low WMC performed better than those with high WMC during the longer distance test. In dual-task conditions, an EF continued to surpass an IF, whilst the WMC exerted no significant impact. The present findings suggest that an EF relative to an IF promotes more automatic movement and enhanced multitasking, while the impact of visuospatial WMC was less than expected, highlighting the benefits of EF in teaching motor skills to children, regardless of visuospatial WMC.

• MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Memory, Short-Term * physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Motor Skills * physiology   MeSH
• Attention * physiology   MeSH
• Psychomotor Performance * physiology   MeSH
• Learning physiology   MeSH
• Space Perception physiology   MeSH
• Visual Perception physiology   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

The interaction between the main psychotropic ingredient of Cannabis, Δ9- tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), with the endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) is a critical and underrated issue that deserves utmost attention. The ECS, indeed, contributes to the formation and regulation of excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) neuronal networks that in the hippocampus underly spatial memory. This study explored sex-specific consequences of prenatal exposure to THC in hippocampus-dependent memory and the underlying cellular and molecular contributors of synaptic plasticity and E/I homeostasis. Sprague Dawley dams were exposed to THC (2 mg/kg) or vehicle, from gestational day 5-20. The adolescent progeny of both sexes was tested for: spatial memory retrieval and flexibility in the Barnes Maze; mRNA expression of relevant players of hippocampal synaptic plasticity; density of cholecystokinin-positive basket cells (CCK+BCs) - a major subtype of hippocampal inhibitory interneurons; mRNA expression of the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic proteins neuroligins (Nlgns), as a proxy of synaptic efficiency. Our results show a sex-specific disruption in spatial memory retrieval and flexibility, a male-specific decrease in CCK+BCs density and increase in the expression of markers of neuroplasticity, and consistent changes in the expression of Nlgn-1 and 3 isoforms. Despite a delay in memory retrieval, flexibility of memory was spared in prenatally-THC-exposed female offspring as well as most of the markers of neuroplasticity; a sex-specific increase in CCK+BCs density, and a consistent expression of Nlgn-3 was observed. The current results highlight a major vulnerability to prenatal exposure to THC on memory processing in the male progeny, and sex-specific alterations in the E/I balance and synaptic plasticity.

• MeSH
• Maze Learning drug effects   MeSH
• Cholecystokinin metabolism   MeSH
• Hippocampus * drug effects   metabolism   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Neuronal Plasticity * drug effects   MeSH
• Sex Characteristics * MeSH
• Rats, Sprague-Dawley * MeSH
• Spatial Memory * drug effects   MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Dronabinol * pharmacology   toxicity   MeSH
• Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects * chemically induced   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Pregnancy MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Inzulinu podobný růstový faktor 2 patří, spolu s několika dalšími inzulinu podobnými peptidy, do evolučně konzervované rodiny signalizačních molekul, které jsou nezbytné pro normální buněčnou proliferaci a vývoj mozku. Dřívější studie se zaměřovaly převážně na jeho úlohu v embryonálním vývoji a kancerogenezi. V posledních letech byly odhaleny nové poznatky týkající se role inzulinu podobného růstového faktoru 2 v centrální nervové soustavě, zejména jeho význam pro učení, konsolidaci paměti a zlepšení kognitivních funkcí. I přes stále ne zcela prozkoumanou fyziologickou roli inzulinu podobného růstového faktoru 2 se v našem článku snažíme podrobněji popsat a vysvětlit jeho známé funkce a diskutovat jeho potenciální využití, včetně možné aplikace v léčbě neurodegenerativních onemocnění.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), along with several other insulin-like peptides, belongs to an evolutionarily conserved family of signalling molecules essential for normal cell proliferation and brain development. Previous studies have mainly focused on its role in embryonic development and carcinogenesis. In recent years, new insights revealed the role of IGF2 in the central nervous system, particularly its importance in learning, memory consolidation and enhancement. Despite the still not fully explored physiological role of IGF2, in this article we aim to describe and explain its known functions in more detail and discuss its potential uses, including its possible application in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

• MeSH
• Gene Expression genetics   MeSH
• Insulin-Like Growth Factor II * physiology   genetics   metabolism   ultrastructure   MeSH
• Insulin physiology   MeSH
• Carcinogenesis genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Cognition physiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neurodegenerative Diseases etiology   genetics   classification   MeSH
• Receptor, IGF Type 2 physiology   metabolism   ultrastructure   MeSH
• Receptor, Insulin physiology   genetics   ultrastructure   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH