causal analysis
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NIDA research monograph ; 39
192 s. : il.
BACKGROUND: Childlessness, as well as having a high number of children, has been reported to be associated with an elevated risk of dementia compared to having 2-3 children. The mechanisms underlying these relationships are not well understood and may be mediated by different midlife risk factors. We examined the mediating role of various factors on the relationship between the number of children and dementia risk. These factors include socioeconomic factors (e.g., occupational complexity), psychosocial (e.g.., social activities, loneliness, life satisfaction), lifestyle (e.g., smoking, physical inactivity, alcohol intake), and chronic diseases (e.g., obesity, diabetes, depression, hearing impairment and hypertension). METHODS: Using a historic cohort design, we included 9,745 participants born between 1931-48, with a mean age of 78.2 (SD = 6.4) years at the time of cognitive testing in the HUNT4 70 + sub-study (2017-2019). Further measures were obtained through data linkage between information from Statistics Norway and the HUNT1(1984-86), and HUNT2 (1995-97) Surveys. Causal mediation analyses using an inverse odd weighting approach were conducted to decompose the total effect of the number of children (0, 1, or 4 + children vs. 2-3) on the risk of dementia at age 70 + years into direct and indirect effects with mediators assessed at a mean age of 50.7 (SD = 6.4) years. The analyses were adjusted for age, sex, marital status at age 25 years, educational status, and religion assessed during HUNT3 (2006-2008). RESULTS: Overall, 15.7% were diagnosed with dementia. The proportions with dementia by the number of children were 22.3% among those with no children, 21.4% for those with one child, 13% for those with 2-3 children (specifically, 12.6% for those with 2 children and 13.4% for those with 3 children), and 19.9% for those with 4 + children. Compared to the reference group of individuals with 2-3 children, the dementia risk was higher among the groups with no children (relative risk (RR): 1.30, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.12, 1.51)), those with one child (RR: 1.30, 95% CI (1.14, 1.47)) and those with 4 + children (RR: 1.12, 95% CI (1.01, 1.24)). The elevated risks of dementia were not mediated by the socioeconomic, psychosocial, lifestyle, or chronic diseases related factors that we tested. Sex-stratified analysis showed higher dementia risk for men without children and women with one or 4 + children compared to those with 2-3 children, with similar patterns across sexes. None of the mediators contributed to mediation in either group. None of the mediators appeared to contribute through mediation in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the number of children-specifically being childless, having one child, or having four or more children-may influence the risk of dementia. These relationships were not mediated by psychosocial, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors, or markers of chronic diseases in adulthood considered in this study.
- MeSH
- analýza mediace * MeSH
- charakteristiky rodiny MeSH
- demence * epidemiologie MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- registrace * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- socioekonomické faktory MeSH
- životní styl MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Norsko MeSH
Identifying regions important for spreading and mediating perturbations is crucial to assess the susceptibilities of spatio-temporal complex systems such as the Earth's climate to volcanic eruptions, extreme events or geoengineering. Here a data-driven approach is introduced based on a dimension reduction, causal reconstruction, and novel network measures based on causal effect theory that go beyond standard complex network tools by distinguishing direct from indirect pathways. Applied to a data set of atmospheric dynamics, the method identifies several strongly uplifting regions acting as major gateways of perturbations spreading in the atmosphere. Additionally, the method provides a stricter statistical approach to pathways of atmospheric teleconnections, yielding insights into the Pacific-Indian Ocean interaction relevant for monsoonal dynamics. Also for neuroscience or power grids, the novel causal interaction perspective provides a complementary approach to simulations or experiments for understanding the functioning of complex spatio-temporal systems with potential applications in increasing their resilience to shocks or extreme events.
Estimating causal interactions in complex dynamical systems is an important problem encountered in many fields of current science. While a theoretical solution for detecting the causal interactions has been previously formulated in the framework of prediction improvement, it generally requires the computation of high-dimensional information functionals-a situation invoking the curse of dimensionality with increasing network size. Recently, several methods have been proposed to alleviate this problem, based on iterative procedures for the assessment of conditional (in)dependences. In the current work, we bring a comparison of several such prominent approaches. This is done both by theoretical comparison of the algorithms using a formulation in a common framework and by numerical simulations including realistic complex coupling patterns. The theoretical analysis highlights the key similarities and differences between the algorithms, hinting on their comparative strengths and weaknesses. The method assumptions and specific properties such as false positive control and order-dependence are discussed. Numerical simulations suggest that while the accuracy of most of the algorithms is almost indistinguishable, there are substantial differences in their computational demands, ranging theoretically from polynomial to exponential complexity and leading to substantial differences in computation time in realistic scenarios depending on the density and size of networks. Based on the analysis of the algorithms and numerical simulations, we propose a hybrid approach providing competitive accuracy with improved computational efficiency.
... Edition page xv -- Preface to the Second Edition xix -- 1 Introduction to Probabilities, Graphs, and Causal ... ... Bayesian Networks 21 -- 1.3.1 Causal Networks as Oracles for Interventions 22 -- 1.3.2 Causal Relationships ... ... and Their Stability 24 -- 1.4 Functional Causal Models 26 -- 1.4.1 Structural Equations 27 -- 1.4.2 ... ... Probabilistic Predictions in Causal Models 30 -- 1.4.3 Interventions and Causal Effects in Functional ... ... Effects: An Example 86 -- 3.4.4 Causal Inference by Surrogate Experiments 88 -- 3.5 Graphical Tests ...
1st ed. xii, 384 s.
- MeSH
- kauzalita MeSH
- pravděpodobnost MeSH
- Konspekt
- Přírodní vědy. Matematické vědy
- NLK Obory
- přírodní vědy
- statistika, zdravotnická statistika
Východisko. Wilsonova choroba je autozomálně recesivní onemocnění charakteristické akumulací a intoxikací mědi v organizmu. Molekulární podstatou onemocnění jsou mutace v genu pro měď transportující ATPázu (ATP7B). Metody a výsledky. Předmětem sdělení jsou výsledky molekulárně-genetických vyšetření ve 130 nepříbuzných rodinách s výskytem Wilsonovy choroby. Pomocí denaturační gradientové gelové elektroforézy (DGGE) byly detekovány exony s abnormální sekvencí. Následným sekvenováním bylo nalezeno celkem 17 kauzálních mutací a 9 polymorfizmů. Pět mutací bylo dosud nepopsaných. Z celkového počtu 260 mutantních alel bylo 214 (82,3 %) identifikováno. Nejčastější mutace, H1069Q, se v naší populaci vyskytuje s frekvencí 65,8 %. Frekvence ostatních mutací nepřevyšuje 5 %. Závěry. DNA diagnostika Wilsonovy choroby v postižených rodinách nabízí pohotové a spolehlivé výsledky. V rámci genetického poradenství umožňuje odhalit asymptomatické a heterozygotní sourozence.
Background. Wilson disease is an autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by cooper accumulation and intoxication of the organism. Molecular basis of the disease represent mutations in the gene for the copper-transporting ATPase (ATP7B). Methods and Results. The submitted paper deals with results of molecular-genetic examination in 130 unrelated families in whichWilson disease was diagnosed. By denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), the exons with abnormal sequences were detected. Followed by sequencing, 17 causal mutations and 9 silent polymorphism were found. Five novel mutations were detected. After analysis of 260 mutant alleles, 214 (82.3 %) were identified. The most frequent mutation, H1069Q, occurred in our population with the frequency of 65.8 %. Incidence of other mutations, however, did not exceed 5 %. Conclusions. DNA analysis of the Wilson disease offers prompt and reliable results in affected families. It can help to identify asymptomatic and heterozygote siblings at genetic counselling.
- MeSH
- adenosintrifosfatasy MeSH
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- geny MeSH
- hepatolentikulární degenerace diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- měď metabolismus moč MeSH
- molekulární biologie metody MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- mutační analýza DNA MeSH
- Check Tag
- dítě MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
... Contents -- List of Contributors ix -- Part I Introduction 1 -- 1 Why look at causality in the sciences ... ... 3 -- Phyllis McKay Illari, Federica Russo, and Jon Williamson -- Part II Health sciences 23 -- 2 Causality ... ... Inferring causation in epidemiology: Mechanisms, black boxes, and contrasts 45 -- Alex Broadbent -- 4 Causal ... ... Markus -- Part IV Social sciences 271 -- 13 Causal mechanisms in the social realm 273 -- Daniel Little ... ... -- 30 A new causal power theory -- Kevin B. ...
xiii, 938 stran : ilustrace ; 24 cm
- MeSH
- kauzalita MeSH
- pravděpodobnost MeSH
- Konspekt
- Věda. Všeobecnosti. Základy vědy a kultury. Vědecká práce
- NLK Obory
- věda a výzkum
- NLK Publikační typ
- studie
Přibližně jedna třetina světové populace trpí některou formou alergického onemocnění. Nejčastější je alergické postižení dýchacích cest vznikající na podkladě přecitlivělosti na inhalované alergeny ‒ pylová zrna, roztoče, plísně a alergeny domácích zvířat. Běžná farmakoterapie spolu s režimovými opatřeními tlumí alergické příznaky u většiny pacientů, ale jedinou léčbou, která je schopna ovlivnit dlouhodobě průběh nemoci, je specifická alergenová imunoterapie. Kvalitní terapeutické extrakty nejvýznamnějších kauzálních alergenů jsou nyní k dispozici ve formě subkutánních injekcí, sublinguálních tablet nebo roztoků. Přestože alergenovou imunoterapii u nás aplikuje výhradně alergolog, je velmi důležité, aby se s ní seznámili i lékaři v první linii kontaktu s pacientem a byli schopni vytipovat pacienty indikované k této léčbě.
About one third of the world population suffers from allergy. Most prevalent are the diseases of respiratory tract which develop on the base of allergy to pollen grains, hous dust mites, molds and pets. The conventional pharmacotherapy together with avoidance strategies help to control allergic symptoms in the majority of patiens, but allergen immunotherapy is the only approach that has the potential to alter the natural course of allergic disease. All the most important therapeutic extracts are now available in good quality ether in the form of subcutaneous injections or sublingual tablets or solutions. Though the allergen immunotherapy is introduced only by allergists, it is important that also primary care providers have the knowledge about it and are able to select the patiens convenient to this type of therapy.
- MeSH
- alergeny * izolace a purifikace klasifikace terapeutické užití MeSH
- alergická rýma diagnóza komplikace terapie MeSH
- alergie * diagnóza komplikace terapie MeSH
- bronchiální astma diagnóza komplikace terapie MeSH
- desenzibilizace imunologická * metody trendy MeSH
- hospodářská zvířata imunologie klasifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mezioborová komunikace MeSH
- nemoci imunitního systému diagnóza klasifikace komplikace MeSH
- preventivní lékařství metody organizace a řízení MeSH
- pyl klasifikace škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- rostliny klasifikace škodlivé účinky toxicita MeSH
- roztoči klasifikace patogenita růst a vývoj MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
