Human migration is an increasingly common phenomenon and migrants are at risk of disadvantageous treatment. We reasoned that migrants may receive differential treatment by locals based on the closeness of their facial features to the host average. Residents of Türkiye, the country with the largest number of refugees currently, served as participants. Because many of these refugees are of Arabic origin, we created target facial stimuli varying along the axis connecting Turkish and Arabic morphological prototypes (excluding skin colour) computed using geometric morphometrics and available databases. Participants made judgements of two universal dimensions of social perception-warmth and competence-on these faces. We predicted that participants judging faces manipulated towards the Turkish average would provide higher warmth and competence ratings compared to judging the same faces manipulated towards the Arabic average. Bayesian statistical tools were employed to estimate parameter values in multilevel models with intercorrelated varying effects. The findings did not support the prediction and revealed raters (as well as target faces) to be an important source of variation in social judgements. In the absence of simple cues (e.g. skin colour, group labels), the effect of facial morphology on social judgements may be much more complex than previously assumed.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mínění * MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• obličej anatomie a histologie   MeSH
• rozpoznání obličeje fyziologie   MeSH
• sociální percepce * MeSH
• stereotypizace * MeSH
• uprchlíci psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Turecko MeSH

In the present research, we took advantage of geometric morphometrics to propose a data-driven method for estimating the individual degree of facial typicality/distinctiveness for cross-cultural (and other cross-group) comparisons. Looking like a stranger in one's home culture may be somewhat stressful. The same facial appearance, however, might become advantageous within an outgroup population. To address this fit between facial appearance and cultural setting, we propose a simple measure of distinctiveness/typicality based on position of an individual along the axis connecting the facial averages of two populations under comparison. The more distant a face is from its ingroup population mean toward the outgroup mean the more distinct it is (vis-à-vis the ingroup) and the more it resembles the outgroup standards. We compared this new measure with an alternative measure based on distance from outgroup mean. The new measure showed stronger association with rated facial distinctiveness than distance from outgroup mean. Subsequently, we manipulated facial stimuli to reflect different levels of ingroup-outgroup distinctiveness and tested them in one of the target cultures. Perceivers were able to successfully distinguish outgroup from ingroup faces in a two-alternative forced-choice task. There was also some evidence that this task was harder when the two faces were closer along the axis connecting the facial averages from the two cultures. Future directions and potential applications of our proposed approach are discussed.

• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Many concepts like hierarchical medical systems, public health, risk management, clinical epidemiological studies, and others have been increasingly embraced by private health systems as healthcare plans and provider channels struggle to contain costs, increase coverage, and increase quality and consumer satisfaction. The management of disease prevention and chronic disease in the community, combined with care accounting and value-based care, has made the formerly distinct distinctions between public health informatics and other disciplines of informatics blurrier.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To summarize information on polymyositis; diagnosis, definitions, published data and opinions. RECENT FINDINGS: Polymyositis originally referred to inflammatory muscle diseases presenting with muscle weakness and inflammatory cell infiltrates on muscle tissue visible by microscopy. Over time and with improved technology to immunophenotype infiltrating inflammatory cells and characterize muscle fibres, the meaning of polymyositis changed and became more specific. There is ongoing controversy over the term polymyositis, with proponents for a strict definition based on histopathological and immunohistochemical features on muscle biopsies whereas others advocate for a broader clinical and histopathological phenotype. Over the past decades, the discovery of several myositis-specific autoantibodies together with distinct histopathological features have enabled the identification of new subsets previously labelled as polymyositis notably the antisynthetase syndrome and the immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies thus reducing the number of patients classified as polymyositis. SUMMARY: There are still a small number of patients among the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies that can be classified as polymyositis as discussed in this review but the entity is now considered relatively rare.

• MeSH
• autoimunitní nemoci * MeSH
• autoprotilátky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• myozitida * MeSH
• polymyozitida * diagnóza   MeSH
• svalová slabost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Birds present a stunning diversity of plumage colors that have long fascinated evolutionary ecologists. Although plumage coloration is often linked to sexual selection, it may impact a number of physiological processes, including microbial resistance. At present, the degree to which differences between pigment-based vs. structural plumage coloration may affect the feather microbiota remains unanswered. Using quantitative PCR and DGGE profiling, we investigated feather microbial load, diversity and community structure among two allopatric subspecies of White-shouldered Fairywren, Malurus alboscapulatus that vary in expression of melanin-based vs. structural plumage coloration. We found that microbial load tended to be lower and feather microbial diversity was significantly higher in the plumage of black iridescent males, compared to black matte females and brown individuals. Moreover, black iridescent males had distinct feather microbial communities compared to black matte females and brown individuals. We suggest that distinctive nanostructure properties of iridescent male feathers or different investment in preening influence feather microbiota community composition and load. This study is the first to point to structural plumage coloration as a factor that may significantly regulate feather microbiota. Future work might explore fitness consequences and the role of microorganisms in the evolution of avian sexual dichromatism, with particular reference to iridescence.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• mikrobiota * MeSH
• Passeriformes * MeSH
• peří mikrobiologie   MeSH
• pigmentace * MeSH
• taxonomické DNA čárové kódování MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Nová Guinea MeSH

Pathological protein deposits in oligodendroglia are common but variable features of various neurodegenerative conditions. To evaluate oligodendrocyte response in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) with different extents of oligodendroglial protein deposition we performed immunostaining for tubulin polymerization-promoting protein p25α (TPPP/p25α), α-synuclein (α-syn), phospho-tau, ubiquitin, myelin basic protein, and the microglial marker HLA-DR. We investigated cases of multiple system atrophy ([MSA] n = 10), Lewy body disease ([LBD] n = 10), globular glial tauopathy ([GGT] n = 7) and progressive supranuclear palsy ([PSP] n = 10). Loss of nuclear TPPP/p25α immunoreactivity correlated significantly with the degree of microglial reaction and loss of myelin basic prtein density as a marker of tract degeneration. This was more prominent in MSA and GGT, which, together with enlarged cytoplasmic TPPP/p25α immunoreactivity and inclusion burden allowed these disorders to be grouped as predominant oligodendroglial proteinopathies. However, distinct features, ie more colocalization of α-syn than tau with TPPP/p25α, more obvious loss of oligodendrocyte density in MSA, but more prominent association of tau protein inclusions in GGT to loss of nuclear TPPP/p25α immunoreactivity, were also recognized. In addition, we observed previously underappreciated oligodendroglial α-synuclein pathology in the pallidothalamic tract in LBD. Our study demonstrates common and distinct aspects of oligodendroglial involvement in the pathogenesis of diverse NDDs.

• MeSH
• alfa-synuklein metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozek metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• neurodegenerativní nemoci metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• oligodendroglie metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• proteiny nervové tkáně metabolismus   MeSH
• proteiny tau metabolismus   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• tauopatie metabolismus   patologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• blokátory kalciových kanálů terapeutické užití   fyziologie   chemie   MeSH
• farmakokinetika MeSH
• srdce účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kongresy MeSH
• sborníky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
• NLK Obory
• farmacie a farmakologie
• kardiologie
• fyziologie
• angiologie

The European Common Variable Immunodeficiency Disorders registry was started in 1996 to define distinct clinical phenotypes and determine overlap within individual patients. A total of 7 centers contributed patient data, resulting in the largest cohort yet reported. Patients (334), validated for the diagnosis, were followed for an average of 25.6 years (9461 patient-years). Data were used to define 5 distinct clinical phenotypes: no complications, autoimmunity, polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration, enteropathy, and lymphoid malignancy. A total of 83% of patients had only one of these phenotypes. Analysis of mortality showed a considerable reduction in the last 15 years and that different phenotypes were associated with different survival times. Types of complications and clinical phenotypes varied significantly between countries, indicating the need for large, international registries. Ages at onset of symptoms and diagnosis were shown to have a Gaussian distribution, but were not useful predictors of phenotype. The only clinical predictor was polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration, which was associated with a 5-fold increased risk of lymphoid malignancy. There was widespread variation in the levels of serum immunoglobulin isotypes as well as in the percentages and absolute numbers of B cells, confirming the heterogeneity of these conditions. Higher serum IgM and lower circulating CD8 proportions were found to be predictive markers for polyclonal lymphocytic infiltration and autoimmunity, respectively.

• MeSH
• autoimunita MeSH
• běžná variabilní imunodeficience * klasifikace   komplikace   mortalita   patologie   MeSH
• CD8-pozitivní T-lymfocyty imunologie   MeSH
• fenotyp MeSH
• imunoglobulinové izotypy krev   MeSH
• kohortové studie MeSH
• leukemická infiltrace MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• registrace MeSH
• věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• multicentrická studie MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Desmazierella acicola (anamorph Verticicladium trifidum, Chorioactidaceae) represents a frequent colonizer of pine needles in litter. Considering the global diversity and distribution of pine species, we expected different phylogenetic lineages to exist in different geographical and climatic areas inhabited by these hosts. We compared DNA sequence data with phenotypic characteristics (morphology of the anamorph and growth at three different temperatures) of 43 strains isolated mostly from pine and also spruce needle litter sampled in various geographical areas. Analyses of ITS rDNA recovered eight geographically structured lineages. Fragments of genes for the translation elongation factor 1-α, and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II reproduced similar lineages, although not all of them were monophyletic. The similarity in ITS sequences among the clade with samples from Continental-Atlantic Europe and four other clades was lower than 95%. Several lineages exhibit also a tendency toward host specificity to a particular pine species. Growth tests at different temperatures indicated a different tolerance to specific climatic conditions in different geographic areas. However, the surveyed phenotypic characteristics also showed high variation within lineages, most evident in the morphology of the anamorph. Until a morphological study of the teleomorph is carried out, all of these lineages should be treated as distinct populations within a single species.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• borovice mikrobiologie   MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   MeSH
• eukaryotické iniciační faktory genetika   MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• listy rostlin mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   MeSH
• molekulární sekvence - údaje MeSH
• populační genetika MeSH
• sekvence nukleotidů MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• smrk mikrobiologie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Syphilis secundaria začíná zpravidla devátý týden po infekci spirochetou Treponema pallidum vznikem exantému jako výrazu hematogenního šíření infekce. V té době může být ještě přítomen primární vřed spolu se spádovou lymfadenopatií. V 80 % případů postihuje sekundární syphilis kůži a sliznice, léze obsahují mikroskopicky prokazatelné treponemy a sérologické testy jsou prakticky vždy pozitivní. Vzhledem k pestrosti klinického obrazu syphilis může být klinická diagnóza velmi obtížná a způsobuje často veliké diferenciálně diagnostické problémy. Autoři uvádějí případ pacienta s výraznou krční lymfadenopatií nejasné etiologie, kdy klinický nález dokonce napodoboval lymfom. Sérologické testy na průkaz protilátek proti syphilis byly provedeny až po řadě jiných, mnohem náročnějších vyšetření. Syphilis je pohlavně přenosné onemocnění se systémovou symptomatologií, které je v posledních letech na vzestupu, a proto bychom na něj měli myslet vždy u ne zcela jasných nálezů. Vyšetření protisyphilitických protilátek v séru by mělo být indikováno mnohem častěji, podobně jako v minulosti, kdy bylo provedení BWR součástí základního laboratorního vyšetření.

Clinical findings of secondary syphilis usually appear within nine weeks after spirochete Treponema pallidum infection with cutaneous eruption due to bacterial spread into the bloodstream. At that time the healing primary chancre with regional lymphadenopathy may remain present. In 80 % of cases skin and mucous membranes are involved. Dark-field microscopy detects Treponema in these lesions and serology screening is positive. Authors present a case of 31-years old patient with distinctive cervical lymphadenopathy of unknown aetiology and clinical manifestation resembling lymphoma. Serology tests were finally done after many different investigations. Syphilis is a sexually transmitted disease with multiple clinical presentations; therefore it may be troublesome to establish the diagnosis. Since the incidence of syphilis has been increasing in the last years, it should be considered in differential diagnostic workup. Authors suggest that syphilis serology screening should be indicated more frequently.

• Klíčová slova
• roseola syphilitica, angina syphilitica, lymphadenitis specifica, syphilis secundaria,
• MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• doxycyklin aplikace a dávkování   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• exantém etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymfatické nemoci etiologie   patologie   MeSH
• sérologická diagnostika syfilis MeSH
• syfilis diagnóza   farmakoterapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• vředy v ústech etiologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• kazuistiky MeSH