Activated cortical domains (ACDs) are regions of the plant cell cortex performing localized membrane turnover, delimited by concerted action of the cortical cytoskeleton and endomembrane compartments. Arabidopsis thaliana rhizodermis consists of two cell types differing by a single ACD (trichoblasts, carrying tip-growing root hairs, and hairless atrichoblasts), providing a model for the study of ACD determination. We compiled a set of genes specifically upregulated in root hairs from published transcriptome data, and compared it with a "virtual Arabidopsis root hair proteome", i.e. a list of computationally identified homologs of proteins from the published soybean root hair proteome. Both data sets were enriched in genes and proteins associated with root hairs in functional studies, but there was little overlap between the transcriptome and the proteome: the former captured gene products specific to root hairs, while the latter selected those abundant in root hairs but not necessarily specific to them. Decisive steps in ACD specification may be performed by signaling proteins of high expression specifity and low abundance. Nevertheless, 73 genes specifically transcribed in Arabidopsis trichoblasts or root hairs encode homologs of abundant root hair proteins from soybean. Most of them encode "housekeeping" proteins required for rapid tip growth. However, among the "candidates" is also a generative actin isoform, ACT11. Preliminary characterization of an act11 mutant allele indeed suggests a hitherto unexpected role for this gene in root and root hair development.
- MeSH
- Arabidopsis genetics metabolism MeSH
- Phenotype MeSH
- Plant Roots genetics metabolism MeSH
- Mutation MeSH
- Arabidopsis Proteins metabolism MeSH
- Pollen metabolism MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant physiology MeSH
- Gene Expression Profiling MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
In the mammalian autonomic nervous system, tonic and phasic neurons can be differentiated on firing patterns in response to long depolarizing current pulse. However, the similar firing patterns in the somatic primary sensory neurons and their functional significance are not well investigated. Here, we identified two types of neurons innervating somatic sensory in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Tonic neurons fire action potentials (APs) in an intensity-dependent manner, whereas phasic neurons typically generate only one AP firing at the onset of stimulation regardless of intensity. Combining retrograde labeling of somatic DRG neurons with fluorescent tracer DiI, we further find that these neurons demonstrate distinct changes under inflammatory pain states induced by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or bee venom toxin melittin. In tonic neurons, CFA and melittin treatments significantly decrease rheobase and AP durations (depolarization and repolarization), enhance amplitudes of overshoot and afterhyperpolarization (AHP), and increase the number of evoked action potentials. In phasic neurons, however, the same inflammation treatments cause fewer changes in these electrophysiological parameters except for the increased overshoot and decreased AP durations. In the present study, we find that tonic neurons are more hyperexcitable than phasic neurons after peripheral noxious inflammatory stimulation. The results indicate the distinct contributions of two types of DRG neurons in inflammatory pain.
- MeSH
- Action Potentials physiology MeSH
- Pain chemically induced physiopathology psychology MeSH
- Behavior, Animal physiology MeSH
- Electrophysiological Phenomena MeSH
- Freund's Adjuvant MeSH
- Rats MeSH
- Patch-Clamp Techniques MeSH
- Neurons physiology MeSH
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley MeSH
- Ganglia, Spinal physiology MeSH
- Inflammation chemically induced physiopathology psychology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
MAIN CONCLUSION: Fe deficiency responses in Strategy I causes a shift from the formation of partially removable hydrous ferric oxide on the root surface to the accumulation of Fe-citrate in the xylem. Iron may accumulate in various chemical forms during its uptake and assimilation in roots. The permanent and transient Fe microenvironments formed during these processes in cucumber which takes up Fe in a reduction based process (Strategy I) have been investigated. The identification of Fe microenvironments was carried out with (57)Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and immunoblotting, whereas reductive washing and high-resolution microscopy was applied for the localization. In plants supplied with (57)Fe(III)-citrate, a transient presence of Fe-carboxylates in removable forms and the accumulation of partly removable, amorphous hydrous ferric oxide/hydroxyde have been identified in the apoplast and on the root surface, respectively. The latter may at least partly be the consequence of bacterial activity at the root surface. Ferritin accumulation did not occur at optimal Fe supply. Under Fe deficiency, highly soluble ferrous hexaaqua complex is transiently formed along with the accumulation of Fe-carboxylates, likely Fe-citrate. As (57)Fe-citrate is non-removable from the root samples of Fe deficient plants, the major site of accumulation is suggested to be the root xylem. Reductive washing results in another ferrous microenvironment remaining in the root apoplast, the Fe(II)-bipyridyl complex, which accounts for ~30 % of the total Fe content of the root samples treated for 10 min and rinsed with CaSO4 solution. When (57)Fe(III)-EDTA or (57)Fe(III)-EDDHA was applied as Fe-source higher soluble ferrous Fe accumulation was accompanied by a lower total Fe content, confirming that chelates are more efficient in maintaining soluble Fe in the medium while less stable natural complexes as Fe-citrate may perform better in Fe accumulation.
- MeSH
- Cucumis sativus metabolism ultrastructure MeSH
- Microscopy, Electron MeSH
- Immunoblotting MeSH
- Plant Roots metabolism ultrastructure MeSH
- Oxidation-Reduction MeSH
- Iron Compounds metabolism MeSH
- Spectroscopy, Mossbauer MeSH
- Xylem metabolism MeSH
- Ferric Compounds metabolism MeSH
- Iron metabolism MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Složitost struktury brachiálního plexu, různorodost lézí a častá přítomnost dalších přidružených poranění vyžadují multidisciplinární diagnostický proces, zahrnující kromě klinického vyšetření použití zobrazovacích a elektrofyziologických metod. Žádný z používaných testů není samostatně pro diagnostiku avulze dostatečně senzitivní ani specifický. Při nesprávné interpretaci může být předoperační diagnóza často chybná. Falešně pozitivní výsledky vedou ke zbytečné či špatně naplánované operaci, falešně negativní způsobují nevratnou morbiditu. Základem diagnostiky zůstává pečlivé klinické vyšetření. Neurofyziologické metody v předoperační fázi zahrnují elektroneurografii, jehlovou elektromyografii a evokované potenciály a hodnotí funkce jednotlivých částí plexu. Zobrazovací vyšetření hodnotí strukturu brachiálního plexu, v praxi je nejčastěji využívána CT perimyelografie, magnetická rezonance nebo jejich kombinace. Článek shrnuje současné metody, jejichž kombinací se zvyšuje senzitivita i specificita předoperačního vyšetření. To umožňuje přesnou identifikaci kandidátů včasné operace bez zbytečné časové prodlevy.
The complex structure and lesion variety of the brachial plexus, together with the frequent presence of concurrent tissue trauma, necessitates a multidisciplinary diagnostic approach including clinical, radiological, and electrophysiological examinations. Neither examination is individually sensitive or specific enough to diagnose radicular avulsion. Misinterpretation can result in an incorrect preoperative diagnosis of the present lesion. False positive results can lead to unnecessary or wrongly planned surgery; false negative results result in permanent morbidity. Careful clinical examination of the patient forms the cornerstone of a correct diagnosis. Preoperative neurophysiological methods evaluate individual portions of the brachial plexus and include electroneurography, needle electromyography and evoked potentials. Radiological examinations analyze the brachial plexus structure and include most often used CT perimyelography, magnetic resonance imaging or their combination. The article summarizes current combinations of diagnostic strategies, which increase the sensitivity and specificity of the preoperative diagnosis. This allows accurate identification of optimal surgical candidates for early surgery in a timely and efficient manner.
- MeSH
- Electrophysiological Phenomena MeSH
- Upper Extremity innervation MeSH
- Muscle, Skeletal innervation MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
- Brachial Plexus * injuries MeSH
- Surgical Clearance MeSH
- Radiculopathy * diagnostic imaging pathology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Review MeSH
Hantaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that can cause subclinical to lethal infections in humans. In Europe, five orthohantaviruses are present in rodents: Myodes-associated Puumala orthohantavirus (PUUV), Microtus-associated Tula orthohantavirus, Traemmersee hantavirus (TRAV)/ Tatenale hantavirus (TATV)/ Kielder hantavirus, rat-borne Seoul orthohantavirus, and Apodemus-associated Dobrava-Belgrade orthohantavirus (DOBV). Human PUUV and DOBV infections were detected previously in Lithuania, but the presence of Microtus-associated hantaviruses is not known. For this study we screened 234 Microtus voles, including root voles (Microtus oeconomus), field voles (Microtus agrestis) and common voles (Microtus arvalis) from Lithuania for hantavirus infections. This initial screening was based on reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the S segment and serological analysis. A novel hantavirus was detected in eight of 79 root voles tentatively named "Rusne virus" according to the capture location and complete genome sequences were determined. In the coding regions of all three genome segments, Rusne virus showed high sequence similarity to TRAV and TATV and clustered with Kielder hantavirus in phylogenetic analyses of partial S and L segment sequences. Pairwise evolutionary distance analysis confirmed Rusne virus as a strain of the species TRAV/TATV. Moreover, we synthesized the entire nucleocapsid (N) protein of Rusne virus in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We observed cross-reactivity of antibodies raised against other hantaviruses, including PUUV, with this new N protein. ELISA investigation of all 234 voles detected Rusne virus-reactive antibodies exclusively in four of 79 root voles, all being also RNA positive, but not in any other vole species. In conclusion, the detection of Rusne virus RNA in multiple root voles at the same trapping site during three years and its absence in sympatric field voles suggests root voles as the reservoir host of this novel virus. Future investigations should evaluate host association of TRAV, TATV, Kielder virus and the novel Rusne virus and their evolutionary relationships.
- MeSH
- Arvicolinae * MeSH
- Species Specificity MeSH
- Genome, Viral * MeSH
- Hantavirus Infections epidemiology veterinary virology MeSH
- Orthohantavirus classification genetics isolation & purification MeSH
- Rodent Diseases epidemiology virology MeSH
- Prevalence MeSH
- Whole Genome Sequencing MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Lithuania MeSH
The large phylogenetic distance separating eukaryotic genes and their archaeal orthologs has prevented identification of the position of the eukaryotic root in phylogenomic studies. Recently, an innovative approach has been proposed to circumvent this issue: the use as phylogenetic markers of proteins that have been transferred from bacterial donor sources to eukaryotes, after their emergence from Archaea. Using this approach, two recent independent studies have built phylogenomic datasets based on bacterial sequences, leading to different predictions of the eukaryotic root. Taking advantage of additional genome sequences from the jakobid Andalucia godoyi and the two known malawimonad species (Malawimonas jakobiformis and Malawimonas californiana), we reanalyzed these two phylogenomic datasets. We show that both datasets pinpoint the same phylogenetic position of the eukaryotic root that is between "Unikonta" and "Bikonta," with malawimonad and collodictyonid lineages on the Unikonta side of the root. Our results firmly indicate that (i) the supergroup Excavata is not monophyletic and (ii) the last common ancestor of eukaryotes was a biflagellate organism. Based on our results, we propose to rename the two major eukaryotic groups Unikonta and Bikonta as Opimoda and Diphoda, respectively.
Modern day endodontics is undergoing a massive change with the introduction of new molecular based techniques for microbial identification. This review focuses on the microbiota in untreated and root-filled canals. It will also describe briefly the recent developments in microbial identification and the mechanisms by which certain species of microbes are able to invade and establish themselves in the root canal.
- MeSH
- Actinomyces isolation & purification pathogenicity growth & development MeSH
- Bacteria isolation & purification pathogenicity growth & development MeSH
- Bacterial Infections etiology microbiology MeSH
- Candida isolation & purification pathogenicity growth & development MeSH
- Financing, Government MeSH
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques utilization MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Molecular Biology methods MeSH
- Polymerase Chain Reaction methods utilization MeSH
- Mouth Mucosa microbiology physiopathology MeSH
- Tooth Root immunology microbiology MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
Rhizobacteria are root-associated bacteria that influence plant growth by various direct and indirect mechanisms. In quest of efficient plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with multiple plant growth-promoting traits, a total of 52 rhizobacterial isolates were isolated from the rhizospheric soil collected at Pohang beach, Republic of Korea. The bacterial isolates were evaluated in vitro for their plant growth-promoting traits like production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), siderophore, and phosphate solubilization activities. More than 28% of the isolates revealed all of the multi-trait plant growth-promoting activities, whereas 11.54% exhibited robust results for producing IAA, ACC deaminase, siderophore, and phosphate solubilization activities. Similarly, 36% isolates were capable for the production of IAA, siderophore, and ACC deaminase, while 32% revealed phosphate solubilization and siderophore production. The isolates with prominent multi-trait plant growth-promoting activities were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and matched to Pseudomonas koreensis-(S4T10), Pseudomonas fluorescens-(S3B1), Serratia fonticola-(S1T1), Sphingobacterium multivorum-(S1B1), Brevundimonas vesicularis-(S1T13), and Arthrobacter sp.-(S2T9) with 99-100% similarity. Our results confirm that further evaluation of these PGPR (exhibiting multi-traits for plant growth promotion) is required on crop plants to reveal their pragmatic role under normal and abiotic stress conditions and add into the consortium of biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture.
