Obesity is a complex disease that increases the risk of other pathologies. Its prevention and long-term weight loss maintenance are problematic. Gut microbiome is considered a potential obesity modulator. The objective of the present study was to summarize recent findings regarding the relationships between obesity, gut microbiota, and diet (vegetable/animal proteins, high-fat diets, restriction of carbohydrates), with an emphasis on dietary fiber and resistant starch. The composition of the human gut microbiome and the methods of its quantification are described. Products of the gut microbiome metabolism, such as short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids, and their effects on the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function and immune homeostasis are discussed in the context of obesity. The importance of dietary fiber and resistant starch is emphasized as far as effects of the host diet on the composition and function of the gut microbiome are concerned. The complex relationships between human gut microbiome and obesity are finally summarized.

• MeSH
• dieta s vysokým obsahem tuků škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• dieta * MeSH
• kyseliny mastné těkavé metabolismus   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• obezita * mikrobiologie   MeSH
• potravní vláknina * aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• střevní mikroflóra * fyziologie   MeSH
• žlučové kyseliny a soli metabolismus   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

The objective of the study was to assess cytotoxicity (based on the dimethylthiazol–diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell viability assay) and antimicrobial effects of poly(lactictide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles with entrapped mupirocin (PLGA/MUP NPs) on Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains using a disk-diffusion method, cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and fluorescence microscopy. Based on the evaluation of the growth curve, PLGA/MUP NPs inhibited growth of the both tested strains already at a concentration of 0.29 μg/ml, and their inhibitory effect at concentrations from 0.29 to 1.17 μg/ml was comparable with free MUP using the disk-diffusion method. PLGA/MUP NPs also tended to increase the abundance of the dead cells of MRSA, but not of S. aureus, in comparison with free MUP when evaluated by fluorescence microscopy. Further, cryo-SEM evaluation demonstrated an antibacterial-inhibitory effect of PLGA/MUP NPs on S. aureus in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, PLGA/MUP NPs cytotoxic activity tended to be substantially lower in comparison with both free MUP and empty PLGA NPs. It can be concluded that the excellent biocompatibility and satisfactory antibacterial effects of PLGA/MUP NPs constitute a suitable alternative as far as cutaneous wound healing is concerned.

The objective of the study was to design, synthetize and characterize poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) with entrapped fish oil (FO) for possible application in a cutaneous wound healing. Morphology of NPs was evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Antimicrobial characteristics were tested using the disk diffusion method and plate count method, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT assay. Fish oil (y) was released from PLGA NPs within the time interval (x) of 96 h according to equation y = 6.2 + 0.914x. PLGA-FO NPs did not affect growth of Staphylococcus aureus or methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. No cytotoxic effect of the tested NPs on the keratinocyte cell line was observed for concentration of 1 μg/ml. PLGA-FO NPs represent an interesting alternative for wound healing due to an excellent biocompatibility and unique release profile of FO, despite their lack of antimicrobial efficiency.

Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 can affect cutaneous wound healing; however, recent findings demonstrate the variable extent of their influence on the quality of healing. Here, we compare the effect of several dietary oils, containing different levels of PUFA n-3 and PUFA n-6, on wound healing in the rat model. Rats were fed the feed mixture with 8% palm oil (P), safflower oil (S), fish oil (F) or Schizochytrium microalga extract (Sch) and compared to the animals fed by control feed mixture (C). Dorsal full-thickness cutaneous excisions were performed after 52 days of feeding and skin was left to heal for an additional 12 days. Histopathological analysis of skin wounds was performed, including immune cells immunolabeling and the determination of hydroxyproline amount as well as gene expression analyses of molecules contributing to different steps of the healing. Matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization mass-spectrometry-imaging (MALDI-MSI) was used to determine the amount of collagen α-1(III) chain fragment in healing samples. Treatment by Schizochytrium extract resulted in decrease in the total wound area, in contrast to the safflower oil group where the size of the wound was larger when comparing to control animals. Diet with Schizochytrium extract and safflower oils displayed a tendency to increase the number of new vessels. The number of MPO-positive cells was diminished following any of oil treatment in comparison to the control, but their highest amount was found in animals with a fish oil diet. On the other hand, the number of CD68-positive macrophages was increased, with the most significant enhancement in the fish oil and safflower oil group. Hydroxyproline concentration was the highest in the safflower oil group but it was also enhanced in all other analyzed treatments in comparison to the control. MALDI-MSI signal intensity of a collagen III fragment decreased in the sequence C > S > Sch > P > F treatment. In conclusion, we observed differences in tissue response during healing between dietary oils, with the activation of inflammation observed following the treatment with oil containing high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) level (fish oil) and enhanced healing features were induced by the diet with high content of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, Schizochytrium extract).

• MeSH
• antigeny CD8 metabolismus   MeSH
• dietní tuky nenasycené aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   MeSH
• hojení ran účinky léků   MeSH
• indoly chemie   MeSH
• kolagen typ III metabolismus   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kůže účinky léků   zranění   metabolismus   MeSH
• kyseliny mastné omega-6 analýza   MeSH
• makrofágy imunologie   MeSH
• modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
• omega-3 mastné kyseliny analýza   MeSH
• palmový olej aplikace a dávkování   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• rybí oleje aplikace a dávkování   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice MeSH
• světlicový olej aplikace a dávkování   chemie   farmakologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH

The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of dietary oils containing polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) n-3 and n-6, respectively, on cutaneous wound healing in rats, and to demonstrate the usefulness of the matrix-assisted-laser-desorption-ionization mass spectroscopy-imaging (MALDI MSI) method in this type of experiment. Superiority of PUFA n-3 in this context was the tested hypothesis. Four groups of male Wistar rats by twelve animals each were fed a diet with added 5% of palm oil (P; control), fish oil (F), Schizochytrium microalga oil (Sch) and safflower oil (S), respectively, for eight weeks. Consequently, dorsal full-thickness cutaneous excisions were performed, and selected markers of wound healing were evaluated 18 days post excision. The median of signal intensity corresponding to an amount of collagen α-1 (III) fragment, quantified using MALDI MSI, decreased in a sequence P > F > Sch > S (P < 0.001). Using haematoxylin-eosin staining of the histological preparations, semi-quantitatively assessed epithelium height tended to decrease in the order of P > S > Sch > F; the wound extent in the sequence of P > Sch > S > F; and the sequence of the progress of neo-angiogenesis was assessed as S > P > F ≈ Sch. It was concluded that the tested hypothesis was confirmed only partially: PUFA n-3 showed better results regarding the wound extent, but were inferior in terms of epithelium height and progress of neo-angiogenesis. This was the first time MALDI MSI was successfully employed for evaluating skin wound healing in a rat model.

• MeSH
• dietní tuky nenasycené * terapeutické užití   MeSH
• dietní tuky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• hojení ran * MeSH
• kolagen typu I, řetězec alfa 1 analýza   MeSH
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• rány a poranění dietoterapie   veterinární   MeSH
• reepitalizace MeSH
• spektrometrie hmotnostní - ionizace laserem za účasti matrice statistika a číselné údaje   veterinární   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• klinická studie MeSH

BACKGROUND: The present study tested whether replacement of the leavening agent ammonium carbonate by sodium hydrogen carbonate in combination with calcium cation and acidifying agent will synergically decrease acrylamide (AA) content in gingerbread. RESULTS: The type of leavening agent and the presence of Ca(2+) and citric acid accounted for 33.6%, 13.2% and 53.2% of the explained variability of the AA content, respectively (P < 0.01). The AA content in gingerbread produced with (NH4 )2 CO3 alone was 186.5 µg kg(-1) . Irrespective of other tested additives, NaHCO3 decreased (P < 0.05) AA content to 42% compared to (NH4 )2 CO3 . Combination of NaHCO3 + CaCl2 + citric acid in dough reduced (P < 0.05) AA content below the limit of detection (25 µg kg(-1) ). The AA content in gingerbread (y; µg kg(-1) ) decreased with an increasing number of additives used (x) according to the equation y = 158.8 - 47.94x (r(2) = 0.42; P < 0.0001). A comprehensive sensory analysis did not indicate any significant deterioration (P > 0.05) in the organoleptic quality of gingerbread produced using calcium cation and citric acid. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates that the combination of additives NaHCO3 /Ca(2+) /citric acid synergically decreases AA content in gingerbread without compromising the sensory quality. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

• MeSH
• akrylamid analýza   antagonisté a inhibitory   chemie   toxicita   MeSH
• algoritmy MeSH
• chemické jevy MeSH
• chlorid vápenatý škodlivé účinky   chemie   MeSH
• chování spotřebitelů MeSH
• čití, cítění MeSH
• hydrogenuhličitan sodný škodlivé účinky   chemie   MeSH
• koncentrace vodíkových iontů MeSH
• kontaminace potravin prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kvalita jídla * MeSH
• kyselina citronová škodlivé účinky   chemie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Maillardova reakce MeSH
• mechanické jevy MeSH
• potravinářské přísady škodlivé účinky   chemie   MeSH
• preference v jídle MeSH
• průmyslově zpracované potraviny škodlivé účinky   analýza   MeSH
• uhličitany škodlivé účinky   chemie   MeSH
• vaření * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• srovnávací studie MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

Učebnice "Základy výživy člověka" obsahuje kapitoly k příjmu potravy, fyziologii trávení a energetickému metabolizmu. Zabývá se základními živinami, vitaminy a minerálními látkami. V závěru jsou pojednána obecná výživová doporučení.

• MeSH
• biochemie MeSH
• energetický metabolismus MeSH
• fyziologie výživy MeSH
• metabolismus fyziologie   MeSH
• nutriční terapie MeSH
• nutriční vědy MeSH
• potraviny MeSH

• Konspekt
• Fyziologie člověka a srovnávací fyziologie
• Učební osnovy. Vyučovací předměty. Učebnice
• NLK Obory
• biochemie
• fyziologie
• nutriční terapie, dietoterapie a výživa
• NLK Publikační typ
• učebnice vysokých škol

The objective of the study is to standardize GC determination of polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal tissues by lipid extraction with a hexane/propan-2-ol mixture and subsequent derivatization with CH3ONa/BF3. The limits of detection and recoveries for 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:5n-3, 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 fatty acids was in the range 0.32–0.42 mg/100 g, and 83–105 %, respectively. The content of physiologically important icosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in chicken breast meat, thigh meat, quail eggs and cricket nymphs was 3, 10, 51 and 21 mg/100 g of fresh matter (P < 0.05). The EPA contents in livers of laboratory rats fed diets supplemented with palm oil, safflower oil and fish oil was 4, 3 and 342 mg/100 g, respectively (P < 0.05).

• MeSH
• cholesterol metabolismus   MeSH
• chromatografie plynová * metody   přístrojové vybavení   využití   MeSH
• experimenty na zvířatech MeSH
• kardiovaskulární nemoci prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• kyselina alfa-linolenová analýza   MeSH
• kyselina eikosapentaenová analýza   MeSH
• kyseliny dokosahexaenové analýza   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lipidy analýza   MeSH
• nenasycené mastné kyseliny * analýza   MeSH
• tkáňové extrakty analýza   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• biopotraviny * MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• jídelníček MeSH
• kontaminace potravin MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• školy MeSH
• stravovací služby MeSH
• zdravotní stav MeSH
• znečištění životního prostředí MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• lidé MeSH

The objective of the present study was to evaluate in a model organism the effect of different dietary lipids on plasma concentration of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triacylglycerols (TAG). One hundred adult male rats (Wistar Albino) were divided into 10 groups with 10 animals each and fed for 7 weeks either basic feed mixture (control diet, C) or basic feed mixture with 5% of palm oil (P), safflower oil (SF), salmon oil (S), fish oil (F), Schizochytrium microalga oil (A), and 20% of beef tallow (T; four groups), respectively. The T-groups were fed for another 7 weeks T-, SF-, F- and A-diet, respectively. At the end of both the first and the second 7-week fattening period, plasma lipid concentration and hepatic fatty acid content was determined. Both A and F diets fed for 7 weeks decreased (P < 0.05) plasma TC (0.98 mmol∙l-1) compared to control (1.19 mmol∙l-1). The highest (P < 0.05) plasma TC was established in rats fed for 7 weeks the SF-diet following the previous 7-week T-treatment (2.15 mmol∙l-1). A-diet had the most positive (decreasing) effect on TAG concentrations (0.68–0.86 mmol∙l-1 compared to 1.22 and 2.88 mmol∙l-1 found in the C and T diets, respectively; P < 0.05). Both plasma TC and TAG were in a negative relationship (P < 0.01) with the hepatic eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents, respectively. It was concluded that dietary Schizochytrium microalga oil (with high DHA content) may have the potential for decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

• Klíčová slova
• hovězí lůj, Schizochytrium olej, Schizochytrium microalga,
• MeSH
• cholesterol klasifikace   krev   MeSH
• dietní tuky * farmakologie   klasifikace   MeSH
• dyslipidemie dietoterapie   MeSH
• játra chemie   MeSH
• kyselina eikosapentaenová MeSH
• kyseliny dokosahexaenové MeSH
• lipidy * klasifikace   krev   MeSH
• mastné kyseliny * MeSH
• palmový olej MeSH
• potkani Wistar MeSH
• rybí oleje MeSH
• světlicový olej MeSH
• triglyceridy krev   MeSH
• změny tělesné hmotnosti MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH