BACKGROUND: Although neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI) has been used to evaluate early neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease, studies concentrating on the locus coeruleus (LC) in pre-dementia stages of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are lacking. OBJECTIVES: The aims were to evaluate NM-MRI signal changes in the LC in patients with mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) compared to healthy controls (HC) and to identify the cognitive correlates of the changes. We also aimed to test the hypothesis of a caudal-rostral α-synuclein pathology spread using NM-MRI of the different LC subparts. METHODS: A total of 38 MCI-LB patients and 59 HCs underwent clinical and cognitive testing and NM-MRI of the LC. We calculated the contrast ratio of NM-MRI signal (LC-CR) in the whole LC as well as in its caudal, middle, and rostral MRI slices, and we compared the LC-CR values between the MCI-LB and HC groups. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between the LC-CR and cognitive outcomes. RESULTS: The MCI-LB group exhibited a significant reduction in the right LC-CR compared to HCs (P = 0.021). The right LC-CR decrease was associated with impaired visuospatial memory in the MCI-LB group. Only the caudal part of the LC exhibited significant LC-CR decreases in MCI-LB patients compared to HCs on both sides (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study that focuses on LC-CRs in MCI-LB patients and analyzes the LC subparts, offering new insights into the LC integrity alterations in the initial stages of DLB and their clinical correlates. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

• MeSH
• alfa-synuklein metabolismus   MeSH
• demence s Lewyho tělísky * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   patofyziologie   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• locus coeruleus * diagnostické zobrazování   patologie   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie * MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cognitive flexibility (CF) is the ability to adapt cognitive strategies according to the changing environment. The deficit in CF has often been linked to various neurological and psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. However, the operationalization and assessment of CF have not been unified and the current research suggests that the available instruments measure different aspects of CF. The main objective of the present study was to compare three frequently used neuropsychological measures of CF-Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Trail Making Test (TMT) and Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) in a population of patients (N = 220) with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders in order to evaluate their convergent validity. The hypothesis of an underlying latent construct was tested via a confirmatory factor analysis. We used a one-factor CF model with scores from WCST, SCWT and TMT as observed variables. The established model showed a good fit to the data (χ2 = 1.67, p = 0.43, SRMR = 0.02, RMSEA = 0.0, CFI = 1.00). The highest factor loading was found in WCST as CF explained most of the variance in this neuropsychological measure compared to the other instruments. On the other hand, a TMT ratio index and a SCWT interference demonstrated lowest loadings in the model. The findings suggest that not all the frequently used measures share an underlying factor of CF or may capture different aspects of this construct.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• exekutivní funkce * fyziologie   MeSH
• faktorová analýza statistická MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * etiologie   diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kognitivní flexibilita MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * normy   MeSH
• psychometrie MeSH
• schizofrenie (psychologie) * MeSH
• schizofrenie * komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Obezita a diabetes mellitus 2. typu (DM2T) sú významnými rizikovými faktormi rozvoja kognitívnej dysfunkcie a neurodegeneratívnych ochorení. Ich spoločný patofyziologický základ zahŕňa inzulínovú rezistenciu, chronický subklinický systémový zápal a neurozápal, poruchy mikrobiómu, hormonálnu dysreguláciu a štrukturálne zmeny mozgu. Tieto faktory vedú k zhoršeniu pamäte, exekutívnych funkcií a k akcelerácii neurodegenerácie. Pozitívne účinky úpravy životného štýlu – vrátane zníženia telesnej hmotnosti, zvýšenia fyzickej aktivity a úpravy výživy a stravovacích návykov – sa prejavujú zlepšením inzulínovej senzitivity v mozgu, zvýšením neurotrofických faktorov, redukciou systémového zápalu a neurozápalu a zlepšením metabolizmu. Kombinácia behaviorálnych a farmakologických intervencií môže spomaliť kognitívny pokles a znížiť riziko demencie u populácie s obezitou a poruchou metabolizmu glukózy.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are important risk factors for the development of cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases. Their common pathophysiological substrate includes insulin resistance, chronic subclinical systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, shifts in the intestinal microbiome composition, hormonal dysregulation, and structural changes of the brain. These factors lead to impaired memory, executive functions, and accelerated neurodegeneration. The positive effects of lifestyle modifications — including weight loss, increased physical activity, and improved dietary composition — are manifested by improved insulin sensitivity in the brain, increased neurotrophic factors, reduced systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, and improved metabolism. A combination of behavioral and pharmacological interventions may slow cognitive decline and reduce the risk of dementia in patients with obesity, prediabetes and T2D.

• MeSH
• cvičení MeSH
• diabetes mellitus 2. typu komplikace   MeSH
• hmotnostní úbytek MeSH
• kognitivní poruchy * etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurodegenerativní nemoci etiologie   MeSH
• obezita * komplikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

BACKGROUND: Spatial navigation deficits are early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is the most important genetic risk factor for AD. This study investigated effects of APOE genotype on spatial navigation in biomarker-defined individuals with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and associations of AD biomarkers and atrophy of AD-related brain regions with spatial navigation. METHODS: 107 participants, cognitively normal older adults (CN, n = 48) and aMCI individuals stratified into AD aMCI (n = 28) and non-AD aMCI (n = 31) groups, underwent cognitive assessment, brain MRI, and spatial navigation assessment using the Virtual Supermarket Test with egocentric and allocentric tasks and a self-report questionnaire. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers (amyloid-β1-42, phosphorylated tau181 and total tau) and amyloid PET imaging were assessed in aMCI participants. RESULTS: AD aMCI participants had the highest prevalence of APOE ε4 carriers and worst allocentric navigation. CSF levels of AD biomarkers and atrophy in AD-related brain regions were associated with worse allocentric navigation. Between-group differences in spatial navigation and associations with AD biomarkers and regional brain atrophy were not influenced by APOE genotype. Self-reported navigation ability was similar across groups and unrelated to spatial navigation performance. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that allocentric navigation deficits in aMCI individuals are predominantly driven by AD pathology, independent of APOE genotype. This highlights the role of AD pathology as measured by biomarkers, rather than genetic status, as a major factor in navigational impairment in aMCI, and emphasizes the assessment of spatial navigation as a valuable tool for early detection of AD.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * genetika   mozkomíšní mok   diagnostické zobrazování   komplikace   patofyziologie   patologie   MeSH
• amyloidní beta-protein mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• apolipoprotein E4 * genetika   MeSH
• apolipoproteiny E * genetika   MeSH
• atrofie MeSH
• biologické markery mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * genetika   mozkomíšní mok   diagnostické zobrazování   patofyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mozek patologie   diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• peptidové fragmenty mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• pozitronová emisní tomografie MeSH
• prostorová navigace * fyziologie   MeSH
• proteiny tau mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

The ABCB1 gene, encoding the ATP-dependent translocase ABCB1, plays a crucial role in the clearance of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides and the transport of cholesterol, implicating it in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The study aims to investigate the association between polymorphisms in the ABCB1 gene and cognitive decline in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), particularly focusing on language function. A longitudinal cohort study involving 1 005 participants from the Czech Brain Aging Study was conducted. Participants included individuals with Alzheimer's disease, amnestic MCI, non-amnestic MCI, subjective cognitive decline, and healthy controls. Next-generation sequencing was utilized to analyze the entire ABCB1 gene. Cognitive performance was assessed using a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests, including the Boston Naming Test and the semantic verbal fluency test. Ten ABCB1 polymorphisms (rs55912869, rs56243536, rs10225473, rs10274587, rs2235040, rs12720067, rs12334183, rs10260862, rs201620488, and rs28718458) were significantly associated with cognitive performance, particularly in language decline among amnestic MCI patients. In silico analyses revealed that some of these polymorphisms may affect the binding sites for transcription factors (HNF-3alpha, C/EBPβ, GR-alpha) and the generation of novel exonic splicing enhancers. Additionally, polymorphism rs55912869 was identified as a potential binding site for the microRNA hsa-mir-3163. Our findings highlight the significant role of ABCB1 polymorphisms in cognitive decline, particularly in language function, among individuals with amnestic MCI. These polymorphisms may influence gene expression and function through interactions with miRNAs, transcription factors, and alternative splicing mechanisms.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• longitudinální studie MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• P-glykoproteiny genetika   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is a key non-motor complication during the disease course. OBJECTIVES: A review of detailed cognitive instruments to detect mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI) or dementia (PDD) is needed to establish optimal tests that facilitate diagnostic accuracy. METHODS: We performed a systematic literature review of tests that assess memory, language including premorbid intelligence, and visuospatial domains (for tests of attention and executive functions see accompanying review) to determine suitability to assess cognition in PD. Based on in-depth scrutiny of psychometric and other relevant clinimetric properties, tests were rated as "recommended," "recommended with caveats," "suggested," or "listed" by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (IPMDS) panel of experts according to the IPMDS Clinical Outcome Assessment Scientific Evaluation Committee guidelines. RESULTS: We included 39 tests encompassing 48 outcome measures. Seven tests (different versions or subtests of the test counted once) were recommended, including four for memory, one for visuospatial domains, one for language (including three measures), and one for estimated premorbid intelligence. Furthermore, 10 tests (12 measures) were "recommended with caveats," 11 were "suggested," and 11 (15 measures) were "listed." CONCLUSIONS: Recommended neuropsychological tests in memory, visuospatial functions, and language are proposed to guide the assessment of cognitive impairment and its progression in PD-MCI and PDD, and for use in clinical trials to stratify participants or as outcome measures. Novel measures being developed will need extensive validation research to be "recommended." © 2025 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

• MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * normy   MeSH
• paměť * fyziologie   MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * komplikace   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

BACKGROUND: Semantic and short-term episodic memory are impaired in some brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE: Development and validation of an almost self-administered, but cognitively demanding four-minute test identifying very mild cognitive impairment (vMCI). METHODS: The innovative hedgehog PICture Naming and Immediate Recall (PICNIR) consisted of two parts. The first task was to write down the names of 20 black-and-white pictures to evaluate long-term semantic memory and language. The second task involves immediate recall and writing the names of as many previously named pictures as possible in one minute. The PICNIR is assessed using the number of naming errors (NE) and correctly recalled picture names (PICR). The PICNIR and a neuropsychological battery were administered to 190 elderly individuals living independently in the community. They were divided into those with vMCI (n = 43 with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) 24 ± 3 points) and sociodemographically matched cognitively normal (CN) individuals (n = 147 with MoCA 26 ± 3). Both subgroups had predicted mean Mini-Mental State Examination scores of 28-29 points. RESULTS: Compared to CN, vMCI participants made more NE (0.3 ± 0.6 versus 0.6 ± 0.9; p = 0.02) and recalled fewer PICR (8.9 ± 2.2 versus 6.8 ± 2.2; p < 0.000001). Discriminative validity was satisfactory using the area under the ROC curve (AUC): 0.76 for PICR, 0.74 for MoCA, 0.67 for MoCA-five-word recall, and 0.59 for NE. The AUCs of PICR and MoCA were comparable and larger than those of MoCA five-point recall or NE. Logical Memory scores, RAVLT scores, Digit symbol, and animal fluency correlated with PICR. CONCLUSIONS: The picture-based PICNIR is an ultra-brief, sensitive cognitive test valid for assessing very mild cognitive impairment. Its effectiveness should be validated for other languages and cultures.

• MeSH
• epizodická paměť * MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   psychologie   MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• rozpomínání * fyziologie   MeSH
• sémantika MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• testy pro posouzení mentálních funkcí a demence statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Uniform Data Set (UDS) 2 battery in distinguishing between individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) attributable to Alzheimer's disease (MCI-AD) and those with MCI due to other causes (MCI-nonAD), based on contemporary AT(N) biomarker criteria. Despite the implementation of the novel UDS 3 battery, the UDS 2 battery is still used in several non-English-speaking countries. METHODS: We employed a cross-sectional design. A total of 113 Czech participants with MCI underwent a comprehensive diagnostic assessment, including cerebrospinal fluid biomarker evaluation, resulting in two groups: 45 individuals with prodromal AD (A+T+) and 68 participants with non-Alzheimer's pathological changes or normal AD biomarkers (A-). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed with neuropsychological test scores and demographic variables as predictors and AD status as an outcome. Model 1 included UDS 2 scores that differed between AD and non-AD groups (Logical Memory delayed recall), Model 2 employed also Letter Fluency and Rey's Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT). The two models were compared using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves. We also created separate logistic regression models for each of the UDS 2 scores. RESULTS: Worse performance in delayed recall of Logical Memory significantly predicted the presence of positive AD biomarkers. In addition, the inclusion of Letter Fluency RAVLT into the model significantly enhanced its discriminative capacity. CONCLUSION: Our findings demonstrate that using Letter Fluency and RAVLT alongside the UDS 2 battery can enhance its potential for differential diagnostics.

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * diagnóza   mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• amyloidní beta-protein mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• biologické markery * mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * diagnóza   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy * normy   statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• proteiny tau mozkomíšní mok   MeSH
• průřezové studie MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

BACKGROUND: Genetic variations in a common single nucleotide polymorphism in the ninth intron of the KIBRA gene have been linked to memory performance and risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE: We examined the risk of AD related to presence of KIBRA T allele (versus CC homozygote) and to memory performance. The role of established genetic risk factors APOE ε4 and BDNF Met was also considered. METHODS: Participants were cognitively healthy individuals (n = 19), participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) due to AD (n = 99) and AD dementia (n = 37) from the Czech Brain Aging Study. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions compared odds of belonging to a certain diagnostic category and multivariate linear regressions assessed associations with memory. RESULTS: KIBRA T allele was associated with increased AD dementia risk (odds ratio [OR] = 5.98, p = 0.012) compared to KIBRA CC genotype. In APOE ε4 negative individuals, KIBRA T allele was associated with a greater risk of both aMCI due to AD (OR = 6.68, p = 0.038) and AD dementia (OR = 15.75, p = 0.009). In BDNF Met positive individuals, the KIBRA T allele was associated with a greater risk of AD dementia (OR = 10.98, p = 0.050). In AD dementia, the association between KIBRA T allele and better memory performance approached significance (β = 0.42; p = 0.062). The link between possessing the KIBRA T allele and better memory reached statistical significance only among BDNF Met carriers (β = 1.21, p = 0.027). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that KIBRA T allele may not fully protect against AD dementia but could potentially delay progression of post-diagnosis cognitive deficits.

• MeSH
• alely MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * genetika   MeSH
• apolipoprotein E4 genetika   MeSH
• genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika   MeSH
• genotyp MeSH
• intracelulární signální peptidy a proteiny genetika   MeSH
• jednonukleotidový polymorfismus * genetika   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * genetika   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozkový neurotrofický faktor genetika   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• paměť fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Cieľom výskumu bolo analyzovať heterogenitu kognitívneho deficitu u ľudí závislých od alkoholu a identifikovať empirické typy, ktoré sa líšia v miere oslabenia kognitívnych funkcií v doménach pamäť, pozornosť, jazyk a reč, exekutívne funkcie a psychomotorické tempo. Výskumu sa zúčastnilo 53 pacientov v procese liečby závislosti od alkoholu hospitalizovaných v Odbornom liečebnom ústave psychiatrickom n.o. na Prednej Hore vo veku od 19 do 55 rokov. Na posúdenie kognitívnych výkonov boli použité Test verbálnej fluencie, Pamäťový test učenia slov, Test kódovania symbolov, Test opakovania čísel odpredu a odzadu, Test cesty a Batéria frontálnych funkcií. Pomocou klastrovej analýzy sme identifikovali nasledujúce 4 typy participantov: 1. participanti so zachovanými kognitívnymi funkciami a s kognitívnou rezervou, 2. participanti bez kognitívneho deficitu, 3. participanti s miernym oslabením exekutívnych funkcií, 4. participanti s globálnym kognitívnym deficitom. Z hľadiska vecnej významnosti boli medzi skupinami zistené nezanedbateľné rozdiely z hľadiska veku, vzdelania a dĺžky excesívneho pitia. Výsledky výskumu poukazujú na heterogenitu kognitívneho deficitu u ľudí závislých od alkoholu a možnosť identifikácie viacerých podskupín, ktoré sa z kvantitatívneho aj kvalitatívneho hľadiska líšia v miere oslabenia kognitívnych funkcií.

The aim of the research was to analyze the heterogeneity of cognitive deficit in people with alcohol use disorders and to identify empirical types that differ in the degree of cognitive impairment across the domains of memory, attention, language and speech, executive function, and psychomotor speed. The study involved 53 patients in the process of treatment of alcohol use disorders hospitalized in the Specialized Psychiatric Institute in Predná Hora aged 19 to 55 years. Word Fluency Test, Auditory Verbal Learning Test, Symbol Encoding Test, Forward and Backward Digit Span Test, Trail Making Test and Frontal Assessment Battery were used to quantify cognitive performance. Using cluster analysis, we identified the following 4 types of participants: 1. participants with preserved cognitive functions and cognitive reserve, 2. participants without cognitive deficit, 3. participants with an incipient mild impairment of executive functioning, 4. participants with a global cognitive deficit. In terms of substantive significance, significant differences were found between the groups in terms of age, education and duration of excessive drinking. The results of this study shed light on the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits in people with alcohol use disorders, and the possibility of identifying several subgroups that differ quantitatively and qualitatively in their degree of cognitive impairment

• MeSH
• alkoholismus psychologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• empirický výzkum MeSH
• hospitalizovaní pacienti * klasifikace   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• poruchy způsobené alkoholem * psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH