• MeSH
• Carotid Arteries surgery   MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Transplantation methods   MeSH
• Femoral Vein transplantation   MeSH
• Vascular Surgical Procedures methods   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Dogs MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Comparative Study MeSH

• MeSH
• Cytogenetics MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH

• Conspectus
• Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
• NML Fields
• cytologie, klinická cytologie
• biologie
• genetika, lékařská genetika
• NML Publication type
• elektronické časopisy

• MeSH
• Carotid Arteries surgery   MeSH
• Dogs MeSH
• Transplantation methods   MeSH
• Femoral Vein transplantation   MeSH
• Vascular Surgical Procedures methods   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Dogs MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Comparative Study MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• neurochirurgie

The orange carotenoid protein (OCP) is a structurally and functionally modular photoactive protein involved in cyanobacterial photoprotection. Recently, based on bioinformatic analysis and phylogenetic relationships, new families of OCP have been described, OCP2 and OCPx. The first characterization of the OCP2 showed both faster photoconversion and back-conversion, and lower fluorescence quenching of phycobilisomes relative to the well-characterized OCP1. Moreover, OCP2 is not regulated by the fluorescence recovery protein (FRP). In this work, we present a comprehensive study combining ultrafast spectroscopy and structural analysis to compare the photoactivation mechanisms of OCP1 and OCP2 from Tolypothrix PCC 7601. We show that despite significant differences in their functional characteristics, the spectroscopic properties of OCP1 and OCP2 are comparable. This indicates that the OCP functionality is not directly related to the spectroscopic properties of the bound carotenoid. In addition, the structural analysis by X-ray footprinting reveals that, overall, OCP1 and OCP2 have grossly the same photoactivation mechanism. However, the OCP2 is less reactive to radiolytic labeling, suggesting that the protein is less flexible than OCP1. This observation could explain fast photoconversion of OCP2.

• MeSH
• Bacterial Proteins chemistry   MeSH
• Spectrometry, Fluorescence MeSH
• Phycobilisomes chemistry   MeSH
• Cyanobacteria chemistry   MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

Eustigmatophyceae (Ochrophyta, Stramenopiles) is a small algal group with species of the genus Nannochloropsis being its best studied representatives. Nuclear and organellar genomes have been recently sequenced for several Nannochloropsis spp., but phylogenetically wider genomic studies are missing for eustigmatophytes. We sequenced mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of three species representing most major eustigmatophyte lineages, Monodopsis sp. MarTras21, Vischeria sp. CAUP Q 202 and Trachydiscus minutus, and carried out their comparative analysis in the context of available data from Nannochloropsis and other stramenopiles, revealing a number of noticeable findings. First, mitogenomes of most eustigmatophytes are highly collinear and similar in the gene content, but extensive rearrangements and loss of three otherwise ubiquitous genes happened in the Vischeria lineage; this correlates with an accelerated evolution of mitochondrial gene sequences in this lineage. Second, eustigmatophytes appear to be the only ochrophyte group with the Atp1 protein encoded by the mitogenome. Third, eustigmatophyte mitogenomes uniquely share a truncated nad11 gene encoding only the C-terminal part of the Nad11 protein, while the N-terminal part is encoded by a separate gene in the nuclear genome. Fourth, UGA as a termination codon and the cognate release factor mRF2 were lost from mitochondria independently by the Nannochloropsis and T. minutus lineages. Finally, the rps3 gene in the mitogenome of Vischeria sp. is interrupted by the UAG codon, but the genome includes a gene for an unusual tRNA with an extended anticodon loop that we speculate may serve as a suppressor tRNA to properly decode the rps3 gene.

• MeSH
• Phylogeny * MeSH
• Genome, Mitochondrial MeSH
• Genomics MeSH
• Stramenopiles genetics   MeSH
• Evolution, Molecular * MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• MeSH
• Cell Physiological Phenomena MeSH
• Genomics methods   MeSH
• Metabolism MeSH
• Systems Biology methods   MeSH
• Publication type
• Monograph MeSH

• Conspectus
• Biochemie. Molekulární biologie. Biofyzika
• NML Fields
• biochemie

Being frequent prey of many predators, including especially wasps and birds, spiders have evolved a variety of defence mechanisms. Here I studied patterns of passive defences, namely anachoresis, crypsis, masquerade, aposematism and Batesian mimicry, in spiders. Using published information pertaining more than 1000 spider species, the phylogenetic pattern of different passive defences (i.e. defences that decrease the risk of an encounter with the predator) was investigated. Furthermore, I studied the effect of foraging guild, geographical distribution and diel activity on the frequency of defences as these determine the predators diversity, presence and perception. I found that crypsis (background matching) combined with anachoresis (hiding) was the most frequent defence confined mainly to families/genera at the base of the tree. Aposematism (warning coloration) and Batesian mimicry (imitation of noxious/dangerous model) were found in taxa that branched later in the tree, and masquerade (imitation of inedible objects) was confined to families at intermediate positions of the tree. Aposematism and Batesian mimicry were restricted to a few lineages. Masquerade was used particularly by web-building species with nocturnal activity. Aposematism was rare but mainly used by web-building diurnal species. Batesian mimicry was frequently observed in cursorial species with diurnal activity. Cryptic species were more common in temperate zones, whereas aposematic and mimetic species were more common in the tropics. Here I show that the evolution of passive defences in spiders was influenced by the ecology of species. Then, I discuss the evolutionary significance of the particularly defences.

• MeSH
• Behavior, Animal * MeSH
• Circadian Rhythm MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Biological Mimicry MeSH
• Spiders physiology   MeSH
• Food Chain * MeSH
• Predatory Behavior MeSH
• Animal Distribution MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

The regulation of gene transcription allows yeast cells to respond properly to changing environmental conditions. Several protein complexes take part in this process. They involve RNA polymerase complexes, chromatin remodeling complexes, mediators, general transcription factors and specific transcriptional regulators. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as reference, the genomes of six species (Ashbya gossypii, Kluyveromyces lactis, K. waltii, Candida albicans, C. glabrata and Schizosaccharomyces pombe) that are human pathogens or important for the food industry were analyzed for their complement of genes encoding the homologous transcriptional regulators. The number of orthologs identified in a given species correlated with its phylogenetic distance from S. cerevisiae. Many duplicated genes encoding transcriptional regulators in S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata were reduced to one copy in species diverged before the ancestral whole genome duplication. Some transcriptional regulators appear to be specific for S. cerevisiae and probably reflect the physiological differences among species. Phylogenetic analysis and conserved gene order relationships indicate that a similar set of gene families involved in the control of multidrug resistance and oxidative stress response already existed in the common ancestor of the compared fungal species.

• MeSH
• Drug Resistance, Fungal MeSH
• Fungal Proteins genetics   chemistry   metabolism   MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Transcription, Genetic MeSH
• Genome, Fungal MeSH
• Yeasts MeSH
• Molecular Sequence Data MeSH
• Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal MeSH
• Amino Acid Sequence MeSH
• Transcription Factors genetics   chemistry   metabolism   MeSH

• MeSH
• Bacterial Proteins genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Biofilms growth & development   MeSH
• Cell Membrane drug effects   MeSH
• Cell Wall drug effects   MeSH
• Butanols metabolism   toxicity   MeSH
• Clostridium drug effects   genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Phylogeny MeSH
• Genome, Bacterial MeSH
• Mutagenesis MeSH
• Industrial Microbiology methods   MeSH
• Transcription Factors genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Computational Biology MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Review MeSH