Expozice k alergenům v časném dětství je významným činitelem v kritickém období pro senzitizaci. Alergie na roztočové alergeny je hlavním faktorem pro astma v kojeneckém věku, dětí a dospívajících. Environmentální opatření mohou snižovat senzibilizaci a některé respirační příznaky u vysoce rizikových jedinců.

Exposure to allergens in early infancy has been suggested as a critical period for senzitization. Senzitization to dust mite allergens is a dominant risk factor for asthma among infants, children and adolescents. Environmental manipulation can reduce hypersenzitivity and some respiratory symptoms in high-risk individuals.

• MeSH
• Allergens MeSH
• Hypersensitivity etiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Asthma etiology   prevention & control   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Primary Prevention MeSH
• Mites MeSH
• Air Pollution, Indoor MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH

Behaviorální imunitní systém představuje vedle tělesného imunitního systému další obranný nástroj organismu. Jeho hlavní funkcí je detekce a vyhnutí se potenciálně ohrožujícím podnětům, jež mohou vést k přenosu patogenů. Včasná vyhýbavá reakce organismu významně snižuje energii, jež by jinak byla vydána na metabolicky náročné reakce tělesného imunitního systému po infekci patogenem. Cílem tohoto souborného článku je představit jednotlivé složky behaviorálního imunitního systému, jenž v první řadě zahrnuje percepci ohrožujících podnětů na základě jednotlivých smyslových modalit (vizuální, akustická, čichová, taktilní a jejich integrace). Dále se jedná o afektivní složku, a to zejména emoci znechucení, kterou zde dále dělíme na patogenní, sexuální a morální. Další části zahrnují kognitivní složku, která umožňuje uvědomovat si a hodnotit míru nebezpečnosti podnětu, a exekutivní složku včetně vyhýbavého chování. Součástí práce je také krátké představení základních metod měření behaviorálního imunitního systému pomocí dotazníků, vizuálních stimulů či měření fyziologických reakcí. Fungování behaviorálního imunitního systému je možné vysvětlit pomocí "teorie zvládání chyb" (error management theory), podle níž systém funguje ve prospěch energeticky méně náročných chyb. Kvůli vysoké citlivosti behaviorálního imunitního systému se snižuje množství falešně negativních chyb, ale naopak se zvyšuje náchylnost vůči falešně pozitivním chybám. V důsledku generalizace pak tyto reakce mohou mít zásadní sociální implikace, jako je vliv na společenskost, ageismus, xenofobii a konformitu vůči normám. V neposlední řadě poukážeme na možnou souvislost mezi behaviorálním imunitním systémem a vznikem některých psychiatrických poruch, jako je obsedantně-kompulzivní porucha. Systém je funkčně flexibilní dle možné zranitelnosti jedince a aktuální situace, proto se stručně věnujeme i jevům souvisejícím s aktivací behaviorálního imunitního systému objevujícím se v současné situaci pandemie COVID-19.

The behavioural immune system is, besides the body immune system, another defence mechanism of the organism. Its primary function is to detect and facilitate avoidance of potentially harmful stimuli that can lead to pathogen transmission. The prompt avoidant reaction significantly reduces high energetic demands that would be spent by the body immune system after the actual pathogen infection. The main aim of this review is to introduce individual components of the behavioural immune system that, first, include the perception of the threatening stimuli based on the individual sensory modalities (visual, acoustic, tactile and their integration). Next is the affective component, which primarily involves the emotion of disgust. Here, we differentiate three domains: pathogen disgust, sexual disgust and moral disgust. Other components include cognitive processes that enable awareness and evaluation of the extent of the threat and executive component, including avoid-ant behaviour. The paper also shortly introduces the major testing methods of the behavioural immune system, such as questionnaires, visual stimuli and measurement of the physiological responses. The functioning of the behavioural immune system is best explained by error management theory which predicts that less costly errors are favoured. The high sensitivity of the behavioural immune system thus decreases the amount of false-negative errors and as a result, increases the susceptibility to false-positive errors. Due to overgeneralization, these reactions may have significant implications for social life, with an influence on social gregariousness, ageism, xenophobia and conformity to social norms. Finally, we point to a possible association between the behavioural immune system and the development of some psychiatric disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. The system is functionally flexible according to potential disease susceptibility and current situation. Therefore, we briefly discuss the issues related to activation of the behavioural immune system in the current COVID-19 pandemic.

• Keywords
• Covid 19,
• MeSH
• Immune System * MeSH
• Communicable Diseases MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Stress, Psychological MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

The prevention of engram interference, pattern separation, flexibility, cognitive coordination and spatial navigation are usually studied separately at the behavioral level. Impairment in executive functions is often observed in patients suffering from schizophrenia. We have designed a protocol for assessing these functions all together as behavioral separation. This protocol is based on alternated or sequential training in two tasks testing different hippocampal functions (the Morris water maze and active place avoidance), and alternated or sequential training in two similar environments of the active place avoidance task. In Experiment 1, we tested, in adult rats, whether the performance in two different spatial tasks was affected by their order in sequential learning, or by their day-to-day alternation. In Experiment 2, rats learned to solve the active place avoidance task in two environments either alternately or sequentially. We found that rats are able to acquire both tasks and to discriminate both similar contexts without obvious problems regardless of the order or the alternation. We used two groups of rats, controls and a rat model of psychosis induced by a subchronic intraperitoneal application of 0.08mg/kg of dizocilpine (MK-801), a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors. Dizocilpine had no selective effect on parallel/sequential learning of tasks/contexts. However, it caused hyperlocomotion and a significant deficit in learning in the active place avoidance task regardless of the task alternation. Cognitive coordination tested by this task is probably more sensitive to dizocilpine than spatial orientation because no hyperactivity or learning impairment was observed in the Morris water maze.

• MeSH
• Analysis of Variance MeSH
• Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists toxicity   MeSH
• Maze Learning drug effects   MeSH
• Dizocilpine Maleate toxicity   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Locomotion drug effects   MeSH
• Disease Models, Animal MeSH
• Learning Disabilities chemically induced   physiopathology   MeSH
• Rats, Long-Evans MeSH
• Reaction Time drug effects   MeSH
• Avoidance Learning drug effects   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH

• MeSH
• Brain Diseases surgery   MeSH
• Intraoperative Complications therapy   prevention & control   MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• neurochirurgie

Schizophrenia is a devastating disorder affecting 1 % of the world's population. An important role in the study of this disease is played by animal models. Since there is evidence that acute psychotic episodes can have consequences on later cognitive functioning, the present study has investigated the effects of a single systemic application of higher doses of (+)MK-801 (3 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) to adult male Long-Evans rats from the Institute's breeding colony on delayed testing in the active place avoidance task with reversal on the Carousel (a rotating arena). Besides significant mortality due to the injections, a disruption of procedural functions in active place avoidance, after the dose 5 mg/kg was observed. It was concluded that Long-Evans rats from our breeding colony do not represent a suitable biomodel for studying the effects of single high-dose NMDA antagonists.

• MeSH
• Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists administration & dosage   toxicity   MeSH
• Dizocilpine Maleate administration & dosage   toxicity   MeSH
• Cognition Disorders chemically induced   psychology   MeSH
• Rats MeSH
• Rats, Long-Evans MeSH
• Psychomotor Performance drug effects   MeSH
• Reversal Learning drug effects   MeSH
• Psychoses, Substance-Induced psychology   MeSH
• Avoidance Learning drug effects   MeSH
• Escape Reaction drug effects   MeSH
• Dose-Response Relationship, Drug MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Rats MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Sexually transmitted infections are ubiquitous in nature and affect many populations. The key process for their transmission is mating, usually preceded by mate choice. Susceptible individuals may avoid mating with infected individuals to prevent infection provided it is recognizable. We show that accounting for infection avoidance significantly alters host population dynamics. We observe bistability between the disease-free and endemic or disease-induced extinction equilibria, significant abrupt reduction in the host population size and disease-induced host extinction. From the population persistence perspective, the best strategy is either not to avoid mating with the infected individuals, to prevent disease-induced host extinction, or to completely avoid mating with the infected individuals, to prevent pathogen invasion. Increasing sterilization efficiency of the infection leads to lower population sizes and reduced effect of mating avoidance. We also find that the disease-free state is more often attained by populations with strong polyandry, whereas a high-density endemic state is more often observed for populations with strong polygyny, suggesting that polygamy rather than monogamy may be promoted in denser host populations.

• MeSH
• Models, Biological * MeSH
• Population Density * MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Population Dynamics * MeSH
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases * epidemiology   transmission   MeSH
• Sexual Behavior, Animal * MeSH
• Sexual Behavior * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

• Keywords
• Clopidogrel,
• MeSH
• Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors therapeutic use   MeSH
• Cardiovascular Diseases drug therapy   prevention & control   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Ticlopidine analogs & derivatives   therapeutic use   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Clinical Trial MeSH

• MeSH
• Surgical Procedures, Operative methods   MeSH
• Liver Diseases surgery   MeSH
• Intraoperative Complications prevention & control   MeSH
• Publication type
• Monograph MeSH

• Conspectus
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NML Fields
• chirurgie
• hepatologie

Úvod: Disekce axily (ALND) představuje standardní postup zajišťující lokoregionální kontrolu při metastatickém postižení sentinelové uzliny (SN). Řada studií již dokazuje, že její vynechání nezhoršuje celkovou prognózu. Metody: Retrospektivně zpracovaný soubor 249 pacientek v 3letém období s biopsií sentinelové uzliny byl rozdělen do 2 skupin – s negativní, resp. pozitivní SN. Ve sledované skupině s pozitivní SN byly pacientky rozděleny s, resp. bez ALND a hodnoceny další nonsentinelové uzliny při ALND a onkologická léčba. Předmětem bylo srovnání, zda ALND a onkologická léčba ovlivní bezpříznakový interval (DFI) a celkové přežití (OS) u pacientek s pozitivní SN a zda budou vykazovat rozdíly s kontrolní skupinou. Hodnocením histopatologických a biologických vlastností primárního nádoru, charakteru metastázy v SN a počtu metastatických SN bylo snahou určit ty faktory, které lze využít jako prediktory pozitivity nonsentinelových uzlin. Výsledky: Pozitivní SN je zatížena vysokým procentem pozitivity nonsentinelových uzlin (63 %). Doplnění ALND neprodlužuje DFI ani DFS, není-li zajištěna lokoregionální kontrola pooperační radioterapií a systémovou léčbou, které ovšem dokážou zajistit srovnatelný DFI i DFS bez doplnění ALND. Pacientky s pozitivní SN s, resp. bez ALND dosahují 70, resp. 72 měsíců DFI, 5leté přežití 84 %, resp. 80 %. Za prediktory pozitivity nonsentinelových uzlin lze považovat tumory nad 2 cm, s vysokou proliferační aktivitou a vysokým gradem. Závěr: Na malém souboru lze dokladovat, že vynechání ALND při metastatickém postižení 1−2 SN bez ohledu na prognostické ukazatele tumoru neovlivňuje DFI ani DFS při následném onkologickém zajištění. Nádory s vysokým gradem, vysokou proliferační aktivitou a rozměrem nad 2 cm mají významně vyšší riziko postižení nonsentinelových uzlin. Vynechání ALND při pozitivní SN není v současnosti léčebnou metodou lege artis, pro vytvoření odborných směrnic jsou požadovány další studie na velkých souborech.

Introduction: Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is a standard procedure for locoregional control in metastatic sentinel lymph nodes (SN). A number of studies have provided evidence that avoiding ALND does not worsen the general prognosis. Methods: A group of 249 female patients with sentinel lymph node biopsy was analysed retrospectively for a 3-year period. The patients were divided into two groups – with non-metastatic SN and with metastatic SN. In the metastatic SN group, the patients were further divided into a group with ALND and a group without ALND, and additional lymph nodes (non-sentinel) in ALND and oncological treatment were evaluated. The goal was to find out whether ALND and oncological treatment affect the disease-free interval (DFI) and overall survival (OS) in the group of patients with metastatic SN and to compare the results with the control group. The histopathology and biology of the primary tumour, its size and the number of metastatic SN were subsequently evaluated as the factors that may be useful for predicting metastatic non-sentinel lymph node positivity. Results: There was a high risk of metastatic non-sentinel lymph nodes in the cases of metastatic SN (63%). Addition of ALND does not prolong either DFI or DFS without post-operative radiotherapy and systemic oncological treatment, both of which can provide a comparable length of DFI as well as DFS without ALND. Patients with metastatic SN with and without ALND had a DFI of 70 and 72 months, respectively, and a 5-year survival of 84% and 80%, respectively. Tumours over 2 cm, tumours with high proliferative activity and a high grade can be regarded as predictors of metastatic non-sentinel lymph nodes. Conclusion: In a small patient group it has been demonstrated that the avoidance of ALND in 1 or 2 metastatic SN, regardless of the prognostic factors, does not affect either DFI or DFS if adjuvant oncological treatment is administered. High-grade tumours, tumours with high proliferative activity and tumours larger than 2 cm carry a significantly higher risk of metastatic non-sentinel lymph nodes. Nowadays, the avoidance of ALND in metastatic SN is not a lege artis procedure; further large studies are needed to create scientific guidelines.

• Keywords
• pozitivní sentinelová uzlina,
• MeSH
• Survival Analysis MeSH
• Axilla * MeSH
• Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neoplasm Recurrence, Local MeSH
• Lymph Node Excision * MeSH
• Lymphatic Metastasis pathology   MeSH
• Lymph Nodes * surgery   pathology   MeSH
• Neoplasm Micrometastasis MeSH
• Breast Neoplasms * surgery   pathology   MeSH
• Pilot Projects MeSH
• Disease-Free Survival MeSH
• Recurrence MeSH
• Retrospective Studies MeSH
• Neoplasm Staging MeSH
• Neoplasm Grading MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Female MeSH

BACKGROUND & AIMS: A better understanding of prognostic factors within the heterogeneous spectrum of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) should improve patient management and reduce complications. We aimed to identify evidence-based predictors of outcomes with the goal of optimizing individual patient management. METHODS: A survey of 202 experts in pediatric CD identified and prioritized adverse outcomes to be avoided. A systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis, when possible, was performed to identify clinical studies that investigated predictors of these outcomes. Multiple national and international face-to-face meetings were held to draft consensus statements based on the published evidence. RESULTS: Consensus was reached on 27 statements regarding prognostic factors for surgery, complications, chronically active pediatric CD, and hospitalization. Prognostic factors for surgery included CD diagnosis during adolescence, growth impairment, NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms, disease behavior, and positive anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody status. Isolated colonic disease was associated with fewer surgeries. Older age at presentation, small bowel disease, serology (anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody, antiflagellin, and OmpC), NOD2/CARD15 polymorphisms, perianal disease, and ethnicity were risk factors for penetrating (B3) and/or stenotic disease (B2). Male sex, young age at onset, small bowel disease, more active disease, and diagnostic delay may be associated with growth impairment. Malnutrition and higher disease activity were associated with reduced bone density. CONCLUSIONS: These evidence-based consensus statements offer insight into predictors of poor outcomes in pediatric CD and are valuable when developing treatment algorithms and planning future studies. Targeted longitudinal studies are needed to further characterize prognostic factors in pediatric CD and to evaluate the impact of treatment algorithms tailored to individual patient risk.

• MeSH
• Crohn Disease diagnosis   therapy   MeSH
• Child MeSH
• Outcome Assessment, Health Care MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Consensus MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Predictive Value of Tests MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Prognosis MeSH
• Check Tag
• Child MeSH
• Infant MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Infant, Newborn MeSH
• Child, Preschool MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Meta-Analysis MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
• Systematic Review MeSH