Executive function
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Cíl: Idiopatický blefarospazmus (BS) byl stejně jako jiné fokální dystonie dlouhou dobu brán jen jako onemocnění s pouze motorickými projevy. V poslední době přibývá důkazů, že kromě motorických obtíží jsou důsledkem předpokládané dysfunkce systému bazálních ganglií u pacientů s BS přítomny i četné non-motorické projevy onemocnění, vč. diskrétních změn v kognitivní výkonnosti. Cílem naší studie je detekce diskrétního exekutivního deficitu v oblasti citlivosti k interferenci u pacientů s BS. Soubor a metodika: Celkem 20 pacientů s BS, 20 pacientů s hemispazmem (HS) léčených pomocí lokálních aplikací botulotoxinu (BTX) a 23 demograficky vázaných kontrol (zdravé kontroly; ZK) absolvovalo vyšetření neuropsychologickou baterií zaměřenou především na exekutivní funkce. Pacienti s BS byli s pacienty s HS párováni dle demografických charakteristik i trvání nemoci a délky léčby. Pacienti byli vyšetřováni v době vrcholícího efektu BTX. Výsledky: V testu exekutivních funkcí Pražský Stroopův Test (PST), interferenční podmínce pacienti s BS mají statisticky významně horší výkonnost ve jmenování neutrálních slov (subtest Slova) oproti pacientům s HS (W = 301,5; p = 0,006) i ZK (W = 362; p < 0,001). Pacienti s BS byli rovněž úzkostnější než ZK (STAI X1: W = 377; p < 0,001; STAI X2: W = 408; p < 0,001). Závěr: V naší studii jsme nalezli diskrétní exekutivní deficit v podobě zvýšené citlivosti k interferenci u pacientů s BS. Oproti ostatním studiím jsme tyto výsledky porovnali s klinickou skupinou pacientů s HS, kteří se nelišili v demografických ani základních klinických charakteristikách onemocnění a byli také léčeni pomocí BTX. Dále jsme potvrdili zvýšenou hladinu úzkosti a úzkostnosti pacientů s BS oproti ZK.
Aim: The aim of our study was to identify selective cognitive abnormalities in cognitive performance of essential blepharospasm (EB) patients. Introduction: EB and other types of focal dystonia have long been considered as a purely motor disorder. In recent years, there has been mounting evidence for non-motor abnormalities due to basal ganglia dysfunction in patents with EB, including selective cognitive deficits. Material and methods: We recruited 20 patients with EB, 20 patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS) and 23 demographically matched controls (NC). All participants (EB + HFS + NC) underwent brief neuropsychological battery focused on executive functioning. Furthermore, the patients (EB + HFS) were matched according to their disease duration, treatment duration. Patients were assessed near the peak of botulinum toxin treatment effect. Results: EB patients had significantly longer times (more impaired performance) in the Prague Stroop Test weak interference condition (naming neutral words) in comparison to patients with HFS (W = 301.5; p = 0.006) and HC (W = 362; p < 0.001). EB patients also had higher level of anxiety symptoms than NC as measured by STAI (STAI X1: W = 377; p < 0.001; STAI X2: W = 408; p < 0.001). Conclusion: We found mild executive dysfunction in patients with EB manifesting as higher sensitivity to interference. Unlike other studies, we compared our results with HFS patients that were similar in basic clinical and demographic characteristics and underwent the same botulinum toxin treatment as the EB group. Furthermore, we found higher level of trait and state anxiety in EB patients compared to NC (but not HFS).
- Klíčová slova
- hemispazmus,
- MeSH
- bazální ganglia MeSH
- blefarospazmus * farmakoterapie patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- botulotoxiny terapeutické užití MeSH
- exekutivní funkce * MeSH
- hemifaciální spazmus farmakoterapie patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy * statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- psychometrie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Stroopův test MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- úzkost diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
BACKGROUND: Identifying protective factors that promote healthy cognitive aging is of importance due to the growing older adult population. Preventing chronic hyperglycemia may be one such way to preserve cognitive abilities, as high blood glucose levels have been associated with cognitive impairment and decline. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of blood glucose levels on cognition among older adults using common neuropsychological tests and a spatial navigation task. METHODS: The association between cognitive performance and blood glucose levels was assessed among 117 older adults classified as cognitively healthy, subjective cognitive decline, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, or Alzheimer's disease dementia from the Czech Brain Aging Study. Cognitive abilities were measured by tests of verbal memory, nonverbal memory, working memory, visuospatial skills, and executive function. A test of spatial navigation known as the Hidden Goal Task was also used. Blood glucose levels were measured by glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Analyses were performed using multiple linear regression controlling for age, gender, education, depressive symptoms, diabetes, and cognitive status. RESULTS: A significant relationship was observed for HbA1c and executive function performance (beta = -2.46, SE = 0.92, p = 0.008). Following moderation analysis, this relationship was significant only among those with cognitive impairment (beta = -4.37, SE = 1.28, p = 0.001, 95% CI [-6.91, -1.83]). Associations between HbA1c and other cognitive domains were not significant (ps > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Higher HbA1c was associated with poorer executive function among persons with cognitive impairment, but not with performance on other cognitive domains. Maintaining proper glucoregulation may help preserve executive function performance among cognitively impaired older adults.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc krev psychologie MeSH
- exekutivní funkce * MeSH
- glykovaný hemoglobin analýza MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce krev psychologie MeSH
- krátkodobá paměť MeSH
- krevní glukóza analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- paměť MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- vnímání prostoru MeSH
- zdravé stárnutí MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
The main study objective was to investigate the effect of interactive television-based cognitive training on cognitive performance of 119 healthy older adults, aged 60-87 years. Participants were randomly allocated to a cognitive training group or to an active control group in a single-blind controlled two-group design. Before and after training interactive television cognitive performance was assessed on well validated tests of fluid, higher-order ability, and system usability was evaluated. The participants in the cognitive training group completed a television-based cognitive training programme, while the participants in the active control group completed a TV-based programme of personally benefiting activities. Significant improvements were observed in well validated working memory and executive function tasks in the cognitive training but not in the control group. None of the groups showed statistically significant improvement in life satisfaction score. Participants' reports of "adequate" to "high" system usability testify to the successful development and implementation of the interactive television-based system and compliant cognitive training contents. The study demonstrates that cognitive training delivered by means of an interactive television system can generate genuine cognitive benefits in users and these are measurable using well-validated cognitive tests. Thus, older adults who cannot use or afford a computer can easily use digital interactive television to benefit from advanced software applications designed to train cognition.
- MeSH
- exekutivní funkce * MeSH
- kognice * MeSH
- krátkodobá paměť * MeSH
- kvalita života MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- televize MeSH
- test cesty MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky kontrolované MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Test kognitivního odhadu (Cognitive Estimations Test, CET) se stává součástí řady vyšetření i výzkumů exekutivních funkcí. Jde o krátký, jednoduchý a uživatelsky přívětivý test. Autoři článku prezentují alternativní formy testu kognitivního odhadu jako doplněk k české originálni verzi testu (TKO, Preiss a Laing, 2001). Popisují test kognitivního odhadu jako vhodný nástroj k vyšetření exekutivních funkcí u poškození mozku různé etiologie. Obě klinicky vyvinuté alternativní formy byly zkoumány na souboru 48 osob bez neurologické nebo psychiatrické morbidity (23 mužů a 25 žen), průměrný věk byl 26,4 let (rozpětí 19-55 let, SD=8,1). V obou formách testu byly vyloučeny extrémní odpovědi (ve verzi č. 14,3 %, ve verzi č. 2 2,8 % odpovědí). Autoři zjistili srovnatelnost položek obou forem vzhledem k pohlaví a nevýznamnou mírnou závislost celkového výkonu v testu na věku (-0,13 u verze č. 1, -0,25 u verze č. 2). Pro klinické a výzkumné hodnocení převedli výkon v testu na vážené skóry podle hranic standardních odchylek. Jako O bodů (výkon bez nápadností) hodnotili výkon v pásmu jedné standardní odchylky od průměru, jako 1 bod (mírně nápadný odhad) odhad mezi první a druhou standardní odchylkou a jako 2 body (nápadný odhad) odhad za hranicí dvou standardních odchylek. Průměr součtu standardních skórů verze č. 1 byl 3,0 vážených bodů (SD=1.8: rozntvl 0-8 bodů), u verze č. 2 3,5 vážených bodů (SD=1,7; rozptyl 0-8 bodů). Korelace mezi součty celkových skórů obou forem je nesignifíkantní (r = 0,22), při započtení extrémních odpovědí 0,33 (p=0,021). Nízká korelace problematizuje paralelitu obou forem. Vliv vzdělání byl statisticky významný u verze č. 1 (oboustranný ř-test,p=0,035), u verze č. 2 nevýznamný (oboustranný ř-test, p=0,538). Autoři doporučují test k využití v klinické praxi i ve výzkumu exekutivních funkcí. Další výzkum by se měl zaměřit na nezávislost výkonu na vzdělání a na kulturním a geografickém prostředí, především však na větší vyváženosti obou forem testu. Výkon v testu může být ovlivněn také psychopatologií osobnosti.
Cognitive Estimations Test (CET) is becoming a part of many examinations and research studies of executive functions. It is a short, simple and user-friendly test. Authors present two alternative forms of the CET as a supplement to the original Czech version of the test (TKO, Preiss and Laing, 2001). They describe the CET as a suitable instrument for investigation of executive functions in brain lesions of various etiology. Both clinically developed alternative forms have been studied in a sample of 48 subjects without any neurologic or psychiatric morbidity (23 males and 25 females), average age 26.4 years (range 19-55, SD = 8.1). In both tests, the extreme responses were excluded (in version 1, 4.3%, in version 2, 2.8% responses). The authors found a comparability of the items in both forms with respect to gender and a non-significant moderate dependence of the total performance in the test on age (-0.13 in version 1, -0.25 in version 2). For clinical and research evaluation, they converted test performance to weighted scores according to standard deviation limits. As 0 points (performance without conspicuity), they scored performances in the range of one standard deviation away fi'om the mean, as 1 point (moderately conspicous estimation), estimation between one and two standard deviations, and as 2 points (conspicous estimation), estimation beyond the limit of two standard deviations. The average sum of standard scores in version 1 was 3 weighted points (SD = 1.8; variance 0-8 points), in version 2, it was 3.5 weighted points (SD = 1.7; variance 0-8 points). Correlation of the sums of total scores of both forms is not significant (r = 0.22), when including the extreme responses 0.33 (p = 0.021). Low correlation makes the parallelity of both forms problematic. The effect of education was statistically significant in version 1 (two-sided ř-test, p = 0.035), not significant in version 2 (two-sided r-test, p = 0.538). The authors recommend the test for use in clinical practice and in research of executive functions. Further research should aim at independence of the performance on education and cultural and geographic environment, though mainly at greater balance of both forms of the test. Test performance can also be influenced by personality psychopathology.
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- finanční podpora výzkumu jako téma MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mozek patologie MeSH
- průzkumy a dotazníky MeSH
- psychometrie metody MeSH
- stupeň vzdělání MeSH
- výkonnost MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- srovnávací studie MeSH
BACKGROUND: Numerous studies suggest that alcohol abuse has negative effects on cognitive and executive functions. Cognitive deficits in individuals with alcohol use disorders can have a negative impact on the success of treatment and reintegration into normal life and work. AIMS: The aim of this clinical comparative study was to evaluate selected cognitive and executive functions in clients treated for alcohol addiction using the comparison of a sample with the general population norm and to evaluate the potential use of such diagnostic information in treatment and aftercare. DESIGN AND MEASUREMENTS: A wide battery of clinical tests was used: the Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT), Trail Making Test (TMT), Numeric Square (CC), Verbal Fluency Test (FAS), Stroop Colour Word Test (SCWT), Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF), Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT), and Case History Questionnaire. PARTICIPANTS: Our sample consisted of 59 clients (38 men and 21 women, mean age 41.7 years) with a diagnosis of moderate or severe alcohol use disorder admitted to treatment facilities in Kromìøíž and Šternberk and to the Olomouc-based aftercare centre. RESULTS: The majority of the cognitive function measures showed significant differences between clients with alcohol use disorders and the general population norm. The clients in treatment scored lower in AVLT, TMT, and FAS, while they were better than the norm in CC and SCWT. No correlation was found between the length of their history of excessive drinking and the test scores. After evaluating each respondent individually, we concluded that cognitive training could be recommended for 34 (58%) of the respondents. CONCLUSIONS: A detailed assessment of cognitive and executive functions using a manageable battery of methods and possible subsequent training in cognitive functions provided to clients in treatment and aftercare can be helpful in enhancing the success of treatment, facilitating social reintegration, and reducing the risk of relapse.
OBJECTIVE: The study was designed to investigate the neurocognitive network in the frontal and lateral temporal cortices that is activated by the complex cognitive visuomotor tasks of letter writing. METHODS: Eight epilepsy surgery candidates with implanted intracerebral depth electrodes performed two tasks involving the writing of single letters. The first task consisted of copying letters. In the second task, the patients were requested to write any other letter. The cognitive load of the second task was increased mainly by larger involvement of the executive functions. The task-related ERD/ERS of the alpha, beta and gamma rhythms was studied. RESULTS: The alpha and beta ERD as the activational correlate of writing of single letters was found in the sensorimotor cortex, anterior cingulate, premotor, parietal cortices, SMA and the temporal pole. The alpha and beta ERD linked to the increased cognitive load was present moreover in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and surprisingly also the temporal neocortex. Gamma ERS was detected mostly in the left motor cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Particularly the temporal neocortex was activated by the increased cognitive load. SIGNIFICANCE: The lateral temporal cortex together with frontal areas forms a cognitive network processing executive functions.
- MeSH
- čelní lalok anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- dominance mozková fyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- duševní procesy fyziologie MeSH
- elektroencefalografie MeSH
- financování organizované MeSH
- kognice fyziologie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mapování mozku MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- motorické dovednosti fyziologie MeSH
- neokortex anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- nervová síť anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- nervové dráhy fyziologie MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- pohyb fyziologie MeSH
- psaní MeSH
- psychomotorický výkon fyziologie MeSH
- ruka fyziologie inervace MeSH
- spánkový lalok anatomie a histologie fyziologie MeSH
- vůle MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mladiství MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by severe affective as well as cognitive symptoms. Moreover, cognitive impairment in MDD can persist after the remission of affective symptoms. Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) is a promising tool to manage the affective symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD); however, its cognition-enhancing effects are sparsely investigated. Here, we aimed to examine whether the administration of bilateral TBS has pro-cognitive effects in MDD. Ten daily sessions of neuronavigated active or sham TBS were delivered bilaterally over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to patients with MDD. The n-back task and the attention network task were administered to assess working memory and attention, respectively. Affective symptoms were measured using the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. We observed moderate evidence that the depressive symptoms of patients receiving active TBS improved compared to participants in the sham stimulation. No effects of TBS on attention and working memory were detected, supported by a moderate-to-strong level of evidence. The effects of TBS on psychomotor processing speed should be further investigated. Bilateral TBS has a substantial antidepressive effect with no immediate adverse effects on executive functions.
