Malting Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
BACKGROUND: Polyphenols and phenolic acid are able to slow down or prevent oxidation processes and are therefore thought to have important effects in malting and brewing. Laccase catalyses the oxidation of a wide variety of substrates, including polyphenols. The aim of this paper was to determine the changes in polyphenol compounds and the relative expression of the HvLac1 gene during malting. RESULTS: The dominant phenolic acid was ferulic acid. The amount of ferulic acid increased, whereas the amount of vanillic acid decreased during malting. The highest levels of expression of the HvLac1 gene were observed during the third air rest period in varieties with the 'Haruna Nijo' (HN) allele, as recommended for the production of beer with the protected geographical indication (PGI) 'Česke pivo' (Czech beer), whereas the highest expression was observed in the first day of germination in varieties with the 'Morex' (M) allele. However, the profiles of HvLac1 gene expression in varieties with alternative alleles during malting were similar, and the level of polyphenol compounds throughout malting was different. CONCLUSION: The polyphenol contents in barley increased several-fold during malting, and the degree of increase differed with variety. The expression of HvLac1 transcript was similar in every barley variety.
- MeSH
- ječmen (rod) enzymologie MeSH
- kyseliny kumarové chemie metabolismus MeSH
- lakasa genetika metabolismus MeSH
- polyfenoly chemie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese enzymů fyziologie MeSH
- regulace genové exprese u rostlin fyziologie MeSH
- semenáček enzymologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Mycotoxins are widely studied by many research groups in all aspects, but the stability of these compounds needs further research for clarification. The objective of this study is to evaluate deoxynivalenol and zearalenone stability during all steps of the malting and brewing processes. The levels of these compounds decreased significantly during the production process (barley to beer). During the malting process, the DON levels decreased significantly in the steeping, germination, and malting steps (62%, 51.5%, and 68%, respectively). Considering ZEN, when the levels were compared between barley and the last step of the process, a significant decrease was observed. Most of the mycotoxins produced were transferred to the rootlets and spent grains, which is advantageous considering the final product. Furthermore, the mycotoxin dietary intake estimation was included in this study. The results proved that if the concentrations of target mycotoxins in raw material are under the limits established by the regulations, the levels decrease during the malting and brewing processes and make the beer secure for consumers. The quality of the five commodities involved in the beer process plays a decisive role in the creation of a safe final product.
- MeSH
- dietární expozice analýza MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- Fusarium MeSH
- ječmen (rod) mikrobiologie MeSH
- kontaminace potravin analýza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pivo analýza MeSH
- potravinářský průmysl MeSH
- trichotheceny analýza MeSH
- zearalenon analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This paper describes determination of the deoxynivalenol and ergosterol in samples from different varieties of barley and, consequently, malt produced from this barley. In total, 20 samples of barley and 20 samples of barley malt were analyzed. The alkaline hydrolysis with consequent extraction into hexane was applied to obtain the ergosterol from cereals. Extraction to acetonitrile/water and subsequent solid-phase extraction (SPE) were used for deoxynivalenol. The determination of the samples was performed on high-performance liquid chromatography using UV detection (ergosterol) and mass spectrometric detection (deoxynivalenol). The influence of the malting process on the production of two compounds of interest was assessed from obtained results. Ergosterol concentration ranged 0.88-15.87 mg/kg in barley and 2.63-34.96 mg/kg in malt, where its content increased to 95% compared to samples before malting. The malting process was observed as having a significant effect on ergosterol concentration (P = 0.07). The maximum concentration of deoxynivalenol was found to be 641 microg/kg in barley and 499 microg/kg in malt. Its concentration was lower than the legislative limit for unprocessed cereals (1,250 microg/kg). The statistic effect of the malting process on deoxynivalenol production was not found. Linear correlation between ergosterol and deoxynivalenol content was found to be very low (barley R = 0.02, malt R = 0.01). The results revealed that it is not possible to consider the ergosterol content as the indicator of deoxynivalenol contamination of naturally molded samples.
The increasing contamination of cereals by micromycetes and mycotoxins during malting still poses an unresolved food safety problem. This study characterises the potential of the novel, rapidly developing food production technology of Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) to reduce the viability of Fusarium fungi and the production of mycotoxins during malting. Barley, artificially inoculated with four Fusarium species, was treated by PEF with two different intensities and then malted using a standard Pilsner-type technology. Concentrations of fungi were quantified by RT-PCR, expression of fungal growth-related genes was assessed using mRNA sequencing, and mycotoxin levels were analysed by U-HPLC-HRMS/MS. Despite the different trends for micromycetes and mycotoxins after application of variously intense PEF conditions, significant reductions were generally observed. The greatest decrease was for F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, where up to six fold lower levels were achieved for malts produced from the PEF-treated barley when compared to the control. For F. culmorum and F. graminearum, up to a two-fold reduction in the PEF-generated malts was observed. These reductions mostly correlated with a decrease in relevant mycotoxins, specifically type A trichothecenes.
- MeSH
- elektřina MeSH
- Fusarium * metabolismus genetika růst a vývoj MeSH
- ječmen (rod) * mikrobiologie MeSH
- jedlá semena * mikrobiologie MeSH
- kontaminace potravin prevence a kontrola MeSH
- manipulace s potravinami metody MeSH
- mykotoxiny * biosyntéza metabolismus MeSH
- potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Zažívací trakt je nejčastější (až 40%) lokalizací primárních mimouzlinových forem non-hodgkinských lymfomů. Téměř polovinu tvoří indolentní formy, především MALT lymfomy. Vývoj MALT lymfomu je dočasně závislý na antigenní stimulaci Helicobacter pylori. Více než 90 % nemocných s MALT lymfomem žaludku je sérologicky pozitivních na přítomnost protilátek proti H. pylori, ale histologicky či kultivačně se v bioptátu prokáže pouze u necelých 60 %. Antibiotická léčba infekce H. pylori může u lokalizovaného stadia MALT lymfomu vést k úplné regresi onemocnění bez jakékoliv protinádorové terapie. Naším příspěvkem formou kazuistiky chceme upozornit na toto onemocnění v souvislosti s možností antibiotické terapie tohoto nádoru.
Gastrointestinal tract is the most commonly (40 %) affected site of the extranodal forms of primary non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Almost half of them are indolent lymphomas, mainly MALT lymphomas. The development of MALT lymphoma temporarily depends on antigen stimulation of Helicobacter pylori. More than 90 % of MALT lymphoma patients are positive for Helicobacter pylori antibodies, but the positivity of biopsy is present in only 60 % of them. Antibiotic therapy in Helicobacter pylori infection may lead to complete regression of the locahzed primary gastric lymphoma of the MALT type without any anti-tumour therapy. The aim of the case report is to present the disease in the context of possible antibiotic therapy of the tumour.
- Klíčová slova
- mouzlinové formy, non-hodgkinský lymfom,
- MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- Helicobacter pylori MeSH
- infekce vyvolané Helicobacter pylori farmakoterapie komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfom z B-buněk marginální zóny diagnóza mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- nádory žaludku diagnóza mikrobiologie patologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Malting sludge is waste that could be used as a good soil conditioner after proper treatment. In the current study, the feasibility of vermicomposting malting sludge and its mixtures with straw pellets on the basis of physico-chemical and biological properties was verified. A vermicomposting system with continuous feeding of earthworms Eisenia andrei was used. The greatest number and biomass of earthworms was found in the variant with 25% malt house sludge + 75% straw pellets (on average of all layers: 320 earthworms/kg and 35 g/kg, respectively), followed by a variant with 50% malt house sludge + 50% straw pellets (on average of all layers: 47 earthworms/kg and 13 g/kg, respectively), indicating that a minimum of 50% (vol.) straw pellets is necessary for successful vermicomposting of malting sludge. Most earthworms lived in the youngest upper layer (42% and 52% of total number and earthworm biomass, respectively). On the contrary, the oldest bottom layers (final vermicomposts) after 180 days of vermicomposting were characterized by maturity, indicating lesser contents of microorganisms and enzyme activity. These vermicomposts had favorable agrochemical properties (pH = 7.8, EC = 1.2 mS cm-1, C/N = 11, Ptot = 1.23%, Ktot = 2.55%, Mgtot = 0.42%). The proportion of the available contents in the total contents were 10%, 59%, and 19% for P, K, and Mg, respectively.
- MeSH
- biomasa MeSH
- odpadní vody * MeSH
- Oligochaeta * MeSH
- půda MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Poznatky o MALT lymfomech žaludku z posledních let umožňují lépe pochopit jejich genezi a nabízí i účinné prostředky k moderní diagnostice. Článek v krátkém přehledu shrnuje tyto poznatky S klinickou a morfologickou charakteristikou tak, aby byl zřejmý výstup v praktické diagnostice. Zvláštní důraz je kladen na charakteristickou translokaci t(ll;18) se vznikem fúzního proteinu API2-MALT1 s antiapoptotickým účinkem.
The knowledge about MALT lymphomas has dramatically changed in the last few years. The genesis of MALT lymphomas has become clearer, and new tools in modern diagnostics are available. This article, as a concise review, summarises the latest data and the clinical and morphological characteristics with the aspect of routine diagnostics. The characteristic translocation t(ll;18) and its chimeric transcrípt API2-MALT1 with antiapoptotic function is emphasised.
Prezentujeme případ 59letého muže, u kterého byl dia gnostikován MALT lymfom žaludku. Zajímavý byl endoskopický obraz sliznice žaludku, který v nás vyvolal dia gnostické rozpaky. Lymfomy gastrointestinálního traktu mohou být snadno chybně dia gnostikovány kvůli nespecifi ckým symp tomům. Významnou roli vzniku onemocnění hraje infekce Helicobakter pylori. V popředí regrese MALT lymfomu žaludku stojí eradikační antibio tická terapie. Strategie léčby je individuální a záleží na pokročilosti onemocnění. Správná a včasná dia gnostika je klíčová při zahájení často úspěšné léčby.
We present the case of a 59-year-old male who had been dia gnosed with mucosa-as sociated lymphoid tis sue (MALT) gastric lymphoma. Endoscopic imag ing of the gastric mucosa led to dia gnostic discrepancies. Gastro-intestinal lymphomas may be incor rectly dia gnosed due to non-specifi c symp toms. Infection of Helicobacter pylori is important in dis ease development. Eradication antibiotic therapy plays a major role in regres sion of MALT gastric lymphoma. The therapeutic strategy is tailored accord ing to the individual and depends on the level of dis ease advancement. Cor rect and early dia gnosis is crucial for succes sful treatment.
- MeSH
- bolesti břicha diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- diferenciální diagnóza MeSH
- gastrointestinální endoskopie MeSH
- Helicobacter pylori chemie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfom z B-buněk marginální zóny * diagnóza terapie MeSH
- nádory žaludku * diagnóza terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
Extranodální lymfom z marginální zóny slizniční lymfoidní tkáně (MALT lymfom) se řadí mezi primární extranodální non-Hodgkinovy lymfomy s nízkým stupněm malignity, nicméně s rizikem generalizace. B lymfomy bývají někdy asociovány s dalšími chorobnými stavy (například infekce Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter jejuni či idiopatické střevní záněty). Klinicky se mohou prezentovat různorodě od dyspeptických potíží s malabsorpcí a hubnutím až po ileózní stav či masivní krvácení do trávicího traktu. Diagnostika se opírá o klinický stav, laboratorní výsledky a výsledky zobrazovacích metod, endoskopie má zásadní význam při vizualizaci nádorové masy a odběru bioptovaného materiálu pro stanovení definitivní histopatologické diagnózy. Léčba MALT lymfomů spadá do rukou onkologa, zahrnuje chemoterapii a/nebo radioterapii, v ojedinělých případech je indikován též resekční výkon. V předložené kazuistice prezentujeme starší pacientku, která byla do našeho IBD centra odeslána pro nespecifické bolesti břicha a pozitivní test na okultní krvácení. Při CT vyšetření před endoskopií byla popsána infiltrace oblasti lienální flexury blíže nespecifikovanou masou, následně provedená koloskopie prokázala pouze intaktní sliznici tračníku, včetně terminálního ilea. Teprve při druhém čtení CT scanu byla zpřesněna lokalizace infiltrátu na oblast proximálního jejuna a jeho mezenteria, následující gastroskopické vyšetření odhalilo stenozující exulcerovaný tumor v proximálním jejunu, nepropustný ani pro pediatrický koloskop. Histologické vyšetření bioptované tkáně potvrdilo diagnózu MALT lymfomu. Při kontrolním gastroskopickém vyšetření po ukončené onkologické léčbě (chemoterapie v kombinaci s radioterapií) byla nadále přítomna endoskopicky neprůchozí stenóza proximálního jejuna. Klinicky u pacientky doházelo k hubnutí, které bylo do jisté míry způsobeno intermitentní poruchou pasáže při pozření tuhého sousta, proto byl perorální příjem obohacen o vysokokalorický sipping. Další kontrolní CT břicha vykazovalo regresi infiltrátu, ale přetrvávala stenóza proximálního jejuna v délce asi 7 cm. Dle přání pacientky nebyla provedena chirurgická resekce stenotického úseku střeva, ale přistoupili jsme k endoskopické dilataci stenotického úseku jejuna balonkem. Po prvních dvou dilatacích postižené oblasti došlo u pacientky k přechodnému zlepšení tolerance tuhé stravy. Pro restenózu byla provedena třetí endoskopická dilatace s rozvojem komplikací, které zahrnovaly krátkodobou oběhovou nestabilitu s bolestmi břicha a nakonec vyústily v neodkladné chirurgické řešení.
Extranodal lymphoma from the marginal zone mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) is one of the primary extranodal non-Hodgkin‘s lymphomas with low degrees of malignancy but with the risk of spreading to distant locations in the body. B-lymphomas are sometimes associated with other diseases (eg. Helicobacter pylori and Campylobacter jejuni infections or inflammatory bowel disease). B-lymphomas may manifest with a variety of clinical signs, from dyspeptic syndrome with malabsorption and weight loss to ileus or massive gastrointestinal bleeding. Diagnosis is based on the clinical condition and the results of laboratory tests and imaging techniques, while endoscopy is the essential procedure for visualizing the tumor mass and collecting a biopsy sample to determine the definitive histopathological diagnosis. MALT lymphoma treatment is managed by oncologists and includes chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, with resection indicated in rare cases. In this case report we present an elderly female patient who was referred to our IBD centre for non-specific abdominal pain with a positive fecal occult blood test. Computed tomography (CT) examination was used before endoscopy and showed an infiltration of the splenic flexure by an unspecified mass, a subsequent colonoscopy showed intact mucosa of the colon, including the terminal ileum. In the second reading of the CT scan the location of the infiltrate was identified more specifically as the area of the proximal jejunum and jejunal mesentery. Subsequent upper endoscopy revealed a stenosing exulcerated tumor in the proximal jejunum, with the stenosis impassable even for a pediatric colonoscope. The diagnosis of MALT lymphoma was confirmed by a histological examination of the biopsied tissue. A follow-up upper endoscopy was performed after the patient had completed her oncological treatment (chemotherapy in combination with radiotherapy), showing the presence of stenosis at the proximal jejunum, still impassable for the endoscope. In clinical terms, the patient experienced weight loss, which was to some extent caused by intermittent pseudo-obstruction when on a solid diet, therefore we decided to enrich her oral intake with high-calorie sip feed. The next follow-up CT scan of the abdomen showed a regression of the infiltrate, but the stenosis of the proximal jejunum, about 7 centimeters long, persisted. To respect the patient‘s wishes, no surgical resection of the stenotic section of the intestine was performed, but we proceeded with endoscopic dilatation of the stenotic section of the jejunum with a balloon. After the first two endoscopic dilatations of the stenotic area the patient experienced a temporary improvement in solid food tolerance. Because of restenosis, a third endoscopic dilatation was performed, with the development of complications that included short-term circulatory instability with abdominal pain and eventually required an urgent surgical solution.
- MeSH
- dilatace metody MeSH
- jejunum chirurgie patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- lymfom z B-buněk marginální zóny * chirurgie diagnóza MeSH
- perforace střeva chirurgie etiologie MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- stenóza chirurgie etiologie MeSH
- střevní nádory chirurgie diagnóza MeSH
- výsledek terapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH