Primary progressive multiple sclerosis Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Diagnostika a liečba sekundárne progresívnej sclerosis multiplex (SPSM) je stále problematická. Súčasné možnosti imunomodulačnej liečby sekundárne progresívnej sclerosis multiplex sú obmedzené. Výsledky klinických štúdií ukazujú nádejné poznatky, prinášajúce možnosti efektívnej liečby aj pre pacientov s SPSM. Práca podáva prehľad súčasných názorov a poznatkov na danú tému.
Diagnostics and treatment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis has been problematic. Current options of immunomodulatory treatment of secondary progressive sclerosis multiplex are limited. Results or clinical studies show promising knowledges, bringing possibilities for more effective treatment even for patients in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. The work offers current opinions and knowledges of the topic.
- Klíčová slova
- siponimod,
- MeSH
- azetidiny farmakologie škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- chronicko-progresivní roztroušená skleróza * diagnostické zobrazování diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- imunosupresiva terapeutické užití MeSH
- interferon beta 1b škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mitoxantron škodlivé účinky terapeutické užití MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- rizikové faktory MeSH
- roztroušená skleróza diagnostické zobrazování diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Primárne progresívna roztrúsená skleróza (PPMS) predstavuje približne 10 – 15 % pacientov so sclerosis multiplex. Patofyziológia ochorenia nie je doteraz prebádaná, predpokladá sa odlišný patogenetický podklad ako pri atakovitej forme MS – viac neurodegenerácie, menej zápalu. Súčasné diagnostické kritériá pre definitívnu PPMS zahŕňajú klinickú progresiu trvajúcu minimálne jeden rok, pozitívny MRI nález a intratekálnu syntézu imunoglobulínov triedy IgG a/alebo pozitívnu oligoklonálnu skladbu likvoru. V súčasnosti neexistujú guidelines na liečbu PPMS. Zo širokej plejády terapeutických pokusov nie je doposiaľ favorizovaný žiaden preparát pre nepresvedčivé výsledky klinických štúdií a terapeutické snaženie sa nateraz obmedzuje väčšinou len na ovplyvnenie symptomatiky ochorenia.
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) accounts for approximately 10–15% of cases of multiple sclerosis. The pathophysiology of the disease has not been elucidated yet; a pathogenetic background different from that in relapsing-remitting MS is assumed, i.e. more neurodegeneration, less inflammation. The current diagnostic criteria for definitive PPMS include clinical progression lasting at least one year, a positive MRI finding and intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin G and/or a positive oligoclonal banding in the cerebrospinal fluid. Currently, there are no guidelines on the treatment of PPMS. Because of inconclusive results of clinical trials, no single therapeutic agent has been favoured and therapeutic efforts have so far been limited to interfering with the symptoms of the disease.
BACKGROUND: Some studies comparing primary and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS, SPMS) report similar ages at onset of the progressive phase and similar rates of subsequent disability accrual. Others report later onset and/or faster accrual in SPMS. Comparisons have been complicated by regional cohort effects, phenotypic differences in sex ratio and management and variable diagnostic criteria for SPMS. METHODS: We compared disability accrual in PPMS and operationally diagnosed SPMS in the international, clinic-based MSBase cohort. Inclusion required PPMS or SPMS with onset at age ≥18 years since 1995. We estimated Andersen-Gill hazard ratios for disability accrual on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), adjusted for sex, age, baseline disability, EDSS score frequency and drug therapies, with centre and patient as random effects. We also estimated ages at onset of the progressive phase (Kaplan-Meier) and at EDSS milestones (Turnbull). Analyses were replicated with physician-diagnosed SPMS. RESULTS: Included patients comprised 1872 with PPMS (47% men; 50% with activity) and 2575 with SPMS (32% men; 40% with activity). Relative to PPMS, SPMS had older age at onset of the progressive phase (median 46.7 years (95% CI 46.2-47.3) vs 43.9 (43.3-44.4); p<0.001), greater baseline disability, slower disability accrual (HR 0.86 (0.78-0.94); p<0.001) and similar age at wheelchair dependence. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate later onset of the progressive phase and slower disability accrual in SPMS versus PPMS. This may balance greater baseline disability in SPMS, yielding convergent disability trajectories across phenotypes. The different rates of disability accrual should be considered before amalgamating PPMS and SPMS in clinical trials.
- Klíčová slova
- ocrelizumab,
- MeSH
- antigeny CD20 účinky léků MeSH
- chronicko-progresivní roztroušená skleróza * diagnostické zobrazování farmakoterapie klasifikace MeSH
- doba přežití bez progrese choroby MeSH
- dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky aplikace a dávkování farmakokinetika farmakologie MeSH
- imunologické faktory MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- Publikační typ
- klinické zkoušky, fáze III MeSH
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Potential differences between primary progressive and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis are the subject of ongoing controversial discussions. The aim of this work was to determine whether and how primary-progressive and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis subtypes differ regarding conventional MR imaging parameters, cerebral iron deposits, and their association with clinical status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed 24 patients with primary-progressive MS, 80 with relapsing-remitting MS, and 20 healthy controls with 1.5T MR imaging for assessment of the conventional quantitative parameters: T2 lesion load, T1 lesion load, brain parenchymal fraction, and corpus callosum volume. Quantitative susceptibility mapping was performed to estimate iron concentration in the deep gray matter. RESULTS: Decreased susceptibility within the thalamus in relapsing-remitting MS compared with primary-progressive MS was the only significant MR imaging difference between these MS subtypes. In the relapsing-remitting MS subgroup, the Expanded Disability Status Scale score was positively associated with conventional parameters reflecting white matter lesions and brain atrophy and with iron in the putamen and caudate nucleus. A positive association with putaminal iron and the Expanded Disability Status Scale score was found in primary-progressive MS. CONCLUSIONS: Susceptibility in the thalamus might provide additional support for the differentiation between primary-progressive and relapsing-remitting MS. That the Expanded Disability Status Scale score was associated with conventional MR imaging parameters and iron concentrations in several deep gray matter regions in relapsing-remitting MS, while only a weak association with putaminal iron was observed in primary-progressive MS suggests different driving forces of disability in these MS subtypes.
- MeSH
- chronicko-progresivní roztroušená skleróza diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody MeSH
- relabující-remitující roztroušená skleróza diagnostické zobrazování MeSH
- thalamus chemie patologie MeSH
- železo analýza MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Sympatiková kožná odpoveď (SKO) je potenciálová zmena zaznamenávaná z povrchu kože a je výsledkom aktivácie polysynaptických reflexných okruhov v ich periférnej i centrálnej časti. SKO bola sledovaná u 53 pacientov s definitívnou diagnózou sclerosis multiplex s relaps - remitujúcim (SM-RR), primárne a sekundárne progresívnym priebehom (SM-PP a SP) ochorenia. Hodnotenie odpovede bolo kvalitatívne, kedy za abnormalitu bola považovaná neprítomnosť odpovede minimálne z jednej z vyšetrovaných končatín. Abnormalita SKO bola zistená v 37,7 % prípadov. U súboru SM-RR (n=43) sa vyskytla abnormalita SKO v 32,6 % a súboru SM-PP a SP (n=10) až v 60 %. Rozdielna bola i početnosť abnormality SKO v skupine v štádiu relapsu (42,9 %) a remisie ochorenia (32,6 %) súboru SM-RR. Nezistila sa asociácia abnormality SKO s trvaním ochorenia, EDSS a klinickými príznakmi autonómnej dysfunkcie gastrointestinálneho, kardiovaskulárneho a sudomotorického systér ému s výnimkou urogenitálneho systému (p<0,02). Vyšetrenie sympatikovej kožnej odpovede je jednoduchou, technicky a časovo nenáročnou elektrofyziologickou metódou, ktorá umožňuje objektivizovať poruchu sudomotorickej funkcie i na centrálnej úrovni jej polysynaptických reflexných okruhov. Porucha termoregulácie u pacientov s sclerosis multiplex ovplyvňuje mieru obtiažnos¬ ti iných príznakov ochorenia a ich fluktuáciu v čase. Ak uvážime, že abnormalita sympatikového kožného reflexu môže reflektovať poruchu tepelnej regulácie, jeho sledovanie u pacientov s sclerosis multiplex je možné považovať za klinicky prínosné doplnkové jednoduché elektrofyziologické vyšetrenie.
Sympathetic skin response (SS) is a change of the potential recorded from the skin surface and it results from the activation of the peripheral as well as central parts of polysynaptic reflex circuits. SSR was studied in 53 patients with definitely established diagnosis of multiple sclerosis with relapsing-remitting (SM-RR), primary progressive (SM-PP) and secondary progressive (SM-SP) course of the disease. The evaluation of the response was a qualitative one and the response absence in at least one of the extremities examined was considered abnormal. SSR abnormality was observed in 37.7% of cases. In the group of SM-RR (n=43) SSR abnormality was observed in 32.6% of patients; in the group of SM-PP and SM-SP the abnormality was present in as much as 60% of patients. The SSR abnormality counts in relapsing stage (42.9%) and remission stage (32.6%) of the SM-RR were also different. No association of SSR abnormality with the duration of the disease, EDSS or clinical signs of gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and sudomotor systems. with the exception of urogenital system, was observed (p<0.2). The examination of the skin sympathetic response is a technically simple and not time-consuming electrophysiological method that enables to objectivize a disturbance of sudomotor function even at the central level of the polysynaptic reflex circuits. The disturbed thermoregulation in patients with multiple sclerosis has impact on the extent of difficulties of other disease symptoms and their fluctuation over time. If we take into account the fact that the abnormality of sympathetic skin reflex may reflect a disturbance of thermoregulation, studying it in patients with multiple sclerosis may be considered as clinically beneficial, supplementary and simple electrophysiological examination.
Roztroušená skleróza je závažné chronické neurologické onemocnění, v jehož patogenezi hraje již od začátku úlohu jak zánětlivý proces, tak zánětem spouštěná neurodegenerace. Jejich poměr je podkladem pro klinický fenotyp. Nejnovější klasifikace tuto skutečnost zohledňuje a rozděluje RS na relabující a progresivní (primárně/sekundárně), přičemž oba fenotypy mohou být aktivní nebo neaktivní. Ačkoli u progresivních forem dominuje neurodegenerace, je u všech fenotypů přítomna i zánětlivá složka, kterou lze léčebně ovlivnit. Důležité je proto progresi včas identifikovat a nasadit adekvátní terapii. Prioritou však nadále zůstává ovlivnění RS v časných fázích s cílem oddálení nástupu progrese a komplexní přístup s důrazem na zdravý životní styl a ovlivnění rizikových faktorů.
Multiple sclerosis is a serious chronic neurological disease. In pathogenesis, both the inflammatory process and inflammation-triggered neurodegeneration play a role from the beginning. Their ratio is the basis for the clinical phenotype. The latest classification takes this into account and divides MS into relapsing and progressive (primary/secondary), where both phenotypes might be active or inactive. Although neurodegeneration is predominant in progressive forms, an inflammatory component is present in all phenotypes and can be therapeutically influenced. Therefore, it is important to identify progression early and provide adequate therapy. However, the priority remains to influence MS in its early stages to delay the onset of progression and to take a comprehensive approach with attention to a healthy lifestyle and influencing risk factors.
Autori v retrospektivní analýze hodnotili vliv gravidity, porodu a poporodního období u 47 pacientek s již probíhající či nově vzniklou roztroušenou sklerózou mozkomíšní (RSM) na změny v klasifikaci „Expanded disability status scale" (EDSS) a na četnost relapsů. Pacientky byly hodnoceny ve dvou skupinách - ve skupině s relabující-remitující formou a ve skupině se sekundárně chronickoprogresivní formou. V souboru pacientek s relabující-remitující formou onemocnění došlo k atakovitému zhoršení neurologického nálezu u 69,7 %. V těhotenství byl průběh onemocnění stabilizován, většina relapsů (91,3 %) se vyskytia v poporodním 6měsíčním období. Relaps rate za 24 měsíců před graviditou byl 2,0 (1,0/rok), za sledované období těhotenství + 6 měsíců po porodu po přepočtení na 12 měsíců byl 0,6/rok. U pacientek se sekundárně progresivní formou onemocnění ke zhoršení nálezu během gravidity nedošlo. V poporodním období za období 6 měsíců jsme prokázali progresi u 53,9 % a to průměrně o 0,9 stupně v EDSS. Nález se posléze stabilizoval a po přeléčení se upravil do původního stavu před graviditou u 71,5 %, v 28,5 % po 6 měsících poporodního období bylo zhoršení nálezu trvalé.
In a retrospective study the authors have analyzed the influence of pregnancy and 6-month postpartum period upon the changes in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and on the frequency of attacks in a set of 47 patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). According to clinical course, the patients were divided into two groups with remitting-relapsing (RR) and secondary progressive (SP) course, and assessed separately. In the group with RR course, relapses during pregnancy and post-partum were observed in 69.7 % of cases. Most of relapses (91.3 %) appeared during puerperium while the course during pregnancy wai comparatively stable (8.7 % of relapses). Relapse rate during 24 months before pregnancy was 1.0 attacks/year in comparison with 0.6 attacks/year during 9 months of pregnancy and 6 months after delivery. No worsening was observed in the group with SP course during pregnancy while progression during 6-month period after delivery was found in 53.9 % of patiens (the average worsening of EDSS was 0.9 points). In 71.5 % of these cases, the course then stabilised and remitted into pre-delivery state.
- MeSH
- chronicko-progresivní roztroušená skleróza MeSH
- imunologická tolerance fyziologie MeSH
- komplikace těhotenství MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- postnatální péče MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- relabující-remitující roztroušená skleróza MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- těhotenství MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
BACKGROUND: The risk factors for conversion from relapsing-remitting to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis remain highly contested. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the demographic, clinical and paraclinical features that influence the risk of conversion to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. METHODS: Patients with adult-onset relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and at least four recorded disability scores were selected from MSBase, a global observational cohort. The risk of conversion to objectively defined secondary progressive multiple sclerosis was evaluated at multiple time points per patient using multivariable marginal Cox regression models. Sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: A total of 15,717 patients were included in the primary analysis. Older age (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.02, p < 0.001), longer disease duration (HR = 1.01, p = 0.038), a higher Expanded Disability Status Scale score (HR = 1.30, p < 0.001), more rapid disability trajectory (HR = 2.82, p < 0.001) and greater number of relapses in the previous year (HR = 1.07, p = 0.010) were independently associated with an increased risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis. Improving disability (HR = 0.62, p = 0.039) and disease-modifying therapy exposure (HR = 0.71, p = 0.007) were associated with a lower risk. Recent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging activity, evidence of spinal cord lesions and oligoclonal bands in the cerebrospinal fluid were not associated with the risk of conversion. CONCLUSION: Risk of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis increases with age, duration of illness and worsening disability and decreases with improving disability. Therapy may delay the onset of secondary progression.
- MeSH
- chronicko-progresivní roztroušená skleróza farmakoterapie epidemiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- imunologické faktory farmakologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- longitudinální studie MeSH
- progrese nemoci * MeSH
- relabující-remitující roztroušená skleróza farmakoterapie epidemiologie patofyziologie MeSH
- riziko MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
A number of studies have been conducted with the onset of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis as an inclusion criterion or an outcome of interest. However, a standardized objective definition of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis has been lacking. The aim of this work was to evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of an objective definition for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, to enable comparability of future research studies. Using MSBase, a large, prospectively acquired, global cohort study, we analysed the accuracy of 576 data-derived onset definitions for secondary progressive multiple sclerosis and first compared these to a consensus opinion of three neurologists. All definitions were then evaluated against 5-year disease outcomes post-assignment of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: sustained disability, subsequent sustained progression, positive disability trajectory, and accumulation of severe disability. The five best performing definitions were further investigated for their timeliness and overall disability burden. A total of 17 356 patients were analysed. The best definition included a 3-strata progression magnitude in the absence of a relapse, confirmed after 3 months within the leading Functional System and required an Expanded Disability Status Scale step ≥4 and pyramidal score ≥2. It reached an accuracy of 87% compared to the consensus diagnosis. Seventy-eight per cent of the identified patients showed a positive disability trajectory and 70% reached significant disability after 5 years. The time until half of all patients were diagnosed was 32.6 years (95% confidence interval 32-33.6) after disease onset compared with the physicians' diagnosis at 36 (35-39) years. The identified patients experienced a greater disease burden [median annualized area under the disability-time curve 4.7 (quartiles 3.6, 6.0)] versus non-progressive patients [1.8 (1.2, 1.9)]. This objective definition of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis based on the Expanded Disability Status Scale and information about preceding relapses provides a tool for a reproducible, accurate and timely diagnosis that requires a very short confirmation period. If applied broadly, the definition has the potential to strengthen the design and improve comparability of clinical trials and observational studies in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
- MeSH
- chronicko-progresivní roztroušená skleróza diagnóza patofyziologie MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- konsensus MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- progrese nemoci * MeSH
- stupeň závažnosti nemoci * MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- validační studie MeSH