Resource selection
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The expression of alternative reproductive tactics can be plastic and occur simultaneously depending on cues that vary spatially or temporally. For example, variation in resources and sexual selection intensity is expected to influence the pay-off of each tactic and shape the decision of which tactic to employ. Males of the nuptial gift-giving spider Pisaura mirabilis can adopt three tactics: offering a genuine prey gift, a 'worthless' non-nutritious gift or no gift. We hypothesized that resources and/or male body condition, and mating opportunity and sexual selection intensity, vary over the course of the mating season to shape the co-existence of alternative traits. We measured these variables in the field over two seasons, to investigate the predictions that as the mating season progresses, (i) males become more likely to employ a gift-giving tactic, and (ii) the likelihood of switching from worthless to genuine gifts increases. Prey availability increased over the season and co-varied with the propensity of males to employ the gift-giving tactic, but we found no support for condition-dependent gift giving. Males responded to an increase in female availability by increasing their mating effort (gift production). Furthermore, the frequency of genuine gift use increased with sexual selection intensity, consistent with the assumption that sperm competition intensity increases with time. Our results suggest that the frequency of alternative tactics is shaped by seasonal changes in ecological factors and sexual selection. This leads to relaxed selection for the gift-giving tactic early in the season when females are less choosy and resources more scarce, and increased selection for genuine gifts later in the season driven by mating opportunity and risk of sperm competition.
- MeSH
- pavouci genetika fyziologie MeSH
- selekce (genetika) MeSH
- sexuální chování zvířat fyziologie MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
This paper reports the findings from the European Practice Database project (1) providing an overview of transplant practice in Europe and patient selection. From the 276 centres surveyed 25 recorded performing patient transplants across eight different countries. The overall figures indicate that the waiting list for transplants is made up of 38% women and 9% of patients above the age of 65 years. All countries offered pre-transplant counselling and screening and post-transplant follow-up, but the extent to which these activities occurred varied. The waiting/transplant ratio ranged from one in Norway to eight in Slovakia. Differences still exist as a result of country specific policies and legislation regarding transplantation.
- MeSH
- alokace zdrojů MeSH
- databáze faktografické MeSH
- lékařská praxe - způsoby provádění organizace a řízení MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- následná péče MeSH
- perioperační péče MeSH
- poradenství MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- seznamy čekatelů MeSH
- transplantace ledvin statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- výběr pacientů * MeSH
- výzkum zdravotnických služeb MeSH
- zdravotní politika MeSH
- získávání tkání a orgánů organizace a řízení MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- srovnávací studie MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Anglie MeSH
- Belgie MeSH
- Česká republika MeSH
- Itálie MeSH
- Norsko MeSH
- Řecko MeSH
- Skotsko MeSH
- Slovenská republika MeSH
Účel prehľadu Účelom tohto prehľadového článku je poskytnúť čitateľom aktuálne informácie o súčasných odporúčaniach pre načasovanie transplantácie pľúc u pacientov s cystickou fibrózou pľúc v terminálnom štádiu a o odôvodnení, ktoré stojí za rozhodnutiami pre zaradenie na zoznam pacientov čakajúcich na transplantáciu. Nové poznatky Rada pre pľúcnu problematiku Medzinárodnej spoločnosti pre transplantáciu srdca a pľúc (Pulmonary Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation) nedávno vydala aktualizované smernice (guidelines) pre odporúčanie a výber pacientov vhodných na transplantáciu pľúc. Analýza publikovaná v roku 2007 však nastolila otázku, či transplantácia pľúc predĺži život detí s cystickou fibrózou. V článku sa podrobne rozvádzajú obavy vyjadrené v súvislosti s touto analýzou. Treba však upozorniť, že analýza sa týka situácie v USA a uskutočnila sa pred zavedením tzv. pľúcneho alokačného skóre, ktoré malo značný vplyv na prideľovanie orgánov určených na transplantáciu v tejto krajine. Súhrn Je pravdepodobné, že správne načasovaná transplantácia pľúc môže predĺžiť život rovnako dospelým ako aj deťom s cystickou fibrózou. Ďalší vývoj pľúcneho alokačného skóre má možnosť zvýšiť v USA šancu na prežitie po tomto výkone.
To update readers on current recommendations for timing of lung transplantation in individuals with end-stage cystic fibrosis lung disease and on the rationale behind listing decisions. RECENT FINDINGS: Guidelines for the referral and selection of patients suitable for lung transplantation were recently updated by the pulmonary council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. However, an analysis published in 2007 has questioned whether lung transplantation extends life in children with cystic fibrosis. There are some concerns regarding this analysis, and these are discussed in detail. Most importantly, the analysis is specific to the United States and predates the introduction of the lung allocation score, which has had a marked impact on how transplant organs are allocated in this country. SUMMARY: It is likely that lung transplantation can extend life in both adults and children with cystic fibrosis, provided the procedure is correctly timed. Further development of the lung allocation score has the potential to increase the survival benefit from the procedure in the United States.
- MeSH
- alokace zdrojů MeSH
- cystická fibróza chirurgie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- směrnice jako téma MeSH
- transplantace plic MeSH
- výběr pacientů MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Spojené státy americké MeSH
... Cope -- SESSION I: SELECTION PROCESS OVERVIEW -- Advances in USAF Pilot Selection by J.L. ... ... Accommodation in Aircraft Cockpits and Pilot Body Size Selection Criteria by G.F. ... ... Zehner -- Paper 3 cancelled -- Characteristics of Female and Male USAF Pilots: Selection and Training ... ... Gad’ourek -- Current Status and Future Developments of RAF Aircrew Selection by M. Bailey and R. ... ... Selection of Future Fighter Pilots by H. ...
AGARD conference proceedings ; 588
1 svazek : ilustrace ; 30 cm
- MeSH
- letecké a kosmické lékařství MeSH
- letectví MeSH
- řízení kvality MeSH
- vyučování MeSH
- výzkum MeSH
- vzdělávání odborné MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kongresy MeSH
- sborníky MeSH
- zprávy MeSH
- Konspekt
- Lékařské vědy. Lékařství
- NLK Obory
- hyperbarická a letecká medicína
Robust scientific knowledge is contingent upon replication of original findings. However, replicating researchers are constrained by resources, and will almost always have to choose one replication effort to focus on from a set of potential candidates. To select a candidate efficiently in these cases, we need methods for deciding which out of all candidates considered would be the most useful to replicate, given some overall goal researchers wish to achieve. In this article we assume that the overall goal researchers wish to achieve is to maximize the utility gained by conducting the replication study. We then propose a general rule for study selection in replication research based on the replication value of the set of claims considered for replication. The replication value of a claim is defined as the maximum expected utility we could gain by conducting a replication of the claim, and is a function of (a) the value of being certain about the claim, and (b) uncertainty about the claim based on current evidence. We formalize this definition in terms of a causal decision model, utilizing concepts from decision theory and causal graph modeling. We discuss the validity of using replication value as a measure of expected utility gain, and we suggest approaches for deriving quantitative estimates of replication value. Our goal in this article is not to define concrete guidelines for study selection, but to provide the necessary theoretical foundations on which such concrete guidelines could be built. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
- MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nejistota MeSH
- teoretické modely * MeSH
- znalosti * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Concern that European forest biodiversity is depleted and declining has provoked widespread efforts to improve management practices. To gauge the success of these actions, appropriate monitoring of forest ecosystems is paramount. Multi-species indicators are frequently used to assess the state of biodiversity and its response to implemented management, but generally applicable and objective methodologies for species' selection are lacking. Here we use a niche-based approach, underpinned by coarse quantification of species' resource use, to objectively select species for inclusion in a pan-European forest bird indicator. We identify both the minimum number of species required to deliver full resource coverage and the most sensitive species' combination, and explore the trade-off between two key characteristics, sensitivity and redundancy, associated with indicators comprising different numbers of species. We compare our indicator to an existing forest bird indicator selected on the basis of expert opinion and show it is more representative of the wider community. We also present alternative indicators for regional and forest type specific monitoring and show that species' choice can have a significant impact on the indicator and consequent projections about the state of the biodiversity it represents. Furthermore, by comparing indicator sets drawn from currently monitored species and the full forest bird community, we identify gaps in the coverage of the current monitoring scheme. We believe that adopting this niche-based framework for species' selection supports the objective development of multi-species indicators and that it has good potential to be extended to a range of habitats and taxa.
- MeSH
- biodiverzita * MeSH
- lesy * MeSH
- ptáci * MeSH
- statistika jako téma metody MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Browsers represent a challenge for breeding facilities because of their sensitivity to nutritional management. Western Derby eland (Tautrotragus derbianus derbianus, WDE) is a large browsing antelope with a very diverse diet. Because of its critically endangered status, a small WDE population is kept for conservation purposes in the fenced Fathala reserve (Senegal) and during the critical, hot dry season, the animals are offered supplementary Acacia albida pods. We aimed to identify which woody plant species were preferentially selected/avoided by WDE during the period of food shortage, which plant nutritional properties were drivers of animals' diet selection, and how this selectivity was affected by supplemental feed. The animals were selective for certain plant species, most for Piliostigma thonningi pods. Preferences decreased with a feed supplement, while avoidances remained intact. Diet selection was connected with chemical traits, mostly by negative correlations to N, Mg, Ca and hemicellulose, which disappeared or were weaker when supplemental feed was offered. Our findings indicate that large browsers during periods of food shortage must cope with inappropriate chemical composition in regard to nutrition and seek to alleviate them not only by diversification of plant species in the diet, but also by adjusting chemical diet quality as a whole.
- MeSH
- antilopy fyziologie MeSH
- chov MeSH
- dieta * MeSH
- fyziologický stres MeSH
- fyziologie výživy zvířat MeSH
- krmivo pro zvířata analýza klasifikace MeSH
- ohrožené druhy MeSH
- preference v jídle * MeSH
- rostliny klasifikace metabolismus MeSH
- zachování přírodních zdrojů metody MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Senegal MeSH
OBJECTIVES: To report healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) and safety outcomes in systemic light chain (AL) amyloidosis from the EMN23 study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The retrospective, observational, multinational EMN23 study included 4,480 patients initiating first-line treatment for AL amyloidosis in 2004-2018 and assessed, among other objectives, HCRU and safety outcomes. HCRU included hospitalizations, examinations, and dialysis; safety included serious adverse events (SAEs) and adverse events of special interest (AESIs). Data were descriptively analyzed by select prognostic factors (e.g., cardiac staging by Mayo2004/European) for 2004-2010 and 2011-2018. A cost-of-illness analysis was conducted for the UK and Spain. RESULTS: HCRU/safety and dialysis data were extracted for 674 and 774 patients, respectively. Of patients with assessed cardiac stage (2004-2010: 159; 2011-2018: 387), 67.9% and 61.0% had ≥ 1 hospitalization, 56.0% and 51.4% had ≥ 1 SAE, and 31.4% and 28.9% had ≥ 1 AESI across all cardiac stages in 2004-2010 and 2011-2018, respectively. The per-patient-per-year length of hospitalization increased with disease severity (cardiac stage). Of patients with dialysis data (2004-2010: 176; 2011-2018: 453), 23.9% and 14.8% had ≥ 1 dialysis session across all cardiac stages in 2004-2010 and 2011-2018, respectively. The annual cost-of-illness was estimated at €40,961,066 and €31,904,386 for the UK and Spain, respectively; dialysis accounted for ∼28% (UK) and ∼35% (Spain) of the total AL amyloidosis costs. CONCLUSIONS: EMN23 showed that the burden of AL amyloidosis is substantial, highlighting the need for early disease diagnosis and effective treatments targeting the underlying pathology.
- MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- náklady na zdravotní péči statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- osobní újma zaviněná nemocí * MeSH
- pacientův souhlas se zdravotní péčí statistika a číselné údaje MeSH
- primární amyloidóza * terapie ekonomika MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- zdravotnické zdroje statistika a číselné údaje ekonomika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři nad 80 let MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- multicentrická studie MeSH
- pozorovací studie MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Evropa MeSH
Tato studie sleduje výskyt refrakčních vad v populaci a možný výběr vhodného typu korekční pomůcky. Objektivní měření a následné stanovení subjektivní refrakce oka je základním úkonem v optometrické praxi. Soubor zastoupený 615 pacienty (1230 očí) je rozdělen podle refrakční vady na myopii, hypermetropii a jako kontrolní soubor jsou uvedeni emetropičtí klienti. Výsledky hodnot objektivní a subjektivní refrakce jsou porovnány a statisticky zpracovány. Metodika: Do studie bylo zařazeno 615 respondentů. Ke zjištění objektivní refrakce byl použit autorefraktokeratometr s Placidovým kotoučem, byly zaznamenány hodnoty sférické a astigmatické složky korekce, včetně osy. Tato měření byla následně ověřena a subjektivně přezkoušena pomocí sady brýlových čoček a projekčního optotypu na běžnou vyšetřovací vzdálenost 5 metrů. Poté byly doporučeny odpovídající korekční pomůcky. Výsledky: Skupinu I tvoří 123 mužů a 195 žen s myopií (n = 635) klientů s věkovým průměrem 39 ± 18,9 let. Objektivní refrakce - sféra: -2,57 ± 2,46 D, cylindr: -1,1 ± 1,01 D, osa: 100° ± 53,16°. Subjektivní výsledky jsou následující – hodnota sféry: -2,28 ± 2,33 D, cylindr: -0,63 ± 0,80 D, osa: 99,8° ± 56,64°. Skupina II je zastoupena hypermetropickými klienty a tvoří ji 67 mužů a 107 žen (n=348). Věkový průměr je 58,84 ± 16,73 let. Objektivní refrakce vykazuje hodnoty – sféra: +2,81 ± 2,21 D, cylindr: -1,0 ± 0,94 D, osa: 95° ± 45,4°. Následné stanovení subjektivní refrakce má tyto výsledky – sféra: +2,28 ± 2,06 D, cylindr: -0,49 ± 0,85 D, osa: 95,9° ± 46,4°. Skupinu III tvoří emetropové, jejichž výsledný vízus byl minimálně Vmin=1,0 (5/5) a lepší. Celkově je tato skupina zastoupena 52 muži a 71 ženami (n=247). Průměrný věk je 43 ± 18,73 let. Objektivní refrakce – sféra: +0,32 ± 0,45 D, cylindr: -0,51 ± 0,28 D, osa: 94,7° ± 57,5°. Diskuze: Hodnoty objektivní refrakce nabývají vyšších hodnot než následné provedení subjektivního přezkoušení dané refrakční vady a doporučení vhodného typu korekční pomůcky. A to ve všech zkoumaných skupinách a jednotlivých složkách refrakčních vad. Také se potvrzuje hypotéza, že v populaci převažuje korekce přímého astigmatismu, jehož rozmístění podle literárních zdrojů se pohybuje v rozmezí 90° ± 10°. Závěr: Ze zjištěných hodnot korekce refrakčních vad se následně odvíjí také i nabídka nejběžnějších dioptrických rozsahů a produktů pro korekci dané ametropie. Při výběru a návrhu korekční pomůcky jsme však mnohdy limitováni. Našim cílem je pak zhotovení kvalitní, funkční a estetické korekční pomůcky, je nutné propojit znalosti z oborů optiky, optometrie a oftalmologie. Klientovi tak usnadníme rychlejší zrakovou rehabilitaci a jeho rychlý návrat do každodenního života.
This study follows the occurrence of refractive errors in population and the possible selection of the appropriate type of corrective aids. Objective measurement and subsequent determination of the subjective refraction of the eye is an essential act in opotmetric practice. The file represented by 615 patients (1230 eyes) is divided according to the refractive error of myopia, hyperopia and as a control group are listed emetropic clients. The results of objective and subjective values of refraction are compared and statistically processed. Methods: The study included 615 respondents. To determine the objective refraction the autorefraktokeratometer with Placido disc was used and the values of spherical and astigmatic correction components, including the axis were recorded. These measurements were subsequently verified and tested subjectively using the trial lenses and the projection optotype to the normal investigative distance of 5 meters. After this the appropriate corrective aids were then recommended. Results: Group I consists of 123 men and 195 women with myopia (n = 635) of clients with an average age 39 ± 18,9 years. Objective refraction – sphere: -2,57 ± 2,46 D, cylinder: -1,1 ± 1,01 D, axis of: 100° ± 53,16°. Subjective results are as follows - the value of sphere: -2,28 ± 2,33 D, cylinder -0,63 ± 0,80 D, axis of: 99,8° ± 56,64°. Group II is represented hyperopic clients and consists of 67 men and 107 women (n = 348). The average age is 58,84 ± 16,73 years. Objective refraction has values - sphere: +2,81 ± 2,21 D, cylinder: -1,0 ± 0,94 D; axis 95° ± 45,4°. Subsequent determination of subjective refraction has the following results - sphere: +2,28 ± 2,06 D; cylinder: -0,49 ± 0,85 D, axis of: 95,9° ± 46,4°. Group III consists from emetropes whose final minimum viasual acuity was Vmin = 1,0 (5/5) or better. Overall, this control group is represented 52 males and 71 females (n = 247). The average age was 43 ± 18,73 years. Objective refraction - sphere: +0,32 ± 0,45 D; cylinder: -0,51 ± 0,28 D, axis of: 94,7° ± 57,5°. Discussion: Values of objective refraction take higher values than the subsequent execution of the subjective examination of the refractive error and recommendation of the appropriate type of corrective aids. This all is in examined groups and in the individual components of refractive errors. It also confirmed the hypothesis that the population outweighs with-the-rule astigmatism, the deployment of resources according to the literature ranges from 90° ± 10°. Conclussion: The values observed correction of refractive errors are then derived also offer the most common prescription ranges and products for the correction of given ametropia. In the selection and design corrective aids, we are often limited. Our task is then to manufacture high quality, functional and aesthetic corrective aids, you need to connect knowledge from the fields of optics, optometry and ophthalmology. Faster visual rehabilitation simplifies clients’ rapid return to everyday life.
- Klíčová slova
- objektivní refrakce, subjektivní refrakce,
- MeSH
- astigmatismus diagnóza MeSH
- brýle využití MeSH
- emetropie MeSH
- hypermetropie diagnóza MeSH
- kontaktní čočky využití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- myopie diagnóza MeSH
- populace MeSH
- refrakční chirurgické výkony metody využití MeSH
- refrakční vady diagnóza klasifikace terapie MeSH
- refraktometrie metody přístrojové vybavení využití MeSH
- rehabilitace MeSH
- statistika jako téma MeSH
- studie případů a kontrol MeSH
- testy zrakového pole metody využití MeSH
- věkové faktory MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH