SAR-CoV-2 Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
Lidská populace je v současnosti vystavena pandemii nového koronaviru SARS‑CoV‑2. Tento koronavirus s vysokou patogenitou do ní vstoupil na konci roku 2019. Zdrojem jsou velmi pravděpodobně netopýři a k přenosu na člověka došlo zatím neznámým zvířecím vektorem. Virus SARS‑CoV‑2 je vysoce infekční a přenáší se pravděpodobně výlučně respirační cestou. Průběh onemocnění vyvolaného SARS‑CoV‑2 je u většiny lidí mírný, a často dokonce bez klinických příznaků. U malé části infikovaných osob, především u seniorů a pacientů s různými komorbiditami, však infekce probíhá se závažnými klinickými projevy a vede až ke smrti. Tento závažný průběh onemocnění SARS‑CoV‑2 lze vysvětlit nezvládnutou zánětlivou reakcí, která je u disponovaných osob infekcí spuštěna. Infikované epitelové a endotelové buňky jsou ničeny buď cytopatickým efektem viru, nebo obrannou reakcí. To vede k masivnímu uvolnění vzorů vnitřního poškození, jež jsou následně identifikovány buňkami vrozené imunity prostřednictvím PRRs (pattern recognition receptors). Výsledkem je zvýšená tvorba prozánětlivých cytokinů a prozánětlivé formy buněčné smrti, jakými jsou pyroptóza a granulocytární NETóza, jež vedou k respiračnímu selhání.
The human population is now facing the pandemic of a new coronavirus SARS‑CoV‑2. This highly pathogenic coronavirus entered it in late 2019, probably transmitted from bats via still unknown animal vectors. SARS‑CoV‑2 is highly infectious, with a predominant respiratory route of transmission. The course of the disease caused by SARS‑CoV‑2 is largely mild in most people, often even without clinical symptoms. In a small subset of people, predominantly in elderly and patients with comorbidities, the infection has a severe course of action, with severe clinical presentation, and leads to death. This severe course of the disease caused by SARS‑CoV‑2 could be explained by an exaggerated inflammatory response evoked in these predisposed patients. Infected epithelial and endothelial cells are destroyed either by direct cytopathic effects of the virus or by the immune response. Damage‑associated molecular patterns that are released from dying cells are subsequently recognized by innate immunity cells via PRRs (pattern recognition receptors). The result is increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and proinflammatory forms of cell death, such as pyroptosis and granulocytic NETosis. Cytokine production and proinflammatory cell deaths are resulting in severe respiratory distress syndrome.
- Klíčová slova
- Covid 19,
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * etiologie patofyziologie přenos MeSH
- extracelulární pasti MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neutrofily patologie MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 * patogenita růst a vývoj MeSH
- virová pneumonie imunologie patofyziologie MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Epidémia infekcie SARS-CoV-2 priniesla zásadné zmeny do života vo všetkých populácií vo svete a tiež do liečby viacerých stavov v klinickej praxi. Táto zmena sa týka aj ochorenia diabetes mellitus. Metformín ako liek prvej voľby v tejto skupine pacientov zaznamenal v kontexte COVID-19 niektoré súvislosti uvedené v nasledujúcom článku, ktoré sú užitočné aj pre bežnú klinickú prax.
Epidemy of SARS-CoV-2 infection changed life of all populations in the world and as well as the therapy of diseases in daily clinical praxis. These changes affected also diabetes mellitus. Metformin as the first-line treatment in this group of patients was also influenced with COVID -19. This is the topic of this paper in context of daily clinical practice.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * MeSH
- diabetes mellitus farmakoterapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- metformin * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 účinky léků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
Tento přehledový článek předkládá vybrané poznatky o humánních koronavirech se zaměřením na virus SARS-CoV-2. Jsou v něm popsány mechanismy vstupu viru do buňky, mechanismy přenosu viru a průběh onemocnění COVID-19. Rovněž je diskutována vakcinace, rozvoj imunologické paměti a vznik nových variant viru SARS-CoV-2.
The review article presents selected findings on human coronaviruses, focusing on SARS-CoV-2. Strategies of the virus entry into the cells and its transmission are described along with the course of the COVID-19 disease. Next, the vaccination, the development of immunological memory as well as the formation of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants are discussed.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * virologie MeSH
- koronavirové infekce MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 metabolismus patogenita růst a vývoj MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
BACKGROUND: The rapid diagnostics tests for SARS-CoV-2 antigen vary in their sensitivities, and moreover, genomic mutations may further affect the performance of the assays. We aimed to evaluate the analytical performance of an automated antigen assay and compare its sensitivity in Delta- and Omicron-variant positive clinical samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analytical performance of an automated mariPOC SARS-CoV-2 antigen test was evaluated on a population of community-dwelling subjects with mild respiratory symptoms or being asymptomatic investigated by the RT-qPCR AllplexTM SARS-CoV-2 assay. The sensitivity and specificity of the antigen test were evaluated on prospective 621 nasopharyngeal swabs along with oropharyngeal swabs. The sensitivity regarding variants determined by the AllplexTM SARS-CoV-2 Variant assays was analysed in additional, retrospective 158 Delta and 59 Omicron samples. RESULTS: The overall sensitivity of the antigen test in prospective samples was 77.9% (113/145; 95% confidence interval [CI] 70.3-84.4) with the specificity of 99.8% (95% CI 98.8-100). Regarding the variant, the sensitivity was higher in Omicron-variant samples, 93.2% (55/59; 95% CI 83.5-98.1), compared to Delta-variant samples, 71.5% (113/158; 95% CI 63.8-78.4; p = .001). CONCLUSION: In community-dwelling subjects with mild respiratory symptoms or being asymptomatic, the automated mariPOC SARS-CoV-2 antigen test showed high sensitivity over 98.0% in subgroup samples with cycle threshold (Ct) values < 25. Regarding the variant, the antigen test sensitivity was higher in the Omicron-variant samples compared to the Delta-variant samples. The analytical performance of the antigen test can differ between the SARS-CoV-2 variants, and a re-evaluation should be performed for new circulating lineages.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * diagnóza MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- prospektivní studie MeSH
- retrospektivní studie MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 * genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
Amiodarone seems to exhibit some antiviral activity in the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Here we have examined the SARS-CoV-2 disease course in the entire population of the Czech Republic and compared it with the course of the disease in patients treated with amiodarone in two major Prague's hospitals. In the whole population of the Czech Republic SARS-CoV-2 infected 1665070 persons (15.6 %) out of 10694000 (100 %) between 1 April 2020 and 30 June 2021. In the same time period only 35 patients (3.4 %) treated with amiodarone were infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus out of 1032 patients (100 %) who received amiodarone. It appears that amiodarone can prevent SARS-CoV-2 virus infection by multiple mechanisms. In in-vitro experiments it exhibits SARS-CoV-2 virus replication inhibitions. Due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, it may have beneficial effect on the complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 as well. Additionally, inorganic iodine released from amiodarone can be converted to hypoiodite (IO-), which has antiviral and antibacterial activity, and thus can affect the life cycle of the virus.
- MeSH
- amiodaron * farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- antibakteriální látky MeSH
- antivirové látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- COVID-19 * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Virus SARS-CoV-2 je etiologickým faktorem řady chorob, které jsou WHO označeny jako onemocnění covid-19. Mezi možné oblasti, postižené infekcí covid-19, patří trávicí trakt, včetně onemocnění slinivky břišní. Mezi hlavní, resp. nejčastější symptomy covid-19 patří v 71,6 % horečka, v 68,9 % kašel a subjektivní pocit nedostatku dechu v 71,2 %. Mezi symptomy postižení trávicího traktu patří bolesti břicha, nauzea až zvracení anebo průjem. Vztah infekce a postižení slinivky břišní není v literatuře popisován jednoznačně. Častým nálezem je hyperlipazemie, event. hyperamylazemie, které jsou většinou buď zcela bez, nebo s minimálními histomorfologickými změnami, tj. změnami známými pod obrazem edematózního prosáknutí žlázy; naprosto výjimečně byla popsána nekrotická forma. Přesto při srovnání mortality osob s akutní pankreatitidou a pozitivních na covid-19 infekci, byla u této skupiny vyšší než u covid-19 negativních jedinců. Z daných výsledků je možno hovořit o vztahu covid-19 infekce a slinivky břišní ve smyslu akutního postižení žlázy. Poškození exokrinní i endokrinní funkce žlázy virem SARS-CoV-2 je multifaktoriální. Je diskutabilní, zda je postižení žlázy v přímém vztahu k přítomnosti viru, nebo zda se jedná o epifenomén. Významnou roli v indukci pankreatického poškození hrají angiotenzin konvertující enzym 2 (ACE-2) receptory, zánětlivé změny (především beta pankreatických buněk), ale také vysoká hladina IL-18 anebo virem navozená lipotoxicita či imunologická dysregulace. Pankreatopatie v éře infekce covid-19 jsou stále velmi živou tematikou a jsou intenzivně studovány.
SARS-CoV-2 is an etiological factor in several diseases that the WHO designated covid-19. Covid-19 infection may affect the digestive tract, including the pancreas. The main/most common symptoms of covid-19 include fever (71.6%), cough (68.9%) subjective feeling of shortness of breath (71.2%). The gastrointestinal symptoms include abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting and/or diarrhea. The relationship of covid-19 and pancreas affection is not clearly described. A common finding is hyperlipasemia, eventually hyperamylasemia. Both conditions are usually associated with either no or minimal histomorphological changes, i.e. changes referred to as edematous glandular infiltration. Rarely, a necrotic form was reported. Nevertheless, the mortality of patients with acute pancreatitis who were covid-19 positive was higher than in covid-19 negative individuals. The available data indicate there is a link between covid-19 infection and the pancreas presenting as an acute disorder of the gland. SARS-CoV-2 impairment of both exocrine and endocrine function of the pancreas is multifactorial. It is debatable whether the involvement of the gland is directly related to the presence of the virus or whether it is an epiphenomenon. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors, inflammatory changes (especially in pancreatic beta cells), together with high IL-18 levels, virus-induced lipotoxicity and immunological dysregulation play an important role in the induction of pancreatic damage. During the covid-19 pandemic, pancreatopathies represent a very lively topic and are being studied intensively.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * komplikace MeSH
- gastrointestinální endoskopie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- pankreas patologie MeSH
- pankreatitida * diagnóza etiologie MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- přehledy MeSH
SARS-CoV-2 has accumulated many mutations since its emergence in late 2019. Nucleotide substitutions leading to amino acid replacements constitute the primary material for natural selection. Insertions, deletions, and substitutions appear to be critical for coronavirus's macro- and microevolution. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of mutations in the mutational hotspots (positions, loci with recurrent mutations, and nucleotide context) is important for disentangling roles of mutagenesis and selection. In the SARS-CoV-2 genome, deletions and insertions are frequently associated with repetitive sequences, whereas C>U substitutions are often surrounded by nucleotides resembling the APOBEC mutable motifs. We describe various approaches to mutation spectra analyses, including the context features of RNAs that are likely to be involved in the generation of recurrent mutations. We also discuss the interplay between mutations and natural selection as a complex evolutionary trend. The substantial variability and complexity of pipelines for the reconstruction of mutations and the huge number of genomic sequences are major problems for the analyses of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. As a solution, we advocate for the development of a centralized database of predicted mutations, which needs to be updated on a regular basis.
- MeSH
- COVID-19 * genetika MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- mutageneze MeSH
- nukleotidy MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
In late 2023, several SARS-CoV-2 XBB descendants, notably EG.5.1, were predominant worldwide. However, a distinct SARS-CoV-2 lineage, the BA.2.86 variant, also emerged. BA.2.86 is phylogenetically distinct from other Omicron sublineages, accumulating over 30 amino acid mutations in its spike protein. Here, we examined the virological characteristics of the BA.2.86 variant. Our epidemic dynamics modeling suggested that the relative reproduction number of BA.2.86 is significantly higher than that of EG.5.1. Additionally, four clinically available antivirals were effective against BA.2.86. Although the fusogenicity of BA.2.86 spike is similar to that of the parental BA.2 spike, the intrinsic pathogenicity of BA.2.86 in hamsters was significantly lower than that of BA.2. Since the growth kinetics of BA.2.86 are significantly lower than those of BA.2 both in vitro and in vivo, the attenuated pathogenicity of BA.2.86 is likely due to its decreased replication capacity. These findings uncover the features of BA.2.86, providing insights for control and treatment.
- MeSH
- aminokyseliny MeSH
- COVID-19 * MeSH
- kinetika MeSH
- křečci praví MeSH
- mutace MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 genetika MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- křečci praví MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Among explored nanomaterials, nanosponge-based systems have exhibited inhibitory effects for the biological neutralization of, and antiviral delivery against, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). More studies could pave the path for clarification of their biological neutralization mechanisms as well as the assessment of their long-term biocompatibility and biosafety issues before clinical translational studies. In this review, we discuss recent advances pertaining to antiviral delivery and inhibitory effects of nanosponges against SARS-CoV-2, focusing on important challenges and opportunities. Finally, as promising approaches for recapitulating the complex structure of different organs/tissues of the body, we discuss the use of 3D in vitro models to investigate the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to find therapeutic targets to better manage and eradicate coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19).
- MeSH
- antivirové látky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- farmakoterapie COVID-19 * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
Článek pojednává o riziku přenosu infekce SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related coronavirus) pro plod v děloze. Transplacentární přenos viru je možný, ale je vzácný díky speciálnímu ochrannému vybavení placenty. Ve vlastním souboru rodiček, který autoři sestavili, bylo riziko nákazy plodu a novorozence nízké. U nemocných rodiček vyšetřovali histologické změny placenty a popsali obraz placentitidy způsobený infekcí SARS-CoV-2. Autoři přidali ilustrační kazuistiku nedonošeného dítěte s vrozenou infekcí SARS-CoV-2. V diskuzi pak autoři popisují možnosti a podrobnosti přenosu SARS-CoV-2 na plod a novorozence, onemocnění novorozenců a prognózu na základě literárních referencí.
This article discusses the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) infection to the fetus in utero. Transplacental transmission of the virus is possible but is rare due to the special protective equipment of the placenta. In the authors' own cohort of parturients, the risk of fetal and neonatal infection was low. They examined histological changes in the placentas of the affected mothers and described a picture of placentitis caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The authors added an illustrative case report of a premature infant with congenital SARS-CoV-2 infection.In the discussion, the authors then describe the possibilities and details of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to the fetus and newborn, neonatal disease, and prognosis based on literature references.
- MeSH
- angiotensin konvertující enzym 2 MeSH
- COVID-19 * přenos prevence a kontrola MeSH
- gravidita genetika MeSH
- kazuistiky jako téma MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nemoci placenty etiologie prevence a kontrola virologie MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- porod MeSH
- SARS-CoV-2 patogenita MeSH
- těhotné ženy MeSH
- vertikální přenos infekce MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- novorozenec MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- pozorovací studie MeSH