The relationship between working memory (WM) and neuronal oscillations can be studied in detail using brain stimulation techniques, which provide a method for modulating these oscillations and thus influencing WM. The endogenous coupling between the amplitude of gamma oscillations and the phase of theta oscillations is crucial for cognitive control. Theta/gamma peak-coupled transcranial alternating current stimulation (TGCp-tACS) can modulate this coupling and thus influence WM performance. This study investigated the effects of TGCp-tACS on WM in older adults and compared their responses with those of younger participants from our previous work who underwent the same experimental design. Twenty-eight older subjects underwent both TGCp-tACS and sham stimulation sessions at least 72 h apart. Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded before and after the interventions, and a WM task battery with five different WM tasks was performed during the interventions to assess various WM components. Outcomes measured included WM task performance (e.g., accuracy, reaction time (RT)) and changes in power spectral density (PSD) in different frequency bands. TGCp-tACS significantly decreased accuracy and RT on the 10- and 14-point Sternberg tasks and increased RT on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test in older adults. In contrast, younger participants showed a significant increase in accuracy only on the 14-item Sternberg task. Electrophysiological analysis revealed a decrease in delta and theta PSD and an increase in high gamma PSD in both younger and older participants after verum stimulation. In conclusion, theta-gamma coupling is essential for WM and modulation of this coupling affects WM performance. The effects of TGCp-tACS on WM vary with age due to natural brain changes. To better support older adults, the study suggests several strategies to improve cognitive function, including: Adjusting stimulation parameters, applying stimulation to two sites, conducting multiple sessions, and using brain imaging techniques for precise targeting.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• gama rytmus EEG * fyziologie   MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * MeSH
• reakční čas fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• stárnutí fyziologie   MeSH
• theta rytmus EEG * fyziologie   MeSH
• zdraví MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

• MeSH
• Alzheimerova nemoc * terapie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * terapie   etiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku metody   MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• zprávy MeSH

Working memory (WM) is essential for the temporary storage and processing of information required for complex cognitive tasks and relies on neuronal theta and gamma oscillations. Given the limited capacity of WM, researchers have investigated various methods to improve it, including transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), which modulates brain activity at specific frequencies. One particularly promising approach is theta-gamma peak-coupled-tACS (TGCp-tACS), which simulates the natural interaction between theta and gamma oscillations that occurs during cognitive control in the brain. The aim of this study was to improve WM in healthy young adults with TGCp-tACS, focusing on both behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes. Thirty-one participants completed five WM tasks under both sham and verum stimulation conditions. Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings before and after stimulation showed that TGCp-tACS increased power spectral density (PSD) in the high-gamma region at the stimulation site, while PSD decreased in the theta and delta regions throughout the cortex. From a behavioral perspective, although no significant changes were observed in most tasks, there was a significant improvement in accuracy in the 14-item Sternberg task, indicating an improvement in phonological WM. In conclusion, TGCp-tACS has the potential to promote and improve the phonological component of WM. To fully realize the cognitive benefits, further research is needed to refine the stimulation parameters and account for individual differences, such as baseline cognitive status and hormonal factors.

• MeSH
• chování fyziologie   MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• elektrická stimulace MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• gama rytmus EEG fyziologie   MeSH
• krátkodobá paměť * fyziologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * metody   MeSH
• theta rytmus EEG fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation method that, through its manipulation of endogenous oscillations, can affect cognition in healthy adults. Given the fact that both endogenous oscillations and cognition are impaired in various psychiatric diagnoses, tACS might represent a suitable intervention. We conducted a search of Pubmed and Web of Science databases and reviewed 27 studies where tACS is used in psychiatric diagnoses and cognition change is evaluated. TACS is a safe and well-tolerated intervention method, suitable for multiple-sessions protocols. It can be administered at home, individualized according to the patient''s anatomical and functional characteristics, or used as a marker of disease progression. The results are varying across diagnoses and applied protocols, with some protocols showing a long-term effect. However, the overall number of studies is small with a great variety of diagnoses and tACS parameters, such as electrode montage or used frequency. Precise mechanisms of tACS interaction with pathophysiological processes are only partially described and need further research. Currently, tACS seems to be a feasible method to alleviate cognitive impairment in psychiatric patients; however, a more robust confirmation of efficacy of potential protocols is needed to introduce it into clinical practise.

• MeSH
• duševní poruchy * terapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• kognitivní dysfunkce * patofyziologie   etiologie   terapie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Neuropatická bolest patří k častým klinickým příznakům onemocnění periferního (mononeuropatie, polyneuropatie) i centrálního nervového systému (míšní léze, stavy po cévních mozkových příhodách apod.). Významně snižuje kvalitu života pacientů, interferuje se spánkem a je často provázena úzkostí a/nebo depresí. Léčba neuropatické bolesti je dominantně založena na farmakoterapii, pro kterou je k dispozici řada preparátů využitelných v monoterapii či v rámci kombinované léčby. K lékům první volby (s průkazem účinnosti na úrovni IA) patří některá antiepileptika a antidepresiva. Z antiepileptik jde především o modulátory alfa-2-delta podjednotky kalciových kanálů, tedy gabapentin a pregabalin. Oba léky byly dlouhodobě považovány za srovnatelně účinné, v posledních 5–7 letech však bylo publikováno několik negativních studií vysoké kvality s pre- gabalinem, zatímco evidence účinku gabapentinu je nadále velmi robustní. Z antiepileptik je pro dosažení analgetického účinku klíčová blokáda zpětného vychytávání noradrenalinu. Využitelné jsou proto především léky ze skupiny inhibitorů zpětného vychytávání serotoninu a noradrenalinu (SNRI, např. duloxetin či venlafaxin) a také tricyklická antidepresiva (TCA, především amitriptylin), zatímco efekt inhibitorů zpětného vychytávání serotoninu (SSRI) v terapii neuropatické bolesti prokázán nebyl. Účinné jsou také opioidy (tramadol, morfin, oxykodon, tapentadol), které jsou využívány jako léky druhé či třetí volby, a to jako monoterapie či add-on terapie k lékům první volby. U pacientů s lokalizovanou neuropatickou bolestí (např. u postherpetické neuralgie) lze využít topicky aplikované preparáty (např. kapsaicin či topicky aplikovaný lidokain), jejichž výhodou je excelentní bezpečnostní profil. Prakticky u všech zmíněných léků je pokračování terapie podmíněno dokumentací jejich účinnosti, např. poklesem intenzity bolesti hodnocené pomocí numerické škály bolesti. Vedle farmakoterapie lze v léčbě neuropatické bolesti využít také postupy nefarmakologické, síla doporučení pro jejich využití (vycházející z evidence jejich účinnosti) je však u většiny těchto postupů daleko nižší než v případě farmakoterapie, obvykle z dů- vodu absence kvalitních a dostatečně velkých studií. Většina používaných neinvazivních nefarmakologických metod má vynikající bezpečnostní profil a jejich použití je obzvláště výhodné u pacientů vyššího věku. U pacientů s periferní neuropatickou bolestí jde především o transkutánní elektrickou nervovou stimulaci (TENS), která vykazuje excelentní bezpečnost a u pacientů s lokalizovanou bolestí je doporučována dokonce jako jedna z metod 1. volby. Účinnost v léčbě neuropatické bolesti i fibromyalgie je prokázána také u vysokofrekvenční repetitivní transkraniální mozkové stimulace (rTMS) kontralaterální primární motorické kůry (M1), případně dalších oblastí mozku. U závažných refrakterních typů neuropatické bolesti je možné využít stimulaci míšní (SCS), případně stimulaci periferního nervu (PENS). Jedná se však již o invazivní metody indikované u malého procenta pacientů s vysokou intenzitou bolesti a nejnižší odpovědí na konvenční terapie. Využitelné jsou také některé psychoterapeutické metody, zejména mindfulness či kognitivně-behaviorální terapie, které lze s výhodou použít zejména jako přídatnou (add-on) terapii na úrovni druhé volby. Ostatní nefarmakologické postupy vykazují v provedených metaanalýzách nekonkluzivní výsledky a jejich užití se dle aktuální úrovně evidence spíše nedoporučuje.

Neuropathic pain is a common clinical symptom of peripheral (mononeuropathy, polyneuropathy) and central nervous systém disorders (spinal cord lesions, post-stroke conditions, etc.). It significantly reduces pa‘ients‘ quality of life, interferes with sleep and is often associated with anxiety and/or depression. The treatment of neuropathic pain is mainly based on pharmacotherapy, for which a number of agents are available for use as monotherapy or in combination therapy. First choice drugs (with evidence of efficacy at the IA level) include some antiepileptics and antidepres- sants. The antiepileptic drugs are mainly alpha-2-delta calcium channel subunit modulators, i.e. gabapentin and pregabalin. Both drugs have long been considered comparably effective, but in the last 5-7 years several negative, high-quality trials have been published with pregabalin, while the evidence for gabapentin remains very robust. Among the antiepileptic drugs, blockade of norepinephrine reuptake is key to achieving analgesia. Therefore, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g. duloxetine or venlafaxine) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs, especially amitriptyline) are particularly useful, whereas the effect of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of neuropathic pain has not been demonstrated. Opioids (tramadol, morphine, oxycodone, tapentadol) are also effective and are used as second- or third-line drugs, either as monotherapy or as adjunctive therapy to first-line drugs. For patients with localised neuropathic pain (e.g. postherpetic neuralgia), topical agents (e.g. capsaicin or lidocaine) can be used, which have the advantage of an excellent safety profile. For all these agents, continuation of therapy requires documentation of efficacy, e.g. a reduction in pain intensity as assessed by a numerical pain scale. In addition to pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological treatments can be used to treat neuropathic pain, but the strength of the recommendations for their use (based on evidence of their effectiveness) is much lower than for pharmacotherapy for most of these treatments, usually due to a lack of large, high-quality trials. Most of the non-invasive non-pharmacological methods used have an excellent safety profile and their use is particularly beneficial in older patients. For patients with peripheral neuropathic pain, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) can be used with excellent safe‘y. It‘s even recommended as a first-line treatment for patients with localised pain. High-frequency repetitive transcranial brain stimulation (rTMS) of the contralateral primary motor cortex or several other brain regions has also been shown to be effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia. For refractory forms of neuropathic pain, spinal cord stimulation (SCS) or peripheral nerve stimulation (PENS) can be used, but both are invasive and their use is limited to a small percentage of patients with the most severe pain and least response to conventional therapies. Some psychotherapeutic techniques, particularly mindfulness or cognitive behavioural therapy, may also be used, particularly as second-line adjunctive therapy. Other non-pharmacological treatments have shown inconsistent results in meta-analyses and their use is not recommended based on the current level of evidence.

• MeSH
• akupunkturní terapie MeSH
• analgetika farmakologie   klasifikace   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antidepresiva aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• antikonvulziva aplikace a dávkování   farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• aromaterapie MeSH
• elektrická stimulace metody   MeSH
• hyperestezie diagnóza   MeSH
• kanabinoidy farmakologie   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• kombinovaná terapie metody   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• míšní stimulace MeSH
• neuralgie * diagnóza   farmakoterapie   psychologie   terapie   MeSH
• parestezie diagnóza   MeSH
• periferní nervový systém MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace MeSH
• všímavost MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique for analyzing the central and peripheral nervous system. TMS could be a powerful therapeutic technique for neurological disorders. TMS has also shown potential in treating various neurophysiological complications, such as depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorders, without pain and analgesics. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, there has been an increase in the prevalence of brain cancer globally. For surgical planning, mapping brain tumors has proven challenging, particularly those localized in expressive regions. Preoperative brain tumor mapping may lower the possibility of postoperative morbidity in surrounding areas. A navigated TMS (nTMS) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to enable precise mapping during navigated brain stimulation. The resulting magnetic impulses can be precisely applied to the target spot in the cortical region by employing nTMS. This review focuses on nTMS for preoperative planning for brain cancer. This study reviews several studies on TMS and its subtypes in treating cancer and surgical planning. nTMS gives wider and improved dimensions of preoperative planning of the motor-eloquent areas in brain tumor patients. nTMS also predicts postoperative neurological deficits, which might be helpful in counseling patients. nTMS have the potential for finding possible abnormalities in the motor cortex areas.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• mapování mozku metody   MeSH
• motorické korové centrum diagnostické zobrazování   MeSH
• nádory mozku * chirurgie   MeSH
• neuronavigace metody   MeSH
• předoperační péče * metody   MeSH
• transkraniální magnetická stimulace * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• neurorehabilitace * metody   MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Hypokinetic dysarthria (HD) is a common motor speech symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) which does not respond well to PD treatments. We investigated short-term effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on HD in PD using acoustic analysis of speech. Based on our previous studies we focused on stimulation of the right superior temporal gyrus (STG) - an auditory feedback area. METHODS: In 14 PD patients with HD, we applied anodal, cathodal and sham tDCS to the right STG using a cross-over design. A protocol consisting of speech tasks was performed prior to and immediately after each stimulation session. Linear mixed models were used for the evaluation of the effects of each stimulation condition on the relative change of acoustic parameters. We also performed a simulation of the mean electric field induced by tDCS. RESULTS: Linear mixed model showed a statistically significant effect of the stimulation condition on the relative change of median duration of silences longer than 50 ms (p = 0.015). The relative change after the anodal stimulation (mean = -5.9) was significantly lower as compared to the relative change after the sham stimulation (mean = 12.8), p = 0.014. We also found a correlation between the mean electric field magnitude in the right STG and improvement of articulation precision after anodal tDCS (R = 0.637; p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: The exploratory study showed that anodal tDCS applied over the auditory feedback area may lead to shorter pauses in a speech of PD patients.

• MeSH
• dysartrie etiologie   terapie   patofyziologie   MeSH
• klinické křížové studie MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc * terapie   komplikace   patofyziologie   MeSH
• pilotní projekty MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * MeSH
• řeč fyziologie   MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• spánkový lalok patofyziologie   MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

Recently, transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) has gained increasing popularity among researchers, especially for recovery and improvement, but interpretation of these results is difficult due to variations in study methods and outcome measurements. The main goal of this study was to better understand the postural and balance indicators affected by cerebellar tES, as the cerebellum is the main brain region responsible for controlling balance. For this systematic literature review, three databases were searched for articles where the cerebellum was stimulated by any type of tES in either healthy participants or those with neurologic disorders. Postural, dynamic, and/or static stability measurements were recorded, and risk of bias was assessed on the PEDro scale. A total of 21 studies were included in the analysis. 17 studies reported improvements after application of tES. 14 studies stimulated the cerebellum unilaterally and 15 used this modality for 20 min. Moreover, all studies exclusively used transcranial direct current as the type of stimulation. Evaluation of PEDro results showed that studies included in the analysis utilized good methodology. Although there were some inconsistencies in study results, overall, it was demonstrated that tES can improve balance and postural index under both healthy and neurological conditions. Further research of bilateral cerebellar stimulation or the use of transcranial alternating current stimulation, transcranial random noise stimulation, and transcranial pulsed current stimulation is needed for a more comprehensive assessment of the potential positive effects of cerebellar tES on the balance system.

• MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mozeček * fyziologie   MeSH
• postura těla fyziologie   MeSH
• posturální rovnováha * fyziologie   MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• systematický přehled MeSH

The study aimed to assess the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in the treatment of neuropsychiatric (NP) symptoms of the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), known as the long COVID. A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled study compared the efficacy and safety of prefrontal cortex active tDCS to sham-tDCS in treating NP-PASC. Patients diagnosed with NP-PASC, with a Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS) score ≥ 40, were eligible for the study. Twenty tDCS sessions were administered within four weeks, with continuous, end-of-treatment, and follow-up measurements. The primary outcome was a change in the FIS at the end-of-treatment, analyzed in the intention-to-treat population. Data from 33 patients assigned to active (n = 16) or sham-tDCS (n = 17) were analyzed. After the treatment, a decrease in the FIS score was more pronounced in the sham than in the active group, yet the intergroup difference was insignificant (11.7 [95% CI -11.1 to 34.5], p = 0.6). Furthermore, no significant intergroup differences were observed regarding anxiety, depression, quality of life, and cognitive performance. The small cohort sample, differences in baseline FIS scores between groups (non-stratified randomization), or chosen stimulation parameters may have influenced our findings. However, it might also be possible that the expected mechanism of action of tDCS is insufficient to treat these conditions.

• MeSH
• COVID-19 * terapie   MeSH
• dvojitá slepá metoda MeSH
• kvalita života MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• postakutní syndrom COVID-19 MeSH
• prefrontální mozková kůra fyziologie   MeSH
• přímá transkraniální stimulace mozku * MeSH
• SARS-CoV-2 MeSH
• výsledek terapie MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH