Gambling encompasses a wide variety of activities, and the structural characteristics of each form contribute to its potential risk. However, the literature does not fully agree on the risk levels of certain gambling forms. In this study, we classify less risky gambling forms (soft forms) based on public perceptions of their riskiness. We examine the link between gambling experience and problem gambling prevalence. A survey was conducted in a model region of the Czech Republic, a post-socialist country with high gambling availability, with N = 2,498 respondents. A typology of gambling forms (lotteries, betting, and casino games) was created based on perceived risk similarities. Lotteries are the most frequently played gambling form, with 86.3% reporting lifetime participation. Among those who exclusively engage in lottery-type forms, 15 percentage points more women than men participated in the last year, and the gap widens to 31 points over a lifetime. Forms of gambling perceived as more risky show a lower proportion of non-problem gamblers, both for recent and lifetime participation. Furthermore, individuals who gambled within the past month or year are at higher risk of developing gambling problems compared to those whose gambling experiences were less recent.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Gambling * psychology   classification   epidemiology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Behavior, Addictive * psychology   epidemiology   classification   MeSH
• Prevalence MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Risk-Taking * MeSH
• Risk Factors MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Geographicals
• Czech Republic MeSH

BACKGROUND: Psychotherapy outcomes are typically measured in terms of symptom relief. However, this method might overlook important changes from clients' perspectives when they are asked to report on them. A more client-centred approach might bring a deeper understanding of psychotherapy outcomes. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes identified by clients within qualitative psychotherapy research. METHODS: The PsycArticles, PsycInfo, and MEDLINE Complete databases were searched for English language studies published until Nov 11, 2023. Additional studies were identified through references in the primary studies and previous meta-analyses or systematic reviews. Search terms were related to psychotherapy and counselling, clients' or patients' experiences, psychotherapy outcomes and changes, post-treatment perspectives, and types of qualitative methods. Qualitative studies on client-identified outcomes of individual psychotherapy were included. Findings related to clients' perceptions of psychotherapy outcomes were extracted (by ML and checked by TR and LT) and analysed (by all authors) using the descriptive-interpretative meta-analytic approach. All authors have personally experienced psychotherapy as clients. This study was pre-registered with PROSPERO (CRD42021277330). FINDINGS: We included 177 studies in the qualitative meta-analysis, from 24 countries, including descriptions from 2908 clients. Most of the studies were of good quality; they covered a wide range of therapeutic approaches and diagnoses. The descriptions of psychotherapy outcomes were classified into 60 meta-categories and grouped into ten clusters. These clusters related to clients' relational and social functioning; their emotional functioning; self-awareness, self-understanding, and more adaptive cognitive processing; behavioural functioning; developing their own resources; clients' attitudes towards themselves; generally embracing life; symptom and problem change; and more general wellbeing. The tenth cluster was outcomes that could not be clearly attributed to psychotherapy, which was considered outside the scope of this study. INTERPRETATION: The meta-analysis showed that clients value outcome dimensions beyond symptom reduction, such as deeper self-understanding, enhanced self-agency, and greater social engagement. By examining psychotherapy outcomes across various diagnoses and therapeutic approaches, we highlight limitations in traditional outcome measures, showing the need for more comprehensive, client-centred assessment tools and the value of incorporating qualitative methods into understanding dimensions of change. FUNDING: European Union.

• MeSH
• Mental Disorders therapy   psychology   MeSH
• Qualitative Research MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Psychotherapy * methods   MeSH
• Treatment Outcome MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Meta-Analysis MeSH
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

BACKGROUND: Although neuromelanin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging (NM-MRI) has been used to evaluate early neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease, studies concentrating on the locus coeruleus (LC) in pre-dementia stages of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are lacking. OBJECTIVES: The aims were to evaluate NM-MRI signal changes in the LC in patients with mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) compared to healthy controls (HC) and to identify the cognitive correlates of the changes. We also aimed to test the hypothesis of a caudal-rostral α-synuclein pathology spread using NM-MRI of the different LC subparts. METHODS: A total of 38 MCI-LB patients and 59 HCs underwent clinical and cognitive testing and NM-MRI of the LC. We calculated the contrast ratio of NM-MRI signal (LC-CR) in the whole LC as well as in its caudal, middle, and rostral MRI slices, and we compared the LC-CR values between the MCI-LB and HC groups. Linear regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between the LC-CR and cognitive outcomes. RESULTS: The MCI-LB group exhibited a significant reduction in the right LC-CR compared to HCs (P = 0.021). The right LC-CR decrease was associated with impaired visuospatial memory in the MCI-LB group. Only the caudal part of the LC exhibited significant LC-CR decreases in MCI-LB patients compared to HCs on both sides (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study that focuses on LC-CRs in MCI-LB patients and analyzes the LC subparts, offering new insights into the LC integrity alterations in the initial stages of DLB and their clinical correlates. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

• MeSH
• alpha-Synuclein metabolism   MeSH
• Lewy Body Disease * diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Cognitive Dysfunction * diagnostic imaging   pathology   physiopathology   etiology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Locus Coeruleus * diagnostic imaging   pathology   MeSH
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging * MeSH
• Neuropsychological Tests MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Check Tag
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Aged, 80 and over MeSH
• Aged MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

The aim of the present study was to examine gender and age-specific effects on subjective daytime sleepiness (as measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale), body weight and eating behaviour in patients with central disorders of hypersomnolence. Based on the European Narcolepsy Network database, we compared 1035 patients with narcolepsy type I and 505 patients with other central disorders of hypersomnolence ("narcoleptic borderland"), including narcolepsy type II (N = 308) and idiopathic hypersomnia (N = 174), using logistic regression and general linear models. In the entire study population, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale was higher in women (N = 735, mean age = 30 years, mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale = 16.6 ± SD 3.9) than in men (N = 805, mean age = 32 years, mean Epworth Sleepiness Scale = 15.8 ± SD 4.4). In women with narcolepsy type I (N = 475), both Epworth Sleepiness Scale and body mass index increased in parallel with age. In women of the narcoleptic borderland (N = 260), the Epworth Sleepiness Scale markedly peaked in their early 30s, while body mass index only started to rise at that age. This rise in body mass index following the Epworth Sleepiness Scale peak cannot be explained by sleepiness-induced uncontrolled eating, as self-reported uncontrolled eating was negatively associated with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in this group. We propose that the narcoleptic borderland harbours a unique cluster of women in their fertile years with an unexplored aetiology requiring further investigation towards tailored interventions.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Body Mass Index * MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Narcolepsy * physiopathology   MeSH
• Disorders of Excessive Somnolence * physiopathology   epidemiology   MeSH
• Sex Factors MeSH
• Feeding Behavior MeSH
• Body Weight MeSH
• Age Factors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Alergická rhinitida je onemocnění s vysokou prevalencí. Maximum výskytu je u dětí a v mladším dospělém věku. Odhadem až 500 milionů lidí celosvětově trpí příznaky a onemocnění má významné socioekonomické dopady. Snižuje kvalitu života pacientů a pracovní výkonnost. U dětí zhoršuje soustředění, studijní výsledky a může mít vliv i na poruchy chování. Jedná se o neinfekční zánětlivé onemocnění nosní sliznice na podkladě IgE zprostředkované imunitní odpovědi, která se rozvíjí po kontaktu s alergenem. Alergická rýma je typickým příkladem imunopatologické reakce I. typu. Je často součástí komorbidních stavů jako asthma bronchiale, alergická konjunktivitida nebo atopická dermatitida. Může se podílet na rozvoji chronické rhinosinusitidy. Pro diagnostiku je zásadní podrobná anamnéza s odhalením spouštěčů a časových sousledností. Diferenciálně diagnosticky je třeba odlišit typické příznaky (kýchání, svědění, vodnatá sekrece z nosu, nosní obturace) od jiných projevů. Přítomnost alergické senzibilizace lze většinou prokázat pomocí kožních prick testů. Nové metody molekulární alergologie pomohou zpřesnit alergenovou diagnostiku. Komponentová diagnostika pomocí rekombinantních alergenů může odhalit zkřížené reakce. Nosní provokační testy spolu s rhinomanometrií nebo hodnocením vizuální analogové škály mohou být efektivní u lokální alergické rhinitidy, kde jsou kožní testy i laboratorní hodnoty negativní. Terapeutické postupy spočívají v eliminaci alergenu a ve vícestupňové individualizované medikamentózní léčbě.

Allergic rhinitis is a disease with a high prevalence. The maximum incidence is in children and young adults. It is estimated that up to 500 million people worldwide suffer from symptoms and the disease has significant socioeconomic impacts. It reduces the quality of life of patients, work performance. In children, it impairs concentration, academic performance and can also affect behavioral disorders. It is a non-infectious inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa based on an IgE-mediated immune response that develops after contact with an allergen. AR is a typical example of a type I immunopathological reaction. It is often part of comorbid conditions such as bronchial asthma, allergic conjunctivitis or atopic dermatitis. It can contribute to the development of chronic rhinosinusitis. A detailed history with the detection of triggers and time sequences is essential for diagnosis. Differential diagnosis requires distinguishing typical symptoms (sneezing, itching, watery nasal discharge, nasal obstruction). Specific allergen sensitisation can usually be determined using skin prick tests. New methods of molecular allergology can improve allergen diagnostics. Component diagnostics using recombinant allergens can reveal crossreactions. Nasal provocation tests together with rhinomanometry or visual analogue scale assessment can be effective in local allergic rhinitis, where skin tests and laboratory values are negative. Therapeutic procedures consist of allergen elimination and multi-stage individualized pharmacological treatment.

Background: Activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) in the nervous system modulates the processing of acute and chronic pain. CB1R activity is regulated by desensitization and internalization. SH3-containing GRB2-like protein 3-interacting protein 1 (SGIP1) inhibits the internalization of CB1R. This causes increased and prolonged association of the desensitized receptor with G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) and beta-arrestin on the cell membrane and results in decreased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. Genetic deletion of SGIP1 in mice leads to altered CB1R-related functions, such as decreased anxiety-like behaviors, modified cannabinoid tetrad behaviors, reduced acute nociception, and increased sensitivity to analgesics. In this work, we asked if deletion of SGIP1 affects chronic nociception and analgesic effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) in mice. Methods: We measured tactile responses of hind paws to increasing pressure in wild-type and SGIP1 knock-out mice. Inflammation in the paw was induced by local injection of carrageenan. To determine the mechanical sensitivity, the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was measured using an electronic von Frey instrument with the progression of the applied force. Results: The responses to mechanical stimuli varied depending on the sex, genotype, and treatment. SGIP1 knock-out male mice exhibited lower PWT than wild-type males. On the contrary, the female mice exhibited comparable PWT. Following THC or WIN treatment in male mice, SGIP1 knock-out males exhibited PWT lower than wild-type males. THC treatment in SGIP1 knock-out females resulted in PWT higher than after THC treatment of wild-type females. However, SGIP1 knock-out and wild-type female mice exhibited similar PWT after WIN treatment. Conclusions: We provide evidence that SGIP1, possibly by interacting with CB1R, is involved in processing the responses to chronic pain. The absence of SGIP1 results in enhanced sensitivity to mechanical stimuli in males, but not females. The antinociceptive effect of THC is superior to that of WIN in SGIP1 knock-out mice in the carrageenan-induced model of chronic pain.

• MeSH
• Benzoxazines * pharmacology   MeSH
• Hyperalgesia * genetics   MeSH
• Morpholines pharmacology   MeSH
• Mice, Inbred C57BL MeSH
• Mice, Knockout * MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Naphthalenes MeSH
• Nociception drug effects   MeSH
• Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 * genetics   metabolism   MeSH
• Dronabinol * pharmacology   MeSH
• Inflammation * MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Amyloid precursor protein (APP) undergoes striking changes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Considering its role in the control of gene expression, we investigated whether APP regulates transcription and translation following TBI. METHODS: We assessed brain morphology (n = 4-9 mice/group), transcriptome (n = 3 mice/group), proteome (n = 3 mice/group), and behavior (n = 17-27 mice/group) of wild-type (WT) and APP knock-out (KO) mice either untreated or 10-weeks following TBI. RESULTS: After TBI, WT mice displayed transcriptional programs consistent with late stages of brain repair, hub genes were predicted to impact translation and brain proteome showed subtle changes. APP KO mice largely replicated this transcriptional repertoire, but showed no transcriptional nor translational response to TBI. DISCUSSION: The similarities between WT mice following TBI and APP KO mice suggest that developmental APP deficiency induces a condition reminiscent of late stages of brain repair, hampering the control of gene expression in response to injury. HIGHLIGHTS: 10-weeks after TBI, brains exhibit transcriptional profiles consistent with late stage of brain repair. Developmental APP deficiency maintains brains perpetually in an immature state akin to late stages of brain repair. APP responds to TBI by changes in gene expression at a transcriptional and translational level. APP deficiency precludes molecular brain changes in response to TBI.

• MeSH
• Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor * genetics   MeSH
• Disease Models, Animal MeSH
• Brain * metabolism   pathology   MeSH
• Mice, Inbred C57BL MeSH
• Mice, Knockout MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Brain Injuries * metabolism   genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Proteome * metabolism   MeSH
• Proteomics MeSH
• Transcriptome * MeSH
• Brain Injuries, Traumatic * metabolism   genetics   pathology   MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Check Tag
• Male MeSH
• Mice MeSH
• Animals MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH

Obezita a diabetes mellitus 2. typu (DM2T) sú významnými rizikovými faktormi rozvoja kognitívnej dysfunkcie a neurodegeneratívnych ochorení. Ich spoločný patofyziologický základ zahŕňa inzulínovú rezistenciu, chronický subklinický systémový zápal a neurozápal, poruchy mikrobiómu, hormonálnu dysreguláciu a štrukturálne zmeny mozgu. Tieto faktory vedú k zhoršeniu pamäte, exekutívnych funkcií a k akcelerácii neurodegenerácie. Pozitívne účinky úpravy životného štýlu – vrátane zníženia telesnej hmotnosti, zvýšenia fyzickej aktivity a úpravy výživy a stravovacích návykov – sa prejavujú zlepšením inzulínovej senzitivity v mozgu, zvýšením neurotrofických faktorov, redukciou systémového zápalu a neurozápalu a zlepšením metabolizmu. Kombinácia behaviorálnych a farmakologických intervencií môže spomaliť kognitívny pokles a znížiť riziko demencie u populácie s obezitou a poruchou metabolizmu glukózy.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are important risk factors for the development of cognitive dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases. Their common pathophysiological substrate includes insulin resistance, chronic subclinical systemic inflammation, neuroinflammation, shifts in the intestinal microbiome composition, hormonal dysregulation, and structural changes of the brain. These factors lead to impaired memory, executive functions, and accelerated neurodegeneration. The positive effects of lifestyle modifications — including weight loss, increased physical activity, and improved dietary composition — are manifested by improved insulin sensitivity in the brain, increased neurotrophic factors, reduced systemic inflammation and neuroinflammation, and improved metabolism. A combination of behavioral and pharmacological interventions may slow cognitive decline and reduce the risk of dementia in patients with obesity, prediabetes and T2D.

• MeSH
• Exercise MeSH
• Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications   MeSH
• Weight Loss MeSH
• Cognition Disorders * etiology   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Neurodegenerative Diseases etiology   MeSH
• Obesity * complications   MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Publication type
• Review MeSH

Background: The use of tobacco products and electronic cigarettes is a growing public health concern, especially among children and adolescents. Understanding the factors that impact both the use, and the perception of the harm related to these products is essential for developing effective prevention strategies targeting young people. Objective: The aim of this study is to map the use of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes as well as the perceived risk of these products in a population of students from selected secondary schools in Prague. The partial aim was to determine whether the perceived harmfulness of the product, type of school, and gender play any role in the use of e-cigarettes or tobacco. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey in secondary schools in the Capital City of Prague in cooperation with prevention methodologists. Data were collected in the first years of vocational and general secondary schools from students with an average age of 15 years. Results and conclusion: The difference in frequency of tobacco product use between girls and boys was statistically insignificant, whereas the difference in tobacco product use between students at secondary schools providing general education and vocational education was found to be statistically significant. Perceived harmfulness of combustible cigarettes was significantly affected by the type of school. Regarding electronic cigarettes, the perceived harmfulness was significantly affected by both the type of school and gender. For electronic cigarettes and regular cigarettes, perceived harmfulness and school type appeared to be the predictors of use. Regarding electronic cigarettes, school type, perceived risk of the product, and gender were the predictors of use.

• MeSH
• Cigarette Smoking * epidemiology   psychology   adverse effects   MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Logistic Models MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Attitude MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires MeSH
• Risk MeSH
• Students * MeSH
• Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems MeSH
• Tobacco Products adverse effects   MeSH
• Health Risk Behaviors MeSH
• Check Tag
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH

Motivations for pornography use may vary across gender identities, sexual orientations, and geographical regions, warranting examination to promote individual and public health. The aims of this study were to validate the Pornography Use Motivations Scale (PUMS) in a diverse, multicultural sample, and develop a short form (PUMS-8) that can assess a wide range of pornography use motivations. Using data from 42 countries (N = 75,117; Mage = 32.07; SDage = 12.37), enabled us to thoroughly evaluate the dimensionality, validity, and reliability of the Pornography Use Motivations Scale (PUMS), leading to the development of the more concise PUMS-8 short scale. Additionally, language-, nationality-, gender-, and sexual-orientation-based measurement invariance tests were conducted to test the comparability across groups. Both the PUMS and the PUMS-8 assess eight pornography use motivations, and both demonstrated excellent psychometric properties. Sexual Pleasure emerged as the most frequent motivation for pornography use across countries, genders, and sexual orientations, while differences were observed concerning other motivations (e.g. self-exploration was more prevalent among gender-diverse individuals than men or women). The motivational background of pornography use showed high similarity in the examined countries. Both the PUMS and the PUMS-8 are reliable and valid measurement tools to assess different types of motivations for pornography use across countries, genders, and sexual orientations. Both scales are recommended for use in research and clinical settings.

• MeSH
• Adult MeSH
• Erotica * psychology   MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Motivation * MeSH
• Surveys and Questionnaires standards   MeSH
• Psychometrics * instrumentation   standards   MeSH
• Reproducibility of Results MeSH
• Sexual Behavior * psychology   ethnology   MeSH
• Cross-Cultural Comparison MeSH
• Check Tag
• Adult MeSH
• Middle Aged MeSH
• Humans MeSH
• Adolescent MeSH
• Young Adult MeSH
• Male MeSH
• Female MeSH
• Publication type
• Journal Article MeSH
• Validation Study MeSH