• MeSH
• aspergilóza farmakoterapie   MeSH
• azoly aplikace a dávkování   farmakokinetika   terapeutické užití   MeSH
• blastomykóza farmakoterapie   MeSH
• ekonomika farmaceutická MeSH
• farmakokinetika MeSH
• histoplazmóza farmakoterapie   MeSH
• hodnocení léčiv MeSH
• kandidóza farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kokcidioidomykóza farmakoterapie   MeSH
• kryptokokóza farmakoterapie   MeSH
• oportunní infekce farmakoterapie   MeSH
• sporotrichóza farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• sborníky MeSH

• Konspekt
• Farmacie. Farmakologie
• NLK Obory
• infekční lékařství
• farmakoterapie

Účelem naší studie bylo zhodnocení houbové kontaminace některých potravin, které dostávají pacienti, zvláště imunoalterovaní, v nemocnicích. Vyšetření bylo provedeno na 97 vzorcích 10 drnhů ovoce, na 100 vzorcích 17 drnhů sýrů a na 56 vzorcích 11 drnhů uzenin kultivací na Sabouraudově agarn při 25 °C po 10 dní.Na 82 % ovoce byly nalezeny kvasinky (Candida, Trichosporon, Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, Aureobasidium). Vláknité plísně byly nalezeny na všech vzorcích (Cladosporium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor, Helminthosporium), 38 % vzorků sýrů bylo negativních, ve 13 % byly zjištěny kvasinky, ve 44 % vláknité houby a v 5 % obojí.54 % vzorků uzenin bylo negativních, Candidy byly zjištěny ve 14 %, Saccharomyces sp. ve 32 %, vláknité houby ve 3 % a obojí v 10 %.Výsledky ukazují, že houbová kontaminace vyšetřovaných potravin není zanedbatelná. Zjištěné drnhy hub jsou původci kandidóz, phaeohyphomykóz, mukormykóz a aspergilóz, které mohou zabít imunodefektní pacienty.

The aim of our study was the evaluation of fungal contamination of food distributed in hospitals to the immunocompromised patients.97 samples of 10 sorts of frnit, 100 samples of 17 sorts of cheeses and 56 samples of 11 sorts of smoked meat products were investigated by cultivation on Sabourand's agar at 25 °C for 10 days.The yeasts (Candida, Trichosporon, Saccharomyces, Rhodotorula, Aureobasidium) were found in 82% of frnit, in 13% of cheeses and in 46% of smoked meat products.The filamentous fungi (Cladosporium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Mucor and Hehninthosporium) were found on all samples of frnit, in 44% of cheeses and in 3 % of smoked foods.Our results show that the fungal contamination of the investigated food is not negligible.The isolated strains are agents of candidoses, phaeohyphomycoses, mucormycoses and aspergilloses and can kill immunocompromised patients.

• MeSH
• imunosupresivní léčba MeSH
• kontaminace potravin MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• masné výrobky MeSH
• mykózy škodlivé účinky   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• srovnávací studie MeSH

The evolutionary and environmental factors that shape fungal biogeography are incompletely understood. Here, we assemble a large dataset consisting of previously generated mycobiome data linked to specific geographical locations across the world. We use this dataset to describe the distribution of fungal taxa and to look for correlations with different environmental factors such as climate, soil and vegetation variables. Our meta-study identifies climate as an important driver of different aspects of fungal biogeography, including the global distribution of common fungi as well as the composition and diversity of fungal communities. In our analysis, fungal diversity is concentrated at high latitudes, in contrast with the opposite pattern previously shown for plants and other organisms. Mycorrhizal fungi appear to have narrower climatic tolerances than pathogenic fungi. We speculate that climate change could affect ecosystem functioning because of the narrow climatic tolerances of key fungal taxa.

• MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• déšť MeSH
• druhová specificita MeSH
• fylogeografie MeSH
• houby fyziologie   MeSH
• internacionalita * MeSH
• podnebí * MeSH
• teplota MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• metaanalýza MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• antifungální látky MeSH
• houby MeSH
• infekční nemoci terapie   MeSH
• mikrobiologie MeSH
• mykózy diagnóza   terapie   MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• infekční lékařství
• mikrobiologie, lékařská mikrobiologie

The relative contribution of top-down and bottom-up processes regulating primary decomposers can influence the strength of the link between the soil animal community and ecosystem functioning. Although soil bacterial communities are regulated by bottom-up and top-down processes, the latter are considered to be less important in structuring the diversity and functioning of fungal-dominated ecosystems. Despite the huge diversity of mycophagous (fungal-feeding) soil fauna, and their potential to reverse the outcomes of competitive fungal interactions, top-down grazing effects have never been found to translate to community-level changes. We constructed soil mesocosms to investigate the potential of isopods grazing on cord-forming basidiomycete fungi to influence the community composition and functioning of a complex woodland soil microbial community. Using metagenomic sequencing we provide conclusive evidence of direct top-down control at the community scale in fungal-dominated woodland soil. By suppressing the dominant cord-forming basidiomycete fungi, isopods prevented the competitive exclusion of surrounding litter fungi, increasing diversity in a community containing several hundred fungal species. This isopod-induced modification of community composition drove a shift in the soil enzyme profile, and led to a restructuring of the wider mycophagous invertebrate community. We highlight characteristics of different soil ecosystems that will give rise to such top-down control. Given the ubiquity of isopods and basidiomycete fungi in temperate and boreal woodland ecosystems, such top-down community control could be of widespread significance for global carbon and nutrient cycling.

• MeSH
• fungální proteiny genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• houby klasifikace   enzymologie   fyziologie   MeSH
• Isopoda fyziologie   MeSH
• půda chemie   MeSH
• půdní mikrobiologie * MeSH
• regulace genové exprese enzymů MeSH
• regulace genové exprese u hub MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• antifungální látky terapeutické užití   MeSH
• mykózy * farmakoterapie   MeSH
• oportunní infekce farmakoterapie   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH
• vysokoškolské kvalifikační práce MeSH

• Konspekt
• Farmacie. Farmakologie
• NLK Obory
• farmakoterapie
• infekční lékařství

Endophytic fungal communities have attracted a great attention to chemists, ecologists, and microbiologists as a treasure trove of biological resource. Endophytic fungi play incredible roles in the ecosystem including abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, eco-adaptation, enhancing growth and development, and maintaining the health of their host. In recent times, endophytic fungi have drawn a special focus owing to their indispensable diversity, unique distribution, and unparalleled metabolic pathways. The endophytic fungal communities belong to three phyla, namely Mucoromycota, Basidiomycota, and Ascomycota with seven predominant classes Agaricomycetes, Dothideomycetes, Eurotiomycetes, Mortierellomycotina, Mucoromycotina, Saccharomycetes, and Sordariomycetes. In a review of a huge number of research finding, it was found that endophytic fungal communities of genera Aspergillus, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Metarhizium, Microsphaeropsis, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Piriformospora, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, Verticillium, and Xylaria have been sorted out and well characterized for diverse biotechnological applications for future development. Furthermore, these communities are remarkable source of novel bioactive compounds with amazing biological activity for use in agriculture, food, and pharmaceutical industry. Endophytes are endowed with a broad range of structurally unique bioactive natural products, including alkaloids, benzopyranones, chinones, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and quinines. Subsequently, there is still an excellent opportunity to explore novel compounds from endophytic fungi among numerous plants inhabiting different niches. Furthermore, high-throughput sequencing could be a tool to study interaction between plants and endophytic fungi which may provide further opportunities to reveal unknown functions of endophytic fungal communities. The present review deals with the biodiversity of endophytic fungal communities and their biotechnological implications for agro-environmental sustainability.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota * metabolismus   MeSH
• biodiverzita MeSH
• ekosystém MeSH
• endofyty MeSH
• houby metabolismus   MeSH
• mykobiom * MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH

Our understanding of fungal diversity is far from complete. Species descriptions generally focus on morphological features, but this approach may underestimate true diversity. Using the morphological species concept, Hesperomyces virescens (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) is a single species with global distribution and wide host range. Since its description 120 years ago, this fungal parasite has been reported from 30 species of ladybird hosts on all continents except Antarctica. These host usage patterns suggest that H. virescens could be made up of many different species, each adapted to individual host species. Using sequence data from three gene regions, we found evidence for distinct clades within Hesperomyces virescens, each clade corresponding to isolates from a single host species. We propose that these lineages represent separate species, driven by adaptation to different ladybird hosts. Our combined morphometric, molecular phylogenetic and ecological data provide support for a unified species concept and an integrative taxonomy approach.

• MeSH
• analýza hlavních komponent MeSH
• Ascomycota klasifikace   genetika   izolace a purifikace   fyziologie   MeSH
• brouci parazitologie   MeSH
• DNA fungální chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• mezerníky ribozomální DNA chemie   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• sekvenční analýza DNA MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can enhance plant Cr tolerance through immobilizing Cr in mycorrhizal roots. However, the detailed processes and mechanisms are unclear. The present study focused on cellular distribution and speciation of Cr in both extraradical mycelium (ERM) and mycorrhizal roots exposed to Cr(VI) by using field emission scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (FE-SEM-EDS), scanning transmission soft X-ray microscopy (STXM) and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy techniques. We found that amounts of particles (possibly extracellular polymeric substances, EPS) were produced on the AM fungal surface upon Cr(VI) stress, which contributed greatly to Cr(VI) reduction and immobilization. With EDS of the surface of AM fungi exposed to various Cr(VI) levels, a positive correlation between Cr and P was revealed, suggesting that phosphate groups might act as counter ions of Cr(III), which was also confirmed by the XAFS analysis. Besides, STXM and XAFS analyses showed that Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) in AM fungal structures (arbuscules, intraradical mycelium, etc.) and cell walls in mycorrhizal roots, and complexed possibly with carboxyl groups or histidine analogues. The present work provided evidence of Cr immobilization on fungal surface and in fungal structures in mycorrhizal roots at a cellular level, and thus unraveled the underlying mechanisms by which AM symbiosis immobilize Cr.

• MeSH
• chrom analýza   chemie   MeSH
• fosfáty metabolismus   MeSH
• kořeny rostlin metabolismus   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• mikroskopie elektronová rastrovací MeSH
• mycelium metabolismus   MeSH
• mykorhiza metabolismus   MeSH
• povrchové vlastnosti MeSH
• rostliny metabolismus   MeSH
• spektrometrie rentgenová emisní MeSH
• struktury hub * MeSH
• symbióza MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Fungal species identities are often based on morphological features, but current molecular phylogenetic and other approaches almost always lead to the discovery of multiple species in single morpho-species. According to the morphological species concept, the ant-parasitic fungus Rickia wasmannii (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniales) is a single species with pan-European distribution and a wide host range. Since its description, it has been reported from ten species of Myrmica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), of which two belong to the rubra-group and the other eight to the phylogenetically distinct scabrinodis-group. We found evidence for R. wasmannii being a single phylogenetic species using sequence data from two loci. Apparently, the original morphological description (dating back to 1899) represents a single phylogenetic species. Furthermore, the biology and host-parasite interactions of R. wasmannii are not likely to be affected by genetic divergence among different populations of the fungus, implying comparability among studies conducted on members of different ant populations. We found no differences in total thallus number on workers between Myrmica species, but we did observe differences in the pattern of thallus distribution over the body. The locus of infection is the frontal side of the head in Myrmica rubra and M. sabuleti whereas in M. scabrinodis the locus of infection differs between worker ants from Hungary (gaster tergites) and the Netherlands (frontal head). Possible explanations for these observations are differences among host species and among populations of the same species in (i) how ant workers come into contact with the fungus, (ii) grooming efficacy, and (iii) cuticle surface characteristics.

• MeSH
• Ascomycota fyziologie   MeSH
• Formicidae mikrobiologie   MeSH
• fylogeneze MeSH
• interakce hostitele a parazita * MeSH
• mykózy MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Maďarsko MeSH