Single-photon optogenetics enables precise, cell-type-specific modulation of neuronal circuits, making it a crucial tool in neuroscience. Its miniaturization in the form of fully implantable wide-field stimulator arrays enables long-term interrogation of cortical circuits and bears promise for brain-machine interfaces for sensory and motor function restoration. However, achieving selective activation of functional cortical representations poses a challenge, as studies show that targeted optogenetic stimulation results in activity spread beyond one functional domain. While recurrent network mechanisms contribute to activity spread, here we demonstrate with detailed simulations of isolated pyramidal neurons from cats of unknown sex that already neuron morphology causes a complex spread of optogenetic activity at the scale of one cortical column. Since the shape of a neuron impacts its optogenetic response, we find that a single stimulator at the cortical surface recruits a complex spatial distribution of neurons that can be inhomogeneous and vary with stimulation intensity and neuronal morphology across layers. We explore strategies to enhance stimulation precision, finding that optimizing stimulator optics may offer more significant improvements than the preferentially somatic expression of the opsin through genetic targeting. Our results indicate that, with the right optical setup, single-photon optogenetics can precisely activate isolated neurons at the scale of functional cortical domains spanning several hundred micrometers.
- MeSH
- Cats MeSH
- Models, Neurological MeSH
- Cerebral Cortex physiology cytology MeSH
- Neurons physiology MeSH
- Optogenetics * methods MeSH
- Pyramidal Cells physiology MeSH
- Photic Stimulation methods MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Since the 1960s, more than 350,000 new chemicals have been introduced into the lives of humans and domestic animals. Many of them have become part of modern life and some are affecting nature as pollutants. Yet, our comprehension of their potential health risks for both humans and animals remains partial. The "epithelial barrier theory" suggests that genetic predisposition and exposure to diverse factors damaging the epithelial barriers contribute to the emergence of allergic and autoimmune conditions. Impaired epithelial barriers, microbial dysbiosis, and tissue inflammation have been observed in a high number of mucosal inflammatory, autoimmune and neuropsychiatric diseases, many of which showed increased prevalence in the last decades. Pets, especially cats and dogs, share living spaces with humans and are exposed to household cleaners, personal care products, air pollutants, and microplastics. The utilisation of cosmetic products and food additives for pets is on the rise, unfortunately, accompanied by less rigorous safety regulations than those governing human products. In this review, we explore the implications of disruptions in epithelial barriers on the well-being of companion animals, drawing comparisons with humans, and endeavour to elucidate the spectrum of diseases that afflict them. In addition, future research areas with the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental well-being are highlighted in line with the "One Health" concept.
- MeSH
- Pets * immunology MeSH
- Epithelium immunology MeSH
- Cats MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Dogs MeSH
- Environmental Exposure adverse effects MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cats MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Dogs MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Review MeSH
BACKGROUND: The mammalian Natural Killer Complex (NKC) harbors genes and gene families encoding a variety of C-type lectin-like proteins expressed on various immune cells. The NKC is a complex genomic region well-characterized in mice, humans and domestic animals. The major limitations of automatic annotation of the NKC in non-model animals include short-read based sequencing, methods of assembling highly homologous and repetitive sequences, orthologues missing from reference databases and weak expression. In this situation, manual annotations of complex genomic regions are necessary. METHODS: This study presents a manual annotation of the genomic structure of the NKC region in a high-quality reference genome of the domestic cat and compares it with other felid species and with representatives of other carnivore families. Reference genomes of Carnivora, irrespective of sequencing and assembly methods, were screened by BLAST to retrieve information on their killer cell lectin-like receptor (KLR) gene content. Phylogenetic analysis of in silico translated proteins of expanded subfamilies was carried out. RESULTS: The overall genomic structure of the NKC in Carnivora is rather conservative in terms of its C-type lectin receptor gene content. A novel KLRH-like gene subfamily (KLRL) was identified in all Carnivora and a novel KLRJ-like gene was annotated in the Mustelidae. In all six families studied, one subfamily (KLRC) expanded and experienced pseudogenization. The KLRH gene subfamily expanded in all carnivore families except the Canidae. The KLRL gene subfamily expanded in carnivore families except the Felidae and Canidae, and in the Canidae it eroded to fragments. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the genomic structure and gene content of the NKC region is a prerequisite for accurate annotations of newly sequenced genomes, especially of endangered wildlife species. Identification of expressed genes, pseudogenes and gene fragments in the context of expanded gene families would allow the assessment of functionally important variability in particular species.
- MeSH
- Molecular Sequence Annotation MeSH
- Killer Cells, Natural * immunology metabolism MeSH
- Carnivora * genetics MeSH
- Phylogeny * MeSH
- Genome MeSH
- Genomics * methods MeSH
- Cats genetics MeSH
- Lectins, C-Type genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cats genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Comparative Study MeSH
Alergie na červené maso tzv. neprimátních savců bývá poměrně vzácnou diagnózou. Častějším nálezem je primární alergie na hovězí maso, asociovaná s alergií na bílkovinu kravského mléka, která se vyskytuje především v raném dětském věku. V 90. letech minulého století byly identifikovány dvě nové formy alergických reakcí na červené maso: pork-cat syndrom a alfa-gal syndrom, vyskytující se především v dospělém věku. U obou jednotek je častá zkřížená reaktivita v rámci savčích alergenů a riziko spočívá v tendenci vystupňování alergických reakcí až do fáze systémové alergické reakce. Vzhledem k tomu, že červené maso představuje podstatnou složku stravy, je přínosné vědět o existenci této zkřížené reaktivity a znát rizika následků konzumace těchto potravin.
Allergy to the red meat also called non-primate mammals is a relatively rare diagnosis. More frequent is a primary allergy to beef as- sociated with an allergy to cow’s milk protein, occurring mainly in early childhood. In the 1990s, 2 new forms of allergic reactions to red meat were identified, pork-cat syndrome and alpha-gal syndrome, occurring mainly in adults. In both units, there is a strong cross- -reactivity within mammalian allergens and the risk is in the tendency for aggravated allergic reactions up to anaphylaxis. Since red meat is an essential part of the diet, it is beneficial to know the risks of these diseases.
- Keywords
- pork-cat syndrom, alfa-gal syndrom,
- MeSH
- Allergens adverse effects MeSH
- Milk Hypersensitivity MeSH
- Red Meat adverse effects MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Galactose MeSH
- Cats MeSH
- Tick Bites MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Food Hypersensitivity * diagnosis diet therapy MeSH
- Cross Reactions MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Adult MeSH
- Cats MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
Článek popisuje případ kocoura s diagnózou fibrokartilaginózní embolie, který začal doporučovanou intenzivní rehabilitační terapii. Po zhoršení stavu byla diagnóza upravena na aortální tromboembolii. Hirudoterapií došlo k úpravě neuromuskulárních deficitů. Popsán je postup práce rehabilitačního pracoviště, které u většiny pacientů pracuje na základě lékařských zpráv z referujících pracovišť.
The article describes the case of a cat diagnosed with fibrocartilaginous embolism who started the recommended intensive rehabilitation therapy. After deterioration of the condition, the diagnosis was modified to aortic thromboembolism. Neuromuscular deficits were corrected by hirudotherapy. The work procedure of the rehabilitation unit, which works with most patients on the basis of medical reports from referring units, is described.
- MeSH
- Aorta * anatomy & histology MeSH
- Embolism and Thrombosis * mortality veterinary MeSH
- Cats MeSH
- Spinal Cord Ischemia * etiology rehabilitation veterinary MeSH
- Leeching MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a complex of tick species with an unsettled species concept. In Europe, R. sanguineus is considered mainly a Mediterranean tick with sporadic findings in central and northern Europe. R. sanguineus is known as a vector of a range of pathogens of medical and veterinary importance, most of which not yet reported as autochthonous in Hungary. A total of 1839 ticks collected by veterinarians from dogs and cats were obtained in Hungary. The study aims at precise determination of ticks identified as R. sanguineus and detection of pathogens in collected ticks. All ticks were morphologically determined and 169 individuals were identified as R. sanguineus. A subset of 15 ticks was selected for molecular analysis (16S rDNA, 12S rDNA, COI). Phylogenetic analyses invariably placed sequences of all three markers into a single haplotype identified as R. sanguineus sensu stricto. All 169 brown dog ticks were tested for the presence of A. platys, E. canis, R. conorii, B. vogeli and H. canis. None of the investigated ticks was positive for the screened pathogens, though A. phagocytophilum sequence was detected in a single tick.
- MeSH
- Anaplasma * MeSH
- Ehrlichia canis isolation & purification genetics MeSH
- Phylogeny * MeSH
- Tick Infestations * veterinary parasitology MeSH
- Cats parasitology MeSH
- Tick-Borne Diseases veterinary microbiology parasitology MeSH
- Dog Diseases * parasitology diagnosis MeSH
- Dogs MeSH
- Rhipicephalus sanguineus * microbiology MeSH
- Rickettsia conorii isolation & purification genetics MeSH
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S analysis genetics MeSH
- RNA, Ribosomal * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cats parasitology MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Dogs MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Case Reports MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- Geographicals
- Hungary MeSH
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to establish the incidence of dystocia in pedigree cat breeds and investigate mortality rates in kittens up to the age of 12 weeks. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted that utilised convenience sampling. Registered cat breeders from 29 countries whose cats had given birth within a single year (2019) were asked to complete an online questionnaire. This study is the third in a series over 30 years that have assessed changes in birth-related statistics in cat breeds. RESULTS: Data were collected from 448 breeders on 853 litters, with 3560 live-born kittens from 45 pedigree breeds (as per the queens' breed). The incidence of dystocia that required veterinary intervention was 14.9% and varied by breed (range 0-22.2%). Caesarean section was required for 10.7% of litters, most commonly in Cornish Rex cats. Despite apparent breed variation, there was no statistically significant difference among breeds. Queens aged over 5 years and litters of more than six kittens were associated with a reduced risk of dystocia, whereas a longer gestation period increased the risk. Bengal cats had the highest cumulative kitten mortality up to the age of 12 weeks (23.4%). Significant breed differences (P <0.001) were noted, with Ragdoll and Norwegian Forest Cats having lower litter mortality compared with Bengal and British Shorthair/Longhair cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The incidence of dystocia in pedigree cats was higher than the historical values for non-pedigree and pedigree cats. The age of the queen, gestation length and litter size affected the incidence of dystocia. Kitten mortality was affected by the requirement for caesarean section, presence of birth defects and breed.
- MeSH
- Dystocia * veterinary mortality genetics MeSH
- Incidence MeSH
- Cats MeSH
- Cat Diseases * mortality genetics epidemiology MeSH
- Animals, Newborn MeSH
- Retrospective Studies MeSH
- Pedigree * MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cats MeSH
- Male MeSH
- Pregnancy MeSH
- Female MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
Dvaja približne 5 mesačné samce mainskej mývalej mačky, ktorí boli na našu kliniku privezení z dôvodu príznakov postihnutia centrálnej nervovej sústavy, boli obaja na základe výsledkov magnetickej rezonancie a pozitívnej prítomnosti koronavírusu v mozgomiešnom moku diagnostikovaní s neurologickou formou infekčnej felinnej peritonitídy. Po nasadení niekoľkomesačné terapie analógom remdesiviru gS441524 došlo u oboch k úplnému vymiznutiu príznakov a úspešnosť liečby preukázali rovnako aj kontrolné vyšetrenia pred jej vysadením.
Two five-month-old males of maincoon cat were presented to our clinic with signs of central nervous system disease. According to the results of magnetic resonance imaging and positive PCR test for coronavirus in cerebrospinal fluid, they were diagnosed with neurological form of feline infectious peritonitis. In both cases the neurological signs resolved after initiation of therapy with remdesivir analog gS441524 and the success of the treatment was also proven by control test and examination before discontinuation of therapy.
- MeSH
- Antiviral Agents administration & dosage therapeutic use MeSH
- Central Nervous System pathology MeSH
- Feline Infectious Peritonitis * diagnosis etiology drug therapy MeSH
- Cats MeSH
- Coronavirus, Feline MeSH
- Spinal Puncture MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cats MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Case Reports MeSH
Osteoartritida (OA) je progresivně bolestivé onemocnění charakterizované degradací kloubní chrupavky se ztrátou proteoglykanu a kolagenu, sklerózou subchondrální kosti, periartikulární proliferací nové kosti a chronickým zánětem synoviálních membrán. Patogeneze osteoartritidy u psů zahrnuje genetické a environmentální faktory, které vyvolávají nebo urychlují poškození chrupavky a podporují degenerativní změny. Nadměrná tělesná hmotnost je rizikovým faktorem pro vznik osteoartritidy u psů. Obezita může vést k osteoartritidě v důsledku nadměrné zátěže působící na klouby a kloubní chrupavky. Osteoartritidu nelze vyléčit; cílem je zmírnění bolesti prostřednictvím omezení zánětlivých reakcí a dalšího odbourávání chrupavky. Regulace hmotnosti je při léčbě osteoartritidy prospěšná. Po dlouhou dobu byla souvislost osteoartritidy s výživou v medicíně malých zvířat středem pozornosti. Odhaduje se, že osteoartritida postihuje přibližně 20 % psů ve věku ≥ 1 rok a 90 % psů ve věku > 5 let. Kočky jsou osteoartritidou postiženy podobně, prevalence se pohybuje od 16,5 % do 91 % a s věkem se zvyšuje. Vzhledem k uváděné vysoké prevalenci je možné, že u společenských zvířat může být osteoartritida a s ní spojená bolest nediagnostikována a zůstává nepovšimnuta. Zejména kočky nemusí vykazovat klinické příznaky typické pro osteoartritidu; i nenápadné změny v chování kočky v domácnosti mohou být způsobeny bolestí spojenou s osteoartritidou.
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressively painful disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation with loss of proteoglycan and collagen, subchondral bone sclerosis, periarticular proliferation of new bone, and chronic inflammation of synovial membranes. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis in dogs involves genetic factors and environmental factors that elicit or accelerate cartilage damage, promoting degenerative changes. Excessive body weight is a risk factor for development of osteoarthritis in canines. Obesity may result in osteoarthritis as a result of excess forces placed on joints and articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis cannot be cured and aims at the relief of pain through reduction of inflammatory reactions and further breakdown of cartilage. Weight management is beneficial in the management of osteoarthritis. Over a long period of time, the association of osteoarthritis with nutrition in small animal medicine has been a center of study. Osteoarthritis is estimated to affect approximately 20 % of dogs ≥ 1 year of age and 90 % of dogs > 5 years of age. Cats are similarly affected by osteoarthritis, with prevalences ranging from 16.5 % to 91 % and increasing with age. given the high prevalences reported, it is possible that companion animals may have undiagnosed osteoarthritis and the associated pain that goes unnoticed. Cats in particular may not show clinical signs typically associated with osteoarthritis, and even subtle changes in a cat’s behavior at home may be caused by osteoarthritis-associated pain.
- MeSH
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal administration & dosage adverse effects therapeutic use MeSH
- Chondroitin Sulfates therapeutic use MeSH
- Glucosamine therapeutic use MeSH
- Cats MeSH
- Hyaluronic Acid therapeutic use MeSH
- Antibodies, Monoclonal therapeutic use MeSH
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3 therapeutic use MeSH
- Osteoarthritis * diagnosis therapy veterinary MeSH
- Dogs MeSH
- Diet, Reducing MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Cats MeSH
- Dogs MeSH
- Animals MeSH
