Adjuevan is an Ivorian traditional fermented fish used as a condiment. However, the fermentation process and storage conditions may lead to the production of biogenic amines (BA) which can induce severe human toxicological effects. Thus, this study aimed to reveal the bacterial community diversity and the BA contents during the storage. Samples of adjuevan from the fish species Chloroscombrus chrysurus, Galeoides decadactylus, and Thunnus thynnus were collected from local producers, stored at ambient temperature (28-30 °C) and in a refrigerator (4 °C) over a period of 8 weeks. At 2-week intervals, BA were determined by HPLC and the bacterial communities analyzed using high-throughput sequencing (NGS) of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results showed that histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, and tyramine were the major compounds. In adjuevan from T. thynnus, the level of histamine was over the maximum level of 200 mg/kg determined by Codex Alimentarius. For the other amines, no safety concerns are related. In total, 21 bacterial genera with a relative abundance ≥ 1% and belonging to 14 families and 5 phyla were detected. The Bacillaceae family was the most found at ambient temperature while Staphylococcaceae and Enterococcaceae were the most abundant in a refrigerator. The analysis of correlation showed that the increase of Lentibacillus leads to a decrease of the major BA at ambient temperature. On the contrary, the increase of Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Psychrobacter, Peptostreptococcus, and Fusobacterium leads to an increase of these biogenic compounds. Thus, Lentibacillus acted as BA-oxidizing bacteria while the others were found as BA-producing bacteria during adjuevan storage.
- MeSH
- Bacteria genetics MeSH
- Biogenic Amines * analysis MeSH
- Fermentation MeSH
- Histamine * analysis MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S genetics MeSH
- Fishes genetics MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Cote d'Ivoire MeSH
Biogenic amines are low-molecular-weight nitrogen compounds that are formed primarily by the decarboxyla-tion of amino acids by microbial enzymes. These active substances are found mainly in various types of food or beverages. At certain concentrations, biogenic amines are essential for many physiological functions but toxic if consumed in large quantities. Therefore, the development and optimization of methods sensitive to determine these substances are very much needed. The determination of biogenic amines in food and beverages by the most com-monly used separation methods with different types of detection is covered in this review.
Degradation of undesirable biogenic amines (BAs) in foodstuffs by microorganisms is considered one of the most effective ways of eliminating their toxicity. In this study, we designed two sets of primers for the detection and quantification of the multicopper oxidase gene (MCO), which encodes an enzyme involved in BAs degradation, and endogenous (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) gene (GAPDH) in Lactobacillus casei group by real-time PCR (qPCR). We tested 15 Lactobacillus strains in the screening assays (thus, MCO gene possessing assay (PCR) and monitoring of BAs degradation by HPLC-UV), in which Lactobacillus casei CCDM 198 exhibited the best degradation abilities. For this strain, we monitored the expression of the target gene (MCO) in time (qPCR), the effect of redox treatments (cysteine, ascorbic acid) on the expression of the gene, and the ability to degrade BAs not only in a modified MRS medium (MRS/2) but also in a real food sample (milk). Moreover, decarboxylase activity (ability to form BAs) of this strain was excluded. According to the results, CCDM 198 significantly (P < 0.05) reduced BAs (putrescine, histamine, tyramine, cadaverine), up to 25% decline in 48 h. The highest level of relative expression of MCO (5.21 ± 0.14) was achieved in MRS/2 media with cysteine.
- MeSH
- Bacterial Proteins genetics metabolism MeSH
- Biogenic Amines analysis metabolism MeSH
- Cysteine analysis metabolism MeSH
- Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases genetics MeSH
- Culture Media chemistry MeSH
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction MeSH
- Ascorbic Acid analysis metabolism MeSH
- Lacticaseibacillus casei enzymology genetics growth & development metabolism MeSH
- Lactobacillus enzymology genetics growth & development metabolism MeSH
- Milk chemistry MeSH
- Oxidoreductases genetics metabolism MeSH
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
BACKGROUND: The present study determined the heavy metal contamination (mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic and nickel) of nori, restaurant-served sushi and ready-to-eat sushi meals available via retail chains. Moreover, both microbiological load and biogenic amine content in ready-to-eat sushi meals were analysed. RESULTS: All of the nori samples contained high levels of Cd (2.122 mg kg-1 ), Ni (0.715 mg kg-1 ), As (34.56 mg kg-1 ) and Pb (0.659 mg kg-1 ). The studied sushi samples contained high levels of Ni and Pb, reaching 0.194 and 0.142 mg kg-1 wet weight, respectively, being potentially hazardous to women during pregnancy and lactation and small children. None of the studied samples contained high levels of Hg. Overall, 37% of ready-to-eat sushi meals exceeded a microbiological load of 106 cfu g-1 . However, biogenic amine content in all of the samples was low, with a highest histamine content of 2.05 mg kg-1 . CONCLUSION: Sushi is not the source of high levels of biogenic amines even with high microbiological loads. Nevertheless, the high microbiological loads at the end of the shelf-life indicate that some processors might have problems with the distribution chain or implement a poor hygienic regime. Moreover as a result of possible risk associated with heavy metal contamination, the present study highlights the need to establish new regulations regarding the contamination of nori and sushi. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
- MeSH
- Biogenic Amines analysis MeSH
- Food Contamination analysis economics statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Food Microbiology economics statistics & numerical data MeSH
- Food economics MeSH
- Metals, Heavy analysis MeSH
- Check Tag
- Humans MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Geographicals
- Poland MeSH
The selectivity for 15 biogenic amines and amino acids shown by three capillary cation-exchange columns, IonPac CS19, CS12A and CS17 (250 × 0.4 mm ID, all from Thermo Fisher Scientific), exhibiting medium, medium low and ultra-low hydrophobicity, and either carboxylic or mixed carboxylic/phosphonic acid functional groups, was investigated. A mixed mode retention mechanism was revealed with ion-exchange, hydrophobic and hydrogen bonding interactions contributing to retention of polar organic molecules on these phases. The relative impact of these interactions was evaluated via the effect of concentration and pH of the eluent (methanesulfonic acid) on the retention of fifteen structurally similar biogenic amines and amino acids. Strong hydrogen bonding interactions were observed between the solute amino acid carboxylic groups and cation-exchange groups from the ion-exchangers. This is the first time retention data correlated with logP data has revealed clustering of the solutes in two groups, according to the presence or absence of a carboxylic acid functional group. In addition, stronger retention behaviour was found for the IonPac CS12A cation-exchanger, containing both carboxylic and phosphonic functional groups. Further assessment of the orthogonality plots of retention factors for the three stationary phases revealed that the columns exhibited different complimentary selectivity that can be utilised to achieve specific separations.
Biogenic amine and fatty acid contents were determined in vacuum-packed fillets of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Samples were pressure treated at 300 and 500 MPa and were stored at 3.5 and 12°C for up to 28 days (control, 0 MPa) and 70 days (pressure-treated). The content of eight biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, spermine, histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, and phenylethylamine) were determined. Putrescine and cadaverine were influenced by all factors (temperature, pressurization level, and time of storage). Tyramine content was the most sensitive indicator of the improper status of sample; levels exceeding 10 mg/kg indicated both the loss of meat freshness and temperature abuse, in spite of persisting good sensory indices. Neither storage temperature nor pressurization level had a statistically important effect on the contents of fatty acids. Only polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased slightly if the storage time exceeded 42 days.
- MeSH
- Food Analysis * MeSH
- Biogenic Amines analysis MeSH
- Carps MeSH
- Food Handling methods MeSH
- Fatty Acids analysis MeSH
- Food Packaging MeSH
- Seafood analysis MeSH
- Vacuum MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
Macrocyclic glycopeptides are becoming popular in chiral analytical chemistry due to a wide spectrum of their applications. Teicoplanin columns provide a highest separation selectivity of amino acid enantiomers, especially of underivatized amino acids. Chiral stationary phases can be also used for determination of amino acid enantiomers in biological samples.
- MeSH
- Amino Acids * analysis chemistry MeSH
- Biogenic Amines * analysis chemistry MeSH
- Chemistry Techniques, Analytical MeSH
- Electrophoresis, Capillary methods utilization MeSH
- Clinical Laboratory Techniques MeSH
- Molecular Structure MeSH
- Teicoplanin * chemistry MeSH
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid * methods utilization MeSH
- Publication type
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
- MeSH
- Biogenic Amines analysis standards MeSH
- Financing, Organized MeSH
- Beer analysis standards MeSH
- Polyamines analysis standards MeSH
- Geographicals
- Czech Republic MeSH
The aim of the study was to explore production of seven biogenic amines (phenylethylamine, histamine, cadaverine, tyramine, putrescine, spermine and/or spermidine) by selected staphylococci and enterococci. Thirty three enterococcal strains isolated from rabbit meat (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domesticus) and 21 staphylococcal strains isolated from intestinal content of trout (Salmo trutta morpha fario) were tested. Production of biogenic amines was evaluated after cultivation of the tested microorganisms in the de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe Broth (enterococci) or in the Brain Heart Infusion Broth (staphylococci). Both the above cultivation media were enriched with selected amino acids (histidine, tyrosine, arginine, ornithine and lysine; 2g/L each) serving as precursors of biogenic amines. After cultivation, levels of the monitored biogenic amines in broths were analysed by a high performance liquid chromatography equipped with a UV/VIS DAD detector. Among 21 staphylococci, 18 strains produced tyramine or cadaverine, 13 strains formed putrescine or phenylethylamine and only one strain generated histamine. Two staphylococcal strains produced cadaverine levels above 1000 mg/L. Among 33 enterococcal strains, 27 formed cadaverine, 18 strains produced tyramine, 10 strains generated phenylethylamine, and 2 strains gave putrescine. Most of the tyramine producing enterococci generated more than 1000 mg/L of this biogenic amine. Production of spermine or spermidine by the studied strains was not proved.
- MeSH
- Biogenic Amines analysis biosynthesis MeSH
- Decarboxylation MeSH
- Enterococcus classification growth & development isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- Rabbits * MeSH
- Meat microbiology MeSH
- Trout * MeSH
- Staphylococcus classification growth & development isolation & purification metabolism MeSH
- Intestines microbiology MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Check Tag
- Rabbits * MeSH
- Animals MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
