ALSUntangled reviews alternative and off-label treatments for people living with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (PALS). Here we review insulin, which has at least one plausible mechanism for slowing ALS progression. However, pre-clinical studies are limited and there have been no trials in PALS yet. Insulin use in patients without a metabolic need may cause very serious and potentially lethal side effects. While further studies to evaluate potential benefits may be warranted, at this time we cannot endorse insulin treatment to slow ALS progression.
- MeSH
- amyotrofická laterální skleróza * farmakoterapie MeSH
- inzulin škodlivé účinky MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative condition characterised by a progressive loss of motor neurons controlling voluntary muscle activity. The disease manifests through a variety of motor dysfunctions related to the extent of damage and loss of neurons at different anatomical locations. Despite extensive research, it remains unclear why some motor neurons are especially susceptible to the disease, while others are affected less or even spared. In this article, we review the neurobiological mechanisms, neurochemical profiles, and morpho-functional characteristics of various motor neuron groups and types of motor units implicated in their differential exposure to degeneration. We discuss specific cell-autonomous (intrinsic) and extrinsic factors influencing the vulnerability gradient of motor units and motor neuron types to ALS, with their impact on disease manifestation, course, and prognosis, as revealed in preclinical and clinical studies. We consider the outstanding challenges and emerging opportunities for interpreting the phenotypic and mechanistic variability of the disease to identify targets for clinical interventions.
- MeSH
- amyotrofická laterální skleróza * MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- modely nemocí na zvířatech MeSH
- motorické neurony MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- zvířata MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
BACKGROUND: Genetic factors are involved in the pathogenesis of familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and constitute a link to its association with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Gene-targeted therapies for some forms of ALS (C9orf72, SOD1) have recently gained momentum. Genetic architecture in Czech ALS patients has not been comprehensively assessed so far. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to deliver pilot data on the genetic landscape of ALS in our country. METHODS: A cohort of patients with ALS (n = 88), recruited from two Czech Neuromuscular Centers, was assessed for hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) in C9orf72 and also for genetic variations in other 36 ALS-linked genes via next-generation sequencing (NGS). Nine patients (10.1%) had a familial ALS. Further, we analyzed two subgroups of sporadic patients - with concomitant FTD (n = 7) and with young-onset of the disease (n = 22). RESULTS: We detected the pathogenic HRE in C9orf72 in 12 patients (13.5%) and three other pathogenic variants in FUS, TARDBP and TBK1, each in one patient. Additional 7 novel and 9 rare known variants with uncertain causal significance have been detected in 15 patients. Three sporadic patients with FTD (42.9%) were harbouring a pathogenic variant (all HRE in C9orf72). Surprisingly, none of the young-onset sporadic patients harboured a pathogenic variant and we detected no pathogenic SOD1 variant in our cohort. CONCLUSION: Our findings resemble those from other European populations, with the highest prevalence of HRE in the C9orf72 gene. Further, our findings suggest a possibility of a missing genetic variability among young-onset patients.
- MeSH
- amyotrofická laterální skleróza * genetika MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny genetika MeSH
- dospělí MeSH
- expanze repetic DNA * MeSH
- frontotemporální demence * genetika MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci MeSH
- kohortové studie MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- protein C9orf72 * genetika MeSH
- protein FUS vázající RNA genetika MeSH
- protein-serin-threoninkinasy genetika MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- věk při počátku nemoci MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
- Check Tag
- dospělí MeSH
- lidé středního věku MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- Geografické názvy
- Česká republika MeSH
V roce 2009 se metoda masivního paralelního sekvenování (NGS) prokázala jako velmi účinný nástroj při identifikaci variant, které souvisí s mnoha neurodegenerativními nemocemi. Množství genetických dat mělo významný dopad na klinickou diagnózu a zároveň významně přispělo k objevu molekulárních mechanismů, které jsou základem těchto onemocnění. Nicméně objasnění rolí nalezených variant identifikovaných NGS, a zejména variant nejasného významu (VUS), je náročné a je zcela klíčová spolupráce genetika, neurologa a neuropatologa. Vytvoření konsenzuálních postupů a vývoj veřejných genomických/fenotypových databází jsou proto zásadní pro usnadnění sdílení a ověřování údajů. Práce poskytuje systematický přehled nejčastějších mutací u neuropatologicky diagnostikovaných pacientů s neurodegenerativním onemocněním a shrnuje techniky genetické diagnostiky a význam bioinformatiky při interpretaci výsledků neurodegenerativních onemocnění na příkladu 5 zajímavých kazuistik.
In 2009, next-generation sequencing (NGS) proved to be a very powerful tool in identifying variants associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. Whole-exome sequencing and whole-genome sequencing are effective for identifying variants in new or unexpected genes responsible for inherited diseases, while targeted sequencing is useful in detecting variants in previously known disease-associated genes. The wealth of genetic data provided by NGS has had a significant impact on clinical diagnoses while contributing to these discoveries of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease. However, eluciding the roles of the found variants identified by NGS, and especially the variants of unclear significance (VUS), is challenging and the cooperation of a geneticist, a neurologist and a neuropathologist is absolutely key. The establishment of consensus guidelines and the development of public genomic/phenotypic databases are therefore essential to facilitate data sharing and validation. In this review article, we will provide a systematic overview of the most frequent mutations in neuropathologically diagnosed patients with neurodegenerative diseases and summarize genetic diagnostic techniques and the importance of bioinformatics in the interpretation of neurodegenerative disease results.
- MeSH
- Alzheimerova nemoc diagnóza genetika patologie MeSH
- amyotrofická laterální skleróza diagnóza genetika patologie MeSH
- Creutzfeldtova-Jakobova nemoc diagnóza genetika patologie MeSH
- diagnostické techniky molekulární MeSH
- frontotemporální lobární degenerace diagnóza genetika patologie MeSH
- genetická predispozice k nemoci genetika MeSH
- genetické testování metody MeSH
- Gerstmannova-Strausslerova-Scheinkerova nemoc diagnóza genetika patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neurodegenerativní nemoci * diagnóza genetika patologie MeSH
- vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování metody MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- kazuistiky MeSH
- Klíčová slova
- Tislelizumab, tofersen, Danikopan,
- MeSH
- aminopyridiny farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- amyotrofická laterální skleróza farmakoterapie MeSH
- chronická renální insuficience farmakoterapie MeSH
- diabetes mellitus farmakoterapie MeSH
- dlouhodobě působící inzulin farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- humanizované monoklonální protilátky farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- oligonukleotidy farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- paroxysmální hemoglobinurie farmakoterapie MeSH
- prolin farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- registrace * MeSH
- schvalování léčiv * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
Amyotrofická laterální skleróza (ALS) je nevyléčitelné neurodegenerativní onemocnění s nejasnou patofyziologií a závažnou prognózou. Farmakoterapie v léčbě ALS cílí na zpomalení progrese a zmírnění symptomů onemocnění. První a aktuálně jediný lék zpomalující průběh onemocnění, který je určen pro celou populaci ALS pacientů, je riluzol. Pro geneticky predisponované pacienty s mutací v genu pro superoxiddismutázu (SOD1) je americkou a zcela recentně i evropskou lékovou agenturou schválen tofersen. Symptomatická farmakoterapie umožňuje zmírnit spasticitu, sialoreu, krampi, depresi, emoční nestabilitu a v terminálním stadiu onemocnění také dušnost.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease with unclear pathophysiology and poor prognosis. Pharmacotherapy in the treatment of ALS is aimed at slowing disease progression and alleviating symptoms. The first and currently only drug that slows disease progression and is available to an unselected population is riluzole. For genetically predisposed patients with a mutation in the gene for superoxide dismutase (SOD1), tofersen is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and more recently by the European Medicines Agency. European approval is expected soon. Symptomatic pharmacotherapy improves spasticity, sialorrhea, spasms, depression, emotional instability and, in palliative care at the end of life, dyspnea.
- Klíčová slova
- tofersen,
- MeSH
- amyotrofická laterální skleróza * diagnóza farmakoterapie MeSH
- farmakoterapie * klasifikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- management farmakoterapie MeSH
- příznaky a symptomy MeSH
- progrese nemoci MeSH
- riluzol farmakologie terapeutické užití MeSH
- superoxiddismutasa 1 genetika MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
- MeSH
- amyotrofická laterální skleróza * etiologie komplikace MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- parkinsonské poruchy * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- dopisy MeSH
- komentáře MeSH
Human cellular models of neurodegeneration require reproducibility and longevity, which is necessary for simulating age-dependent diseases. Such systems are particularly needed for TDP-43 proteinopathies1, which involve human-specific mechanisms2-5 that cannot be directly studied in animal models. Here, to explore the emergence and consequences of TDP-43 pathologies, we generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived, colony morphology neural stem cells (iCoMoNSCs) via manual selection of neural precursors6. Single-cell transcriptomics and comparison to independent neural stem cells7 showed that iCoMoNSCs are uniquely homogenous and self-renewing. Differentiated iCoMoNSCs formed a self-organized multicellular system consisting of synaptically connected and electrophysiologically active neurons, which matured into long-lived functional networks (which we designate iNets). Neuronal and glial maturation in iNets was similar to that of cortical organoids8. Overexpression of wild-type TDP-43 in a minority of neurons within iNets led to progressive fragmentation and aggregation of the protein, resulting in a partial loss of function and neurotoxicity. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed a novel set of misregulated RNA targets in TDP-43-overexpressing neurons and in patients with TDP-43 proteinopathies exhibiting a loss of nuclear TDP-43. The strongest misregulated target encoded the synaptic protein NPTX2, the levels of which are controlled by TDP-43 binding on its 3' untranslated region. When NPTX2 was overexpressed in iNets, it exhibited neurotoxicity, whereas correcting NPTX2 misregulation partially rescued neurons from TDP-43-induced neurodegeneration. Notably, NPTX2 was consistently misaccumulated in neurons from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 pathology. Our work directly links TDP-43 misregulation and NPTX2 accumulation, thereby revealing a TDP-43-dependent pathway of neurotoxicity.
- MeSH
- amyotrofická laterální skleróza * metabolismus patologie MeSH
- C-reaktivní protein * metabolismus MeSH
- DNA vazebné proteiny * nedostatek metabolismus MeSH
- frontotemporální lobární degenerace * metabolismus patologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- nervová síť * metabolismus patologie MeSH
- nervové kmenové buňky cytologie MeSH
- neuroglie cytologie MeSH
- neurony * cytologie metabolismus MeSH
- proteiny nervové tkáně * metabolismus MeSH
- reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
BACKGROUND: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive deterioration of upper and lower motor neurons. A definitive diagnostic test or biomarker for ALS is currently unavailable, leading to a diagnostic delay following the onset of initial symptoms. Our study focused on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of clusterin, tau protein, phosphorylated tau protein, and beta-amyloid1-42 in ALS patients and a control group. METHODS: Our study involved 54 ALS patients and 58 control subjects. Among the ALS patients, 14 presented with bulbar-onset ALS, and 40 with limb-onset ALS. We quantified biomarker levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared the results using the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: Significant elevations in neurodegenerative markers, including tau protein (p < 0.0001), phosphorylated tau protein (p < 0.0001), and clusterin (p = 0.038), were observed in ALS patients compared to controls. Elevated levels of tau protein and phosphorylated tau protein were also noted in both bulbar and limb-onset ALS patients. However, no significant difference was observed for beta-amyloid1-42. ROC analysis identified tau protein (AUC = 0.767) and p-tau protein (AUC = 0.719) as statistically significant predictors for ALS. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that neurodegenerative marker levels indicate an ongoing neurodegenerative process in ALS. Nonetheless, the progression of ALS cannot be predicted solely based on these markers. The discovery of a specific biomarker could potentially complement existing diagnostic criteria for ALS.
- MeSH
- amyotrofická laterální skleróza * diagnóza MeSH
- biologické markery MeSH
- klusterin MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- opožděná diagnóza MeSH
- proteiny tau MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) stands as the most prevalent and severe form of motor neuron disease, affecting an estimated 2 in 100,000 individuals worldwide. It is characterized by the progressive loss of cortical, brainstem, and spinal motor neurons, ultimately resulting in muscle weakness and death. Although the etiology of ALS remains poorly understood in most cases, the remodelling of ion channels and alteration in neuronal excitability represent a hallmark of the disease, manifesting not only during the symptomatic period but also in the early pre-symptomatic stages. In this review, we delve into these alterations observed in ALS patients and preclinical disease models, and explore their consequences on neuronal activities. Furthermore, we discuss the potential of ion channels as therapeutic targets in the context of ALS.
- MeSH
- amyotrofická laterální skleróza * MeSH
- iontové kanály MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- motorické neurony MeSH
- svalová slabost MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH