Cognitive functioning Dotaz Zobrazit nápovědu
OBJECTIVES: The present study examines the associations between mental, social, and physical demands of work and cognitive functioning among older adults in the United States. METHOD: Data from 3,176 respondents in the Health and Retirement Study were analyzed using growth curve modeling (2004-2014). The study investigated differences by gender, race, ethnicity, and education. RESULTS: Higher mental and social demands of work were associated with higher levels of initial cognitive functioning, but were not significantly associated with slower cognitive decline over time. Physical demands of work were negatively associated with initial cognitive functioning and were also marginally associated with a slower rate of decline in cognitive functioning going into older adulthood. In stratified analyses, results varied by sociodemographic characteristics. DISCUSSION: The results partially support the environmental complexity hypothesis and the productive aging framework in that higher mental and social demands and lower physical demands relate to better cognitive functioning at baseline, with the differences appearing stable throughout older adulthood. The stratified results shed light on addressing disparities in cognitive aging and work environments.
- MeSH
- inteligence MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce * patofyziologie psychologie MeSH
- kognitivní stárnutí fyziologie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- popis práce * MeSH
- pracovní výkon MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- sociální interakce * MeSH
- sociodemografické faktory MeSH
- stárnutí psychologie MeSH
- stupeň vzdělání MeSH
- tělesná a funkční výkonnost * MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
Cognitive reserve (CR) has been conceptualized as an individual's ability to optimize or maximize performance through differential recruitment of brain networks. As such, CR may contribute to the heterogeneity of cognitive deficits observed in schizophrenia. This study aimed to assess the relationships between CR, cognition and quality of life in first-episode (FES) patients. A total of 137 patients with either ICD-10 schizophrenia or "acute and transient psychotic disorders" diagnosis, and 62 healthy controls had completed a comprehensive assessment of six cognitive domains: speed of processing, attention, working memory/flexibility, verbal memory, visual memory, and abstraction/executive functioning. CR was calculated from the participants' education, premorbid IQ, and socioeconomic status. The results suggested that in patients, CR was positively related to cognitive performance in all domains, explaining 42.6% of the variance observed in cognition overall. Effects of CR in the control group were limited to three domains: speed of processing, abstraction/executive function and working memory/flexibility. These results suggest that CR largely contributes to cognitive variations present in FES patients. In addition, CR was negatively related to the social construct of patients' quality of life, and positively to symptom severity and general functioning.
- MeSH
- kognice MeSH
- kognitivní rezerva * MeSH
- krátkodobá paměť MeSH
- kvalita života MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- schizofrenie * komplikace diagnóza MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- práce podpořená grantem MeSH
V měření kognitivních deficitů jsou rozpory na úrovni kliniky i výzkumu. Přítomnost kognitivního deficitu je možné stanovit kvalitativně či kvantitativně a s odkazem na minulost pacienta srovnáním s jeho dřívějším působením. V práci jsou popsány různé způsoby určování kognitivního deficitu. Doporučuje se bližší spolupráce kvantitativních a kvalitativních přístupů.
There are differences in measurement of cognitive deficits between clinicians and researchers. Diagnostics of present cognitive deficits is available through quantitative and qualititive methods and by analyzing history of the patient. Different approaches of measurement are described and close cooperation between quantitative and qualitative approaches is recommended.
Systém kognitivní, resp. kognitivně-behaviorální terapie (KBT) lze na teoretické úrovni kompatibilně integrovat s interpretačním modelem transakční analýzy (TA). Dysfunkční kognitivních procesy, kognitivní omyly a katastrofické scénáře lze chápat jako funkce zejména ego stavu "podřízeného Dítěte". Maladaptivní kognitivní schémata se vytváří především v dětství, v důsledku nepříznivých "nahrávek" stavů ega "Dítěte", "Rodiče" a interakcí mezi nimi. Vliv mají životní traumata. Hlavním integračním činitelem v rámci terapeutické procedury může být stav ega "Dospělého", který vystupuje jako prostředník tzv. dovolení nebo tzv. kognitivní restrukturalizace. Asertivní jednání lze určit jako kooperaci stavů ega "přirozeného Dítěte" a "Dospělého".
The system of cognitive, if you like cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) is theoretically integrable with interpretative model of transactional analyse (TA). Dysfunctional cognitive processes, cognitive mistakes and catastrophic scenarios can be a function especially of "inferior Child" as a status of ego. Maladaptive cognitive schemes are created primarily in childhood, by unfavourable "recordings" of statuses ego of "Child", "Parent ´´and interactions between them. Living shocks are influential too. Main integrative factor in terms of therapeutic procedure can be ego status of "Adult" which is a middleman of so-called permission and cognitive reclassification. Assertivity can be determined by ego statuses of "free Child" and "Adult".
OBJECTIVE: The aim of these secondary analyses was to examine cognitive speed of processing training (SPT) gains in cognitive and everyday functioning among older adults with psychometrically defined mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHOD: A subgroup of participants from the Staying Keen in Later Life (SKILL) study with psychometrically defined MCI ( N = 49) were randomized to either the SPT intervention or an active control group of cognitive stimulation. Outcome measures included the Useful Field of View (UFOV), Road Sign Test, and Timed Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Test. A 2 × 2 repeated-measures MANOVA revealed an overall effect of training, indicated by a significant group (SPT vs. control) by time (baseline vs. posttest) interaction. RESULTS: Effect sizes were large for improved UFOV, small for the Road Sign test, and medium for Timed IADL. DISCUSSION: Results indicate that further investigation of cognitive intervention strategies to improve everyday functioning in patients with MCI is warranted.
- MeSH
- činnosti denního života MeSH
- kognitivně behaviorální terapie metody MeSH
- kognitivní dysfunkce terapie MeSH
- lidé MeSH
- neuropsychologické testy MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- Check Tag
- lidé MeSH
- mužské pohlaví MeSH
- senioři MeSH
- ženské pohlaví MeSH
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- klinické zkoušky, fáze II MeSH
- randomizované kontrolované studie MeSH
- Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural MeSH
