Zvýšení incidence pertuse je v posledních letech hlášeno ve všech věkových kategoriích. Tato skutečnost je zřejmě důsledkem poklesu postvakcinační imunity, antigenních rozdílů mezi klinickými izoláty a očkovacími kmeny, adaptací Bordetella pertussis a zlepšením diagnostických metod. Před několika lety nahradila bezpečnější acelulární vakcína proti pertusi více reaktogenní, celobuněčnou vakcínu. Recentní studie ovšem poukazují na to, že pro dostatečnou a dlouhodobou protektivitu by byla ideální kombinace obou typů očkovacích látek. V současnosti se doporučuje přeočkování dospělé populace včetně přeočkování blízkých kontaktů vnímavých novorozenců a kojenců, tzv. cocoon strategie.

Increased incidence of pertussis has been reported in all age groups in recent years. This is probably due to waning post- vaccination immunity, antigenic divergence between clinical isolates and vaccine strains due to adaptation of Bordetella pertussis and improved laboratory diagnostics. A few years ago, a safer acellular vaccine against pertussis replaced the more reactogenic whole-cell vaccine. Recent studies, however, indicate that, a combination of both types of vaccines would be ideal for sufficient and long-lasting protection. Booster shots are currently recommended in adults, including booster doses for susceptible people in close contact, especially newborns and infants, the so-called cocoon strategy.

• Klíčová slova
• adaptace bordetel, cocoon strategie,
• MeSH
• acelulární vakcíny terapeutické užití   MeSH
• Bordetella pertussis patogenita   MeSH
• celosvětové zdraví statistika a číselné údaje   MeSH
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• epidemický výskyt choroby MeSH
• hromadná vakcinace MeSH
• incidence MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mortalita MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• očkovací programy metody   MeSH
• očkovací schéma MeSH
• pertuse * epidemiologie   imunologie   prevence a kontrola   přenos   MeSH
• pertusová vakcína * aplikace a dávkování   imunologie   MeSH
• sekundární imunizace * metody   využití   MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• třetí trimestr těhotenství imunologie   MeSH
• zdraví rodiny MeSH
• Check Tag
• dítě MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• kojenec MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• novorozenec MeSH
• těhotenství MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH

• MeSH
• alfa rytmus EEG MeSH
• autostimulace fyziologie   MeSH
• elektroencefalografie MeSH
• kreativita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie MeSH
• mapování mozku * MeSH
• mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• myšlení * fyziologie   MeSH
• neuropsychologické testy MeSH
• řešení problému fyziologie   MeSH
• sexuální faktory MeSH
• vědomí MeSH
• velký mozek fyziologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

• MeSH
• alkoholismus prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• pití alkoholu prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• poruchy způsobené alkoholem ekonomika   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• sociální problémy MeSH
• socioekonomické faktory MeSH
• zdravotní politika ekonomika   MeSH

• Konspekt
• Veřejné zdraví a hygiena
• NLK Obory
• veřejné zdravotnictví
• ekonomie, ekonomika, ekonomika zdravotnictví
• adiktologie
• NLK Publikační typ
• kolektivní monografie

• MeSH
• matematika MeSH
• metoda nejmenších čtverců MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Kombinatorika. Teorie grafů. Matematická statistika. Operační výzkum. Matematické modelování
• NLK Obory
• statistika, zdravotnická statistika

Bowfin belongs to an ancient lineage of nonteleost ray-finned fishes (actinopterygians) and is the only extant survivor of a once diverged group, the Halecomorphi or Amiiformes. Owing to the scarcity of extant nonteleost ray-finned lineages, also referred as "living fossils," their phylogenetic interrelationships have been the target of multiple hypotheses concerning their sister group relationships. Molecular and morphological data sets have produced controversial results; bowfin is considered as either the sister group to genome-duplicated teleosts (together forming the group of Halecostomi) or to gars (Lepisosteiformes; together forming the group of Holostei). However, any detailed cytogenetic analysis of bowfin chromosomes has never been performed to address this issue. Here we examined bowfin chromosomes by conventional (Giemsa-staining, C-banding, base-specific fluorescence and silver staining) and molecular (FISH with rDNA probes) cytogenetic protocols. We identified diploid chromosome number 2n = 46 with a middle-sized submetacentric chromosome pair as the major ribosomal DNA-bearing (45S rDNA), GC-positive and silver-positive element. The minor rDNA (5S rDNA) sites were localized in the pericentromeric region of one middle-sized acrocentric chromosome pair. Comparison with available cytogenetic data of other nonteleost actinopterygians (bichirs, sturgeons, gars) and teleost species including representative of basally branching lineages showed bowfin chromosomal characteristics more similar to the teleost type than to any other nonteleosts. Particularly striking differences were identified between bowfin and gars, the latter of which were found to mimic mammalian AT/GC genomic organisation. Such conclusion however contradicts the most recent phylogenomic results and raises the question what states are ancestral and what are derived.

• MeSH
• biologická evoluce * MeSH
• cytogenetika MeSH
• karyotyp MeSH
• ryby genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH

INTRODUCTION: Taking microdoses (a mere fraction of normal doses) of psychedelic substances, such as truffles, recently gained popularity, as it allegedly has multiple beneficial effects including creativity and problem-solving performance, potentially through targeting serotonergic 5-HT2A receptors and promoting cognitive flexibility, crucial to creative thinking. Nevertheless, enhancing effects of microdosing remain anecdotal, and in the absence of quantitative research on microdosing psychedelics, it is impossible to draw definitive conclusions on that matter. Here, our main aim was to quantitatively explore the cognitive-enhancing potential of microdosing psychedelics in healthy adults. METHODS: During a microdosing event organized by the Dutch Psychedelic Society, we examined the effects of psychedelic truffles (which were later analyzed to quantify active psychedelic alkaloids) on two creativity-related problem-solving tasks: the Picture Concept Task assessing convergent thinking and the Alternative Uses Task assessing divergent thinking. A short version of the Ravens Progressive Matrices task assessed potential changes in fluid intelligence. We tested once before taking a microdose and once while the effects were expected to be manifested. RESULTS: We found that both convergent and divergent thinking performance was improved after a non-blinded microdose, whereas fluid intelligence was unaffected. CONCLUSION: While this study provides quantitative support for the cognitive-enhancing properties of microdosing psychedelics, future research has to confirm these preliminary findings in more rigorous placebo-controlled study designs. Based on these preliminary results, we speculate that psychedelics might affect cognitive metacontrol policies by optimizing the balance between cognitive persistence and flexibility. We hope this study will motivate future microdosing studies with more controlled designs to test this hypothesis.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• halucinogeny aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• inteligence účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• inteligenční testy MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze I jako téma MeSH
• kreativita * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• motivace účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• myšlení účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• nootropní látky aplikace a dávkování   MeSH
• řešení problému účinky léků   fyziologie   MeSH
• světelná stimulace metody   MeSH
• vztah mezi dávkou a účinkem léčiva MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• klinické zkoušky, fáze I MeSH
• pragmatická klinická studie MeSH

Red hair is associated in women with pain sensitivity. This medical condition, and perhaps others, seems facilitated by the combination of being red-haired and female. We tested this hypothesis by questioning a large sample of Czech and Slovak respondents about the natural redness and darkness of their hair, their natural eye color, their physical and mental health (24 categories), and other personal attributes (height, weight, number of children, lifelong number of sexual partners, frequency of smoking). Red-haired women did worse than other women in ten health categories and better in only three, being particularly prone to colorectal, cervical, uterine, and ovarian cancer. Red-haired men showed a balanced pattern, doing better than other men in three health categories and worse in three. Number of children was the only category where both male and female redheads did better than other respondents. We also confirmed earlier findings that red hair is naturally more frequent in women than in men. Of the 'new' hair and eye colors, red hair diverges the most from the ancestral state of black hair and brown eyes, being the most sexually dimorphic variant not only in population frequency but also in health status. This divergent health status may have one or more causes: direct effects of red hair pigments (pheomelanins) or their by-products; effects of other genes that show linkage with genes involved in pheomelanin production; excessive prenatal exposure to estrogen (which facilitates expression of red hair during fetal development and which, at high levels, may cause health problems later in life); evolutionary recentness of red hair and corresponding lack of time to correct negative side effects; or genetic incompatibilities associated with the allele Val92Met, which seems to be of Neanderthal origin and is one of the alleles that can cause red hair.

• MeSH
• barva očí * MeSH
• barva vlasů * MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• sexuální faktory * MeSH
• zdravotní stav * MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Slovenská republika MeSH

Jedním z pilířů, které výrazně utváří sebepojetí již od dětství, je fyzický vzhled. K měření spokojenosti s vlastním vzhledem se často využívají obrázkové škály postav. Hlavním cílem bylo vytvoření a ověření obrázkové škály postav nesoucí název Basic Olomouc Body Rating (BOBR). Škála byla vytvořena metodou analýzy dokumentů týkající se body-rating škál a metodou rozhovoru s potenciálními probandy. Výsledkem je vytvoření škály postav využitelné v dalším výzkumu i poradenské praxi. Text seznamuje stručně i s výsledky následné studie – internetový výzkum týkající se body image a vnímání sexuální atraktivity. n=5616 respondentů z České republiky odpovídalo na otázky, jak vypadají a jak by chtěli vypadat. Výsledky ukázaly signifikantní rozdíl jak u mužů, tak u žen (p < 0,0001; p < 0,0001). Výsledkem je vytvoření škály BOBR, která je validována a připravena k použití pro další výzkumy.

Problem and methods: Physical appearance is one of the key components of selfperception from early childhood. An individual's perceived physical attractiveness is largely conditioned by geographical, cultural and historical factors. Every culture develops its own criteria of attractiveness and any deviations to those are often a cause of ostracism, for example through exclusion or rejection. Still, there are certain universal principles of attractiveness (e.g. a higher waist-hip ratio, facial symmetry, sexually dimorphic features), which exist across cultures and time periods with little variation. To measure a person's level of satisfaction with his/her physical appearance, psychologists regularly employ figure rating scales. The primary goal of our work was to develop and verify an updated visual body rating scale called the Basic Olomouc Body Rating (BOBR), making sure that it is widely usable, valid and reliable. The scale was created using the method of document analysis of academic papers according body-rating scales and a method of interview with potential probands. In the pilot data gathering phase, a group of respondents was presented with the 3 scales commonly used in the European context, i.e. FDS (Stunkard, Sorensen & Schulsinger, 1983), CDRS (Thompson & Gray, 1995) and BIAS-BD (Gardner, Jappe & Gardner, 2009). The purpose of this was to get feedback on these scales and find out if people are able to use these scales to rate themselves. New schematic figure rating scale for both men and women which would do away with the limitations of the scales used so far was developed. Results: The result is creation of a body-rating scale widely usable in further research and practical consulting. The paper briefly summarizes results of an additional study – the goal definition phase was followed by online research on the subject of body image and the self-perceived sexual attractiveness. Altogether, 5,616 respondents from the Czech Republic responded to questions such as ‘How do I look?', ‘How do I want to look?' and ‘Which figures of the same and opposite sex do I find the most sexually attractive?' The participants indicated their responses on the BOBR 10-point figure rating scale. The results showed a significant divergence between the responses to the questions ‘I want to look' and ‘I look' among men, but also among women (p = 0.00; p = 0.00). Our research findings do not differ from the findings of other authors. Body dissatisfaction is a relatively common phenomenon, especially in women and in relation to weight. While women would like to be thinner, body dissatisfaction in men goes both ways, i.e. men, more frequently than women, would like to have a fuller figure. Compared with women, men are more frequently dissatisfied with their height. Conclusion: The main conclusion of the study is creation of the BOBR figure – rating scale, which was validated and is ready to be used in further researches. Further on, the scale has been verified in terms of validity and reliability; and a significant divergence was found between the responses to the questions ‘I want to look' and ‘I look' among both men and women. At this stage, the scale has been validated as an instrument and demonstrated to be useful for a variety of tasks: The fact that the scale has been received well also increases its potential and usability, for example in consulting psychology or as an ice-breaker during therapy sessions for individuals suffering from eating disorders.

• MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• hodnotící studie jako téma MeSH
• internet MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• muži psychologie   MeSH
• osobnostní testy * MeSH
• představa o vlastním těle * psychologie   MeSH
• reprodukovatelnost výsledků MeSH
• sebepojetí MeSH
• výzkumný projekt MeSH
• ženy psychologie   MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mladiství MeSH
• mladý dospělý MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

Many cases of rapid evolutionary radiations in plant and animal lineages are known; however phylogenetic relationships among these lineages have been difficult to resolve by systematists. Increasing amounts of genomic data have been sequentially applied in an attempt to resolve these radiations, dissecting their evolutionary patterns into a series of bifurcating events. Here we explore one such rapid radiation in the tropical plant order Zingiberales (the bananas and relatives) which includes eight families, approximately 110 genera, and more than 2600 species. One clade, the "Ginger families", including (Costaceae + Zingiberaceae) (Marantaceae + Cannaceae), has been well-resolved and well-supported in all previous studies. However, well-supported reconstructions among the "Banana families" (Musaceae, Heliconiaceae, Lowiaceae, Strelitziaceae), which most likely diverged about 90 Mya, have been difficult to confirm. Supported with anatomical, morphological, single locus, and genome-wide data, nearly every possible phylogenetic placement has been proposed for these families. In an attempt to resolve this complex evolutionary event, hybridization-based target enrichment was used to obtain sequences from up to 378 putatively orthologous low-copy nuclear genes (all ≥ 960 bp). Individual gene trees recovered multiple topologies among the early divergent lineages, with varying levels of support for these relationships. One topology of the "Banana families" (Musaceae (Heliconiaceae (Lowiaceae + Strelitziaceae))), which has not been suggested until now, was almost consistently recovered in all multilocus analyses of the nuclear dataset (concatenated - ExaML, coalescent - ASTRAL and ASTRID, supertree - MRL, and Bayesian concordance - BUCKy). Nevertheless, the multiple topologies recovered among these lineages suggest that even large amounts of genomic data might not be able to fully resolve relationships at this phylogenetic depth. This lack of well-supported resolution could suggest methodological problems (i.e., violation of model assumptions in both concatenated and coalescent analyses) or more likely reflect an evolutionary history shaped by an explosive, rapid, and nearly simultaneous polychotomous radiation in this group of plants towards the end of the Cretaceous, perhaps driven by vertebrate pollinator selection.

• MeSH
• Bayesova věta MeSH
• buněčné jádro genetika   MeSH
• databáze genetické MeSH
• fylogeneze * MeSH
• genomika * MeSH
• otevřené čtecí rámce genetika   MeSH
• tropické klima * MeSH
• vysoce účinné nukleotidové sekvenování MeSH
• zázvorníkotvaré klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. MeSH

• MeSH
• biomedicínský výzkum MeSH
• dědičnost MeSH
• genetika MeSH
• křížení genetické MeSH
• Publikační typ
• monografie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Obecná genetika. Obecná cytogenetika. Evoluce
• NLK Obory
• genetika, lékařská genetika