News media raise public awareness about health and can influence public policy agenda. Recently, nephrologists have sought to make prevention and early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) a health care priority. We assessed the extent and manner in which Australian television news and newspapers cover CKD prevention or early detection. Electronic news databases for print media and television programs were searched (May 2005 to March 2007) for items referring to CKD prevention or early detection. We analyzed all relevant items for spokespeople, main news frame, focus of responsibility, proposed solutions, and trigger/reason for publication. Of 2,439 newspaper articles and 10,430 television broadcasts retrieved, only 214 articles (8.77%) and 7 broadcasts (0.06%) were eligible. Kidney transplantation dominated CKD-related news. Lay person or high-profile advocates were virtually absent. Risks of cardiovascular disease and mortality conferred by CKD were not emphasized by news reports; instead, CKD received peripheral mention as a secondary consequence of diabetes or obesity. Few reports cited the economic consequences of CKD. The media focused on lifestyle causes and solutions, whereas nonlifestyle causes and screening and prevention strategies were rarely mentioned. Kidney health professionals need to actively engage with the media in efforts to amplify desired messages on CKD prevention or early detection. Medical journals, research institutions, universities, hospitals, and advocacy groups should issue press releases that highlight newsworthy aspects of this topic. Extending news media coverage can help exert an influence on health policies and agenda setting and increase public awareness to improve prevention and early detection of CKD.

• MeSH
• časná diagnóza MeSH
• chronická renální insuficience diagnóza   prevence a kontrola   MeSH
• hodnotící studie jako téma MeSH
• hromadné sdělovací prostředky MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• primární prevence metody   MeSH
• rizikové faktory MeSH
• senzitivita a specificita MeSH
• zdravotní výchova metody   MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH

• MeSH
• hepatitida C prevence a kontrola   diagnóza   MeSH
• kontrola infekčních nemocí MeSH
• plošný screening MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Austrálie MeSH

• Konspekt
• Patologie. Klinická medicína
• NLK Obory
• infekční lékařství
• mikrobiologie, lékařská mikrobiologie

The transplantation of pancreatic islets containing β-cells, which produce insulin, is an alternative approach to the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. The non-invasive visualization of transplanted islets can be performed using MRI; however, this requires labeling of the islets with a suitable contrast agent prior to transplantation. The detection of islets labeled by iron oxide-based contrast agents and transplanted into the liver tissue can be significantly improved using the intravenous administration of a suitable gadolinium contrast agent prior to MRI. The applied contrast agent not only improves the contrast-to-noise ratio, but also eliminates artifacts that may lead to an overestimation of the number of hypointense spots and their area; thus it improves the accuracy of automated and semi-automated procedures used for transplanted islet segmentation and quantification.

• MeSH
• kontrastní látky diagnostické užití   MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• Langerhansovy ostrůvky cytologie   metabolismus   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• techniky in vitro MeSH
• transplantace Langerhansových ostrůvků MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

The aim of this study is the analysis of continuous speech signals of people with Parkinson's disease (PD) considering recordings in different languages (Spanish, German, and Czech). A method for the characterization of the speech signals, based on the automatic segmentation of utterances into voiced and unvoiced frames, is addressed here. The energy content of the unvoiced sounds is modeled using 12 Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients and 25 bands scaled according to the Bark scale. Four speech tasks comprising isolated words, rapid repetition of the syllables /pa/-/ta/-/ka/, sentences, and read texts are evaluated. The method proves to be more accurate than classical approaches in the automatic classification of speech of people with PD and healthy controls. The accuracies range from 85% to 99% depending on the language and the speech task. Cross-language experiments are also performed confirming the robustness and generalization capability of the method, with accuracies ranging from 60% to 99%. This work comprises a step forward for the development of computer aided tools for the automatic assessment of dysarthric speech signals in multiple languages.

• MeSH
• akustika řeči MeSH
• čtení MeSH
• dospělí MeSH
• fonetika MeSH
• jazyk (prostředek komunikace) * MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• Parkinsonova nemoc diagnóza   patofyziologie   MeSH
• plocha pod křivkou MeSH
• řeč fyziologie   MeSH
• rozpoznávání (psychologie) MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• Check Tag
• dospělí MeSH
• lidé středního věku MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• senioři nad 80 let MeSH
• senioři MeSH
• ženské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Česká republika MeSH
• Německo MeSH
• Španělsko MeSH

In vitro labeling of pancreatic islets with iron nanoparticles enables their direct posttransplant visualization by magnetic resonance; however, there is still a discrepancy in the fate of iron nanoparticles. This study was performed to detail the labeling process, consequently to improve the labeling efficacy and to confirm safety for islet cells. The islets were visible on T2*-weighted magnetic resonance images as hypointense spots immediately after 1-hr cultivation. Although at this time already the sufficient superparamagnetic effect was achieved, most of the particles were deposed in islet macrophages and only later were they found in endosomes of endocrine islet cells. The iron content depended on length of culture period. The labeled islets showed an intact ultrastructure, responded normally to glucose stimulation in vitro, and were able to treat experimental diabetes. For purpose of subsequent magnetic resonance imaging, a 24-hr culture with ferucarbotran leads to sufficient labeling with no apparent adverse effect on beta cell morphology or function.

• MeSH
• barvení a značení metody   MeSH
• beta-buňky patologie   MeSH
• časové faktory MeSH
• kovové nanočástice MeSH
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• kultivované buňky MeSH
• Langerhansovy ostrůvky patologie   MeSH
• magnetická rezonanční tomografie metody   MeSH
• makrofágy patologie   MeSH
• transplantace Langerhansových ostrůvků metody   MeSH
• železité sloučeniny MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• krysa rodu rattus MeSH
• zvířata MeSH

Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens associated with serious infections in neonates. Increased stress tolerance, including the thermotolerance of some Cronobacter strains, can promote their survival in production facilities and thus raise the possibility of contamination of dried infant formula which has been identified as a potential source of infection. Some Cronobacter strains contain a genomic island, which might be responsible for increased thermotolerance. By analysis of Cronobacter sequenced genomes this determinant was found to be present in only 49/73 Cronobacter sakazakii strains and in 9/14 Cronobacter malonaticus strains. The island was also found in 16/17 clinical isolates originating from two hospitals. Two configurations of the locus were detected; the first one with the size of 18 kbp containing the thrB-Q genes and a shorter version (6 kbp) harbouring only the thrBCD and thrOP genes. Strains containing the thermotolerance island survived significantly better at 58 °C comparing to a C. sakazakii isogenic mutant lacking the island and strains with the longer version of the island were 2-10 times more tolerant than those with the shortened sequence. The function of the genomic island was further confirmed by its cloning into a low-copy vector and transforming it into the isogenic mutant. Different levels of rpoS, encoding for stress-response sigma factor, expression were also associated with variability in strain thermotolerance.

• MeSH
• bakteriální geny MeSH
• biologická adaptace genetika   MeSH
• Cronobacter klasifikace   genetika   metabolismus   MeSH
• enterobakteriální infekce mikrobiologie   MeSH
• genom bakteriální * MeSH
• genomové ostrovy * MeSH
• infekce spojené se zdravotní péčí MeSH
• klonování DNA MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multilokusová sekvenční typizace MeSH
• plazmidy genetika   MeSH
• pořadí genů MeSH
• reakce na tepelný šok genetika   MeSH
• teplota * MeSH
• testy genetické komplementace MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH

• MeSH
• Borrelia burgdorferi * MeSH
• divoká zvířata parazitologie   MeSH
• klíště mikrobiologie   MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• lymeská nemoc epidemiologie   mikrobiologie   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• dopisy MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• Normanské ostrovy epidemiologie   MeSH

Micro-vascular flaps have been used for the repair of challenging defects for over 45 years. The risk of failure is reported to be around 5-10% which despite medical and technical advances in recent years remains essentially unchanged. Precise, continuous, sensitive and specific monitoring together with prompt notification of vascular compromise is crucial for the success of the procedure. In this review, we provide a classification and brief description of the reported methods for monitoring the micro-vascular flap and a summary of the benefits over direct visual monitoring. Over 40 different monitoring techniques have been reported but their comparative merits are not always obvious. One looks for early detection of a flap's compromise, improved flap salvage rate and a minimal false-positive or false-negative rate. The cost-effectiveness of any method should also be considered. Direct visualisation of the flap is the method most generally used and still seems to be the simplest, cheapest and most reliable method for flap monitoring. Considering the alternatives, only implantable Doppler ultrasound probes, near infrared spectroscopy and laser Doppler flowmetry have shown any evidence of improved flap salvage rates over direct visual monitoring.

• MeSH
• chirurgické laloky * MeSH
• kůže * MeSH
• laser doppler flowmetrie MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• ostrovy MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• přehledy MeSH
• Geografické názvy
• ostrovy MeSH

Karcinóm prostaty patrí medzi najčastejšie sa vyskytujúce nádorové ochorenia mužov vo veku nad 50 rokov. Na vzniku ochorenia sa podieľajú genetická predispozícia ako aj získané genetické a epigenetické zmeny. Najviac študovanou epigenetickou zmenou pri karcinóme prostaty je metylácia cytozínu v CpG ostrovčekoch promótorových oblastí rôznych génov pomocou metylačne špecifi ckej PCR. Kvôli hymermetylácii DNA dochádza pomerne často a relatívne špecificky v tkanivách karcinómu prostaty k vypnutiu génov ako GSTP1, APC alebo RASF1. Detekciu metylácie DNA je však možné prevádzať nielen na vzorkách tkanív, ale aj v moči, ejakuláte alebo sére. Translačný výskum preto ďalej hľadá nové biomarkery pre včasnú detekciu a prognózu karcinómu prostaty, vzhľadom na pomerne veľké rozdiely v použitých metódach ako aj v pacientskych súboroch však boli získané tak sľubné, tak aj kontroverzné výsledky. Preto sú na zistenie skutočného významu detekcie hypermetylácie DNA pre diagnostiku a prognózu karcinómu prostaty potrebné ďalšie randomizované prospektívne klinické štúdie a štadardizácia použitých metód.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases in men above the age of 50. A genetic predisposition and/ or acquired genetic and epigenetic changes together with lifestyle contribute to the development of the disease. The most studied epigenetic modifi cation in prostate cancer is the methylation of the cytosine located within the dinucleotide CpG of promoter regions of diff erent genes by methylation specifi c PCR. The evidence of gene silencing by DNA methylation in genes like GSTP1, APC or RASF1 is a common and relatively specifi c event in prostate cancer. DNA methylation testing can be performed on tissue samples or urine, ejaculate or serum. Translational research is searching for new bio markers for early detection and prognosis of prostate cancer, but because of large methodological diff erences in applied techniques and patient cohorts, the investigations have yielded promising, but also some controversial results. More prospective randomized trials and standardized methods are needed to assess the true value of methylation for the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer.

• MeSH
• CpG ostrůvky genetika   MeSH
• financování organizované MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• metylace DNA MeSH
• nádorové biomarkery analýza   MeSH
• nádory prostaty diagnóza   genetika   MeSH
• prognóza MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• mužské pohlaví MeSH
• Publikační typ
• přehledy MeSH

Staphylococcus aureus produces a wide variety of superantigenic activity Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) and they are a major cause of food poisoning. These superantigens are associated with mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages and S. aureus pathogenicity islands (SaPI). The presence of well-known eight SaPI integrase and 13 enterotoxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed, see, seg, seh, sei, sej, sel, sek, seq, and tst) in 93 S. aureus strains were investigated. All S. aureus isolates were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and the genes were detected using five sets of multiplex PCR (mPCR). The most predominant toxin genes were sea (19%), seb (15%), sec (54%), sell (48%), selk (46%), selq (52%), seg (22%), and sei (19%). Analysis showed that many S. aureus isolates harbored multiple toxin genes. An mPCR-based assay was developed for the determination of all SaPI and their superantigen gene combinations. Twenty three isolates revealed the gene combination sec, sell and tst, typical of the SaPIbov1 and SaPIn1/m1 pathogenicity islands. Twelve isolates revealed the selk and selq gene combination consistent with SaPI3. Eight isolates exhibited the sec and sell genes without the tst gene typical of SaPImw2. We established a correlation between superantigenic toxin genotypes in S. aureus in terms of combinations of toxin gene-encoding SaPI. These results provide a rapid method for determining superantigenic toxin genotypes in S. aureus strains. A total of 24 PFGE patterns were generated. To our knowledge, this is a first study analyzing the correlation of all known SaPI and their enterotoxins in S. aureus using mPCR.

• MeSH
• enterotoxiny genetika   MeSH
• genomové ostrovy * MeSH
• kontaminace potravin MeSH
• lidé MeSH
• multiplexová polymerázová řetězová reakce metody   MeSH
• potravinářská mikrobiologie MeSH
• pulzní gelová elektroforéza MeSH
• shluková analýza MeSH
• Staphylococcus aureus klasifikace   genetika   MeSH
• superantigeny genetika   MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Check Tag
• lidé MeSH
• zvířata MeSH
• Publikační typ
• časopisecké články MeSH
• práce podpořená grantem MeSH